Brain Stimulation最新文献

{"title":"Parameter-Dependent Effects of Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation on Corticospinal Excitability and Inhibitory Control.","authors":"Xuewei Qin, Liyuan Ren, Xiong Jiao, Shanbao Tong, Qiang Hu, Junfeng Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2026.103199","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) with various parameters can modulate cortical excitability, but its neuromodulatory effects on excitability and behavior have not been consistently replicated across independent labs or compared within subjects.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To examine the neuromodulatory effects of four TUS protocols against sham on motor cortical excitability and inhibitory control.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-six healthy adults were enrolled to complete up to five sessions (four active TUS protocols and one sham); 24 completed all the five sessions, separated by at least one week. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded at 20 min and 0 min before stimulation, and at 0, 20, and 40 min after stimulation. Stop-signal task (SST) performance was assessed before and after stimulation, and simultaneous EEG was recorded during the SST to extract event-related potentials (ERP). Linear mixed-effects models with false-discovery-rate correction were used for statistical analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The intermittent and continuous theta-burst TUS protocols (iTBUS/cTBUS), adapted from an animal protocol, produced excitatory and inhibitory MEP effects, respectively, that were directionally consistent with the effects commonly associated with iTBS- and cTBS-patterned TMS; however, this physiological similarity did not translate into the expected behavioral outcomes. The excitatory effects of two TUS protocols on motor cortex were replicated, yet MEPs and ERP changes were associated with divergent SST outcomes. ERP analysis showed that cTBUS significantly reduced P3 amplitudes, whereas other protocols produced no significant group-level ERP changes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The bidirectional iTBUS/cTBUS effects observed here provide preliminary human evidence partially consistent with observations from animal models, although mechanistic equivalence and full translational validity across species remain to be established. The excitatory effects observed with two previously described TUS protocols were directionally consistent with earlier reports. Nevertheless, TUS-induced MEP facilitation does not necessarily enhance inhibitory control in the SST, underscoring the need for task-specific multimodal frameworks to advance TUS as a precise neuromodulation technique.</p>","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":" ","pages":"103199"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148890900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-target focused ultrasound neuromodulation of a subcallosal cingulate mediated depression network: A case study using personalized functional mapping.","authors":"Benjamin Davidson, Ryan M Jones, Dallan McMahon, Kristiana Xhima, Leonardo Favi Bocca, Yuexi Huang, Soraly Blanco, Christopher B Pople, Peter Giacobbe, Sean M Nestor, Jennifer S Rabin, Clement Hamani, Kamil Uludag, Maged Goubran, Kullervo Hynynen, Nir Lipsman","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2026.103198","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":" ","pages":"103198"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148886337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spinal Cord Stimulation Attenuates Itch-Like Behavior and Dermatitis: Contribution of a Spinal Inhibitory Neuronal Ensemble and Associated Reductions in GRPR and Sympathetic Signaling.","authors":"Zi Wang, Sihan Chen, Huimin Zhu, Wenjing Zhao, Yifei Zhou, Nan Qin, Dan Tang, Saihong Xu, Liqun Yang, Xian Ding, Daxiang Wen, Yingfu Jiao, Ju Gao, Weifeng Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2026.103196","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chronic inflammatory itch is sustained by reciprocal interactions among pruriceptive circuits, scratching-induced skin injury, immune-cell infiltration, and autonomic neuroimmune signaling. Spinal cord stimulation is known to reshape dorsal horn sensory processing, but whether it modulates neuroimmune inflammation during dermatitis-associated itch remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using acute pruritogen-evoked itch and DNFB-induced chronic dermatitis models in mice, we examined the effects of low- and high-frequency spinal cord stimulation on itch-like behavior, skin inflammation, spinal GRPR-associated neuronal activation, and sympathetic-associated neuroimmune changes. Activity-dependent Fos^TRAP2 labeling combined with chemogenetic activation or inhibition was used to test the functional contribution of the HF-SCS/TRAP-defined neuronal ensemble.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Spinal cord stimulation reduced pruritogen-evoked licking/biting and chronic DNFB-associated itch-like behavior, accompanied by decreased epidermal hyperplasia, T-cell infiltration, and IL-1β/TNF-α-associated inflammatory signals in lesional skin. HF-SCS increased c-Fos activity within a prominent Pax2⁺ inhibitory neuronal component in the dorsal horn. Chemogenetic reactivation of the HF-SCS/TRAP-defined neuronal ensemble recapitulated the behavioral and cutaneous effects associated with SCS, whereas chemogenetic inhibition impaired the protective efficacy of stimulation. Spinal cord stimulation was also associated with reduced GRPR-related neuronal activation and Grpr expression. Anatomical tracing indicated an association between the HF-SCS/TRAP-defined neuronal ensemble and ChAT+ sympathetic preganglionic neurons, while HF-SCS was accompanied by reduced sympathetic-associated markers in skin and the spinal intermediolateral region.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings identify spinal cord stimulation as a preclinical neuromodulatory approach that attenuates dermatitis-associated itch and cutaneous neuroinflammation. The data support a functional contribution of the HF-SCS/TRAP-defined neuronal ensemble, which is enriched in Pax2⁺ inhibitory neurons, while the reductions in GRPR-related activity and sympathetic-associated signaling remain associative findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":" ","pages":"103196"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148878760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Noninvasive tFUS stimulation of the parabrachial nucleus suppresses lever pressing during extinction of cocaine self-administration through aversive circuit engagement.","authors":"Gyeong Hee Pyeon, Jihong Lim, Jaeyong Lee, Jihyun Lee, Hyunjoo Jenny Lee, Yong Sang Jo","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103197","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103197","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Drug addiction is a significant public health concern, and persistent drug-seeking behavior remains difficult to control in severe cases. While invasive interventions have been explored to suppress these behaviors, their use is limited by procedural complexity, highlighting the need for effective noninvasive neuromodulatory approaches. Transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) provides a noninvasive approach for deep-brain neuromodulation, but its ability to produce persistent behavioral effects by targeting the extralateral parabrachial nucleus (elPBN) remains unknown.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Mice were trained to self-administer cocaine using an operant lever-press paradigm. Following stable cocaine self-administration, active lever presses triggered response-contingent tFUS stimulation instead of cocaine delivery. Stimulation was delivered through the intact skull and targeted to the elPBN for four consecutive days.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>tFUS delivered to the elPBN elicited aversive-related behavioral responses consistent with those previously reported using optogenetic stimulation of this region. In the operant task, tFUS stimulation significantly reduced active lever responding compared with controls. Together, these results indicate that response-contingent engagement of aversive signaling within the elPBN suppressed operant responding previously reinforced by cocaine. This behavioral suppression persisted after a two-week abstinence period, indicating that the effect extended beyond the stimulation phase.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Noninvasive tFUS targeting the elPBN produced persistent suppression of operant responding previously reinforced by cocaine. Replacing cocaine delivery with response-contingent stimulation of an aversion-related brainstem region produced a lasting change in reward-associated behavior. These findings support further investigation of deep-brain tFUS as a noninvasive neuromodulation approach for modifying maladaptive drug-related behaviors.</p>","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":" ","pages":"103197"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148839286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A modular system for multichannel transcranial magnetic stimulation: physical and physiological characterization of electric field profiles.","authors":"Mohammad Daneshzand, Evgenii Kim, Danyal Bhutto, Netri Pajankar, Yixin Ma, Dexuan Tang, Parker Kotlarz, Lucia I Navarro de Lara, Mark Eldaief, Sergey N Makaroff, Aapo Nummenmaa","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103193","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103193","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an established non-invasive neuromodulation technique, with growing evidence suggesting that targeting multiple interconnected nodes may enable more selective network-level control. However, multisite stimulation remains constrained by the fixed field geometry and limited focality of conventional coils.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To introduce and characterize a modular multichannel transcranial magnetic stimulation (mTMS) array capable of electronically steering the induced electric field (E-field) without mechanical coil movement.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The array consists of two custom-made 3-axis TMS coils arranged with a slight tilt to approximate head curvature and enhance stimulation depth and efficiency. This modular architecture allows flexible adjustment of coils spacing and orientation. Computational simulations and in vivo experiments demonstrate that independently driven coil elements can be combined to form distinct \"virtual coils\", enabling controlled electronic shifts of the E-field hotspot.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Using a physical-versus-electronic hotspot displacement paradigm with repeated resting motor threshold (rMT) estimation, we show that electronic E-field shifts of ±1 cm produce effects comparable to physically moving the coil. Computational modeling analysis confirms that the electronically synthesized virtual coil configurations elicit systematic E-field shifts in precentral gyrus that are spatially consistent with the measured rMT at each physical coil array location. The system achieved functional resolution consistent with the known spatial accuracy of TMS, with variability within expected limits of neuronavigation and calibration errors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings establish the feasibility and physiological relevance of electronically controlled E-field steering using a modular coil array. This platform provides a scalable foundation for next generation mTMS systems supporting multifocal stimulation of distributed brain networks.</p>","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":" ","pages":"103193"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148788438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct Substantia Nigra Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson's Disease: Efficacy, Safety, and the Frequency-Response Relationship.","authors":"Yuye Liu, Chenguan Jiang, Bingxin Li, Yan Liu, Zhou Yang, Yichen Xu, Anbang Yao, Xiaoyu Zhang, Anchao Yang, Fangang Meng, Jianguo Zhang, Lin Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103186","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103186","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The substantia nigra (SN) is an emerging deep brain stimulation (DBS) target for Parkinson's disease (PD). However, its independent therapeutic profile remains obscured by concurrent subthalamic nucleus (STN) stimulation in clinical practice. We systematically evaluated the frequency-dependent efficacy, longitudinal feasibility, and clinical boundaries of direct SN DBS to optimize both targeted nigral modulation and STN-SN combined stimulation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Phase 1 comprised an acute randomized crossover assessment in which 30 participants underwent both SN stimulation at 10, 30, and 130 Hz and standard STN stimulation at 130 Hz. Outcomes included the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III (MDS-UPDRS III), objective gait kinematics, and episodic memory. Phase 2 was an exploratory, non-randomized 3-month feasibility cohort. Seven participants initiated chronic SN stimulation; two discontinued because of treatment-limiting adverse events, and longitudinal outcomes were available for five treatment-tolerant completers, with descriptive comparison to five STN-DBS comparator participants.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SN-DBS produced clear, frequency-dependent acute motor improvements. High-frequency (130 Hz) stimulation yielded the most pronounced clinical benefits, including a 43.6% reduction in MDS-UPDRS III and a 13.5% increase in stride length. The motor and spatial gait effects at 130 Hz were of similar magnitude to those observed with standard STN-DBS, while episodic memory performance remained stable across stimulation conditions. Patient-specific VTA mapping identified an outcome-associated region predominantly within the dorsal SN, and greater spatial overlap was associated with greater motor improvement. In Phase 2, chronic SN stimulation was maintained for 3 months in five of seven participants; two discontinued because of treatment-limiting adverse events.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Direct SN stimulation produced a clear frequency-dependent acute response in PD, with 130 Hz yielding the strongest motor and spatial gait benefits among the tested frequencies and effects of similar magnitude to standard STN stimulation. VTA mapping localized the strongest response-associated region predominantly within the dorsal SN, and the 3-month observations provided a basis for further development of anatomically precise and individualized SN neuromodulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":" ","pages":"103186"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148719823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Control groups matter: Auricular vagal neuromodulation in disorders of consciousness","authors":"Samuel López-Rodríguez,&nbsp;Barbara Postigo-Alonso,&nbsp;Myrtha O'Valle-Rodríguez,&nbsp;Marta Gómez-Herranz,&nbsp;María D. Navarro-Pérez,&nbsp;Joan Ferri-Campos,&nbsp;Enrique Noé-Sebastián,&nbsp;Alejandro Galvao-Carmona","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103152","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103152","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"19 4","pages":"Article 103152"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148350868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-fidelity transcranial ultrasound multi-focal stimulation via physics-aware hologram technique","authors":"Moon Hwan Lee,&nbsp;Mohd Afzal Khan,&nbsp;Akm Ashiquzzaman,&nbsp;Eunbin Lee,&nbsp;Jonghun Lee,&nbsp;Euiheon Chung,&nbsp;Hyuk-Sang Kwon,&nbsp;Jae Youn Hwang","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103158","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103158","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) is an emerging non-invasive neuromodulation modality that offers deep brain access with high spatial precision. However, its broader application is limited by the difficulty of reliably generating complex transcranial acoustic fields, particularly for multi-target stimulation through the skull. These limitations can lead to focal distortion, off-target exposure, and reduced reliability of neuromodulation outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>Here, we introduce a physics-aware thickness-only acoustic hologram (TOAH) technique for precise transcranial ultrasound neuromodulation. Unlike conventional approaches that rely on simplified phase-based approximations, TOAH directly generates fabrication-ready holographic implementations while preserving consistency between numerical field synthesis and physical acoustic realization. This enables accurate formation of single-, dual-, and tri-focal stimulation patterns under transcranial conditions. We validated TOAH through in silico simulations, ex vivo acoustic measurements through skulls, and in vivo experiments.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Compared with state-of-the-art methods, TOAH improved focal reconstruction, energy confinement, and multi-focal balance while reducing off-target acoustic leakage. Human-skull simulations further supported robust multi-focal reconstruction under clinically relevant transcranial conditions. In a neuropathic pain mouse model, bilateral thalamic stimulation induced measurable changes in neuronal activity, reflected by reduced c-Fos expression, together with preliminary improvements in pain-related behavioral responses. These findings support the capability of the proposed technique to enable spatially localized and reproducible neuromodulation in vivo.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Collectively, this work provides a practical proof-of-concept strategy for achieving high-precision, multi-target transcranial neuromodulation and supports further investigation for neuroscience research and future therapeutic applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"19 4","pages":"Article 103158"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148381502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Affect and self-control outcomes following DLPFC and medial orbitofrontal rTMS in tobacco use disorder: Secondary analyses from a randomized sham-controlled trial","authors":"Xingbao Li,&nbsp;Kevin A. Caulfield,&nbsp;Matthew J. Carpenter,&nbsp;Viswanathan Ramakrishnan,&nbsp;Evan S. Herrmann,&nbsp;Mark S. George","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103147","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103147","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"19 4","pages":"Article 103147"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148315718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Target-specific TMS-evoked motor-network responsiveness after acute ischaemic stroke","authors":"Yijun Zhou,&nbsp;Weili Jia,&nbsp;Jiawen Mao,&nbsp;Jinru Feng,&nbsp;Ying Han,&nbsp;Jing Jing,&nbsp;Lingling Ding,&nbsp;Yongjun Wang,&nbsp;Zixiao Li,&nbsp;Tao Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103153","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103153","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"19 4","pages":"Article 103153"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148359516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}