Brain Stimulation最新文献

{"title":"Investigating the hemodynamic response to iTBS of the left DLPFC: A concurrent iTBS/fNIRS study","authors":"Adam W.L. Xia ,&nbsp;Minxia Jin ,&nbsp;Bella B.B. Zhang ,&nbsp;Rebecca L.D. Kan ,&nbsp;Tim T.Z. Lin ,&nbsp;Penny P. Qin ,&nbsp;Xiao Wang ,&nbsp;Wanda M.W. Chau ,&nbsp;Nancy M.X.Y. Shi ,&nbsp;Priya Kannan ,&nbsp;Erin Y. Lu ,&nbsp;Tifei Yuan ,&nbsp;Jack Jiaqi Zhang ,&nbsp;Georg S. Kranz","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2025.02.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2025.02.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is an established treatment regimen for major depressive disorder, but its instantaneous effects on neural excitability during and immediately after the stimulation remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the hemodynamic response in the bilateral DLPFC during and immediately after iTBS and explored factors that may modulate iTBS-induced excitability.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We measured the prefrontal hemodynamic response before, during, and after iTBS using concurrent iTBS/functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in healthy participants across multiple sessions (3–11 visits, ≥48 hours apart). We investigated the moderating effect of several inter- and intra-individual variables. To this end, we analyzed the average change of oxygenated (HbO) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (HbR) in the stimulated and contralateral DLPFC and used generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) to test for potential moderators.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Twenty participants completed 157 concurrent iTBS/fNIRS sessions in total. HbR increased significantly during iTBS (0.247 ± 0.032, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001) in the stimulated DLPFC, while the contralateral DLPFC showed significant decreases in HbR during (−0.046 ± 0.017, <em>p</em> = 0.024) and after the stimulation (−0.05 ± 0.018, <em>p</em> = 0.015). No significant change in HbO was observed. GLMM revealed that age (β = 0.033, <em>p</em> = 0.004), sex (β = −0.248, <em>p</em> = 0.004), education years (β = −0.094, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), the personality trait agreeableness (β = −0.013, <em>p</em> = 0.005), and positive affect (β = −0.032, <em>p</em> = 0.012) significantly influenced local HbR response during iTBS, and sex (β = 0.305, <em>p</em> = 0.012) significantly influenced local HbO response during iTBS.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study revealed a pronounced increase in HbR during iTBS in the stimulated DLPFC, alongside decreased HbR contralaterally both during and post-stimulation. Furthermore, our study highlights the importance of individual factors in understanding iTBS effects on cortical excitability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"18 2","pages":"Pages 235-245"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143425069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of HD-tDCS on temporal discounting behavior: An ERP evidence","authors":"Jingzhen He ,&nbsp;Shuangyu Gou ,&nbsp;Jia Shi ,&nbsp;Yawei Qi ,&nbsp;Shaoyu Tu ,&nbsp;Qinghua He","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2025.02.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2025.02.006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"18 2","pages":"Pages 212-214"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143425074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Locating activation sites of TMS with opposite current directions using probabilistic modelling and biophysical axon models","authors":"Ilkka Laakso ,&nbsp;Juhani Kataja ,&nbsp;Noora Matilainen ,&nbsp;Timo Roine ,&nbsp;Thomas Tarnaud ,&nbsp;Yoshikazu Ugawa","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2025.02.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2025.02.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background:</h3><div>Motor responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) using posterior–anterior (PA) and anterior–posterior (AP) current directions have distinct latencies and thresholds. However, the underlying reasons for these differences remain unclear.</div></div><div><h3>Objective:</h3><div>To quantify the differences in activation sites between PA- and AP-TMS.</div></div><div><h3>Methods:</h3><div>Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from five hand and arm muscles in nine healthy participants using both PA- and AP-TMS. Active motor thresholds were determined at 11 magnetic coil positions on the scalp. Probabilistic modelling was used to combine the measured threshold data with calculated electric field data from individual MRI-based models. This approach constructed 70 probability distributions of the activation site, dependent on the muscle and TMS direction.</div></div><div><h3>Results:</h3><div>Modelling indicated that both PA- and AP-TMS more likely activated structures in white matter than in grey matter. PA-TMS activation sites were primarily in the white or grey matter in the precentral gyrus, while the AP-TMS activations were deeper and more posterior and lateral, likely within white matter under the postcentral and/or precentral gyri. Tractography and biophysical axon models provided a potential explanation on the location of activation sites: AP-TMS may activate the bends of white matter axons farther from M1 than PA-TMS, such that the conduction velocity along the neural tract could potentially explain the longer MEP latency of AP-TMS. The differences in activation sites among the five hand and arm muscles were small.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion:</h3><div>While a direct experimental confirmation of the activation sites is still needed, the results suggest that electric field analysis combined with tractography and biophysical axon modelling could be a useful computational tool for analysing and optimizing TMS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"18 2","pages":"Pages 215-224"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143425072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controlling the local extracellular electric field can suppress the generation and propagation of seizures and spikes in the hippocampus","authors":"Muthumeenakshi Subramanian,&nbsp;Chia-Chu Chiang,&nbsp;Cedric Levi,&nbsp;Dominique M. Durand","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2025.02.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2025.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Neural activity such as theta waves, epileptic spikes and seizures can cross a physical transection using electric fields thus propagating by ephaptic coupling and independently of synaptic transmission. Recruitment of neurons in epilepsy occurs in part due to electric field coupling in addition to synaptic mechanisms. Hence, controlling the local electric field could suppress or cancel the generation of these epileptic events.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>4-aminopyridine (4-AP) was used to induce spontaneous epileptic spikes and seizures in longitudinal hippocampal slices in-vitro. Two extracellular recording electrodes were placed in the tissue, one at the edge of the slice on the temporal side at the focus of the epileptic activity and the other on the septal side to record the propagation. Two stimulating electrodes were placed outside the slice at the edge of the focal zone. An extracellular voltage clamp circuit maintained the voltage within the focus at 0V with respect to the bath ground.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Experiments showed that 100 % of the epileptic activity originated at the temporal region and propagated to the septal region of the slices thereby establishing the existence of a focus in the temporal end of the tissue. The clamp achieved 100 % suppression of all seizure activity in the tissue with current amplitudes between 70 and 250 nA. No spikes or seizures were observed in either the focus or the septal region when the clamp was “on”. When the clamp was turned off, both the spikes and seizure events recovered immediately.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The experiments show that controlling the extracellular voltage within a focus can prevent the generation and the propagation of epileptiform activity from the focus with very low amplitudes currents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"18 2","pages":"Pages 225-234"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143405727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Statistical method accounts for microscopic electric field distortions around neurons when simulating activation thresholds.","authors":"Konstantin Weise, Sergey N Makaroff, Ole Numssen, Marom Bikson, Thomas R Knösche","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2025.02.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2025.02.007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Notwithstanding advances in computational models of neuromodulation, there are mismatches between simulated and experimental activation thresholds. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) of the primary motor cortex generates motor evoked potentials (MEPs). At the threshold of MEP generation, whole-head models predict macroscopic (at millimeter scale) electric fields (50-70 V/m) which are considerably below conventionally simulated cortical neuron thresholds (175-350 V/m).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We hypothesize that this apparent contradiction is in part a consequence of electrical field warping by brain microstructure. Classical neuronal models ignore the physical presence of neighboring neurons and microstructure and assume that the macroscopic field directly acts on the neurons. In previous work, we performed advanced numerical calculations considering realistic microscopic compartments (e.g., cells, blood vessels), resulting in locally inhomogeneous (micrometer scale) electric field and altered neuronal activation thresholds. Here we combine detailed neural threshold simulations under homogeneous field assumptions with microscopic field calculations, leveraging a novel statistical approach.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We show that, provided brain-region specific microstructure metrics, a single statistically derived scaling factor between microscopic and macroscopic electric fields can be applied in predicting neuronal thresholds. For the cortical sample considered, the statistical methods match TMS experimental thresholds.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our approach can be broadly applied to neuromodulation models, where fully coupled microstructure scale simulations may not be computationally tractable.</p>","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143405730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing accelerated iTBS in treatment-resistant melancholic depression: Doubling the number of pulses per session does not double the response rates","authors":"S. De Witte ,&nbsp;R. De Raedt ,&nbsp;Gr Wu ,&nbsp;S. De Smet ,&nbsp;J. Dedoncker ,&nbsp;D. Klooster ,&nbsp;H. Tandt ,&nbsp;N. Van De Velde ,&nbsp;N. De Schrijver ,&nbsp;S. Herremans ,&nbsp;I. Debruyckere ,&nbsp;A. Nobels ,&nbsp;E.H.W. Koster ,&nbsp;G. Lemmens ,&nbsp;M.A. Vanderhasselt ,&nbsp;C. Baeken","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2025.02.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2025.02.004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"18 2","pages":"Pages 195-197"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143373626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Motor network reorganization associated with rTMS-induced writing improvement in writer's cramp dystonia","authors":"Noreen Bukhari-Parlakturk ,&nbsp;Patrick J. Mulcahey ,&nbsp;Michael W. Lutz ,&nbsp;Rabia Ghazi ,&nbsp;Ziping Huang ,&nbsp;Moritz Dannhauer ,&nbsp;Pichet Termsarasab ,&nbsp;Burton Scott ,&nbsp;Zeynep B. Simsek ,&nbsp;Skylar Groves ,&nbsp;Mikaela Lipp ,&nbsp;Michael Fei ,&nbsp;Tiffany K. Tran ,&nbsp;Eleanor Wood ,&nbsp;Lysianne Beynel ,&nbsp;Chris Petty ,&nbsp;James T. Voyvodic ,&nbsp;Lawrence G. Appelbaum ,&nbsp;Hussein R. Al-Khalidi ,&nbsp;Simon W. Davis ,&nbsp;Nicole Calakos","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2025.02.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2025.02.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Writer's cramp (WC) dystonia is an involuntary movement disorder with distributed abnormalities in the brain's motor network. Prior studies established the potential for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to either premotor cortex (PMC) or primary somatosensory cortex (PSC) to modify symptoms. However, clinical effects have been modest with limited understanding of the neural mechanisms hindering therapeutic advancement of this promising approach.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aimed to understand the motor network effects of rTMS in WC that correspond with behavioral efficacy. We hypothesized that behavioral efficacy is associated with modulation of cortical and subcortical regions of the motor network.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In a double-blind, cross-over design, twelve WC participants underwent rTMS in one of three conditions (Sham-TMS, 10 Hz PSC-rTMS, 10 Hz PMC-rTMS) while engaged in a writing task to activate dystonic movements and measure writing fluency. Brain connectivity was evaluated using task-based fMRI after each TMS session.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>10 Hz rTMS to PSC, but not PMC, significantly improved writing dysfluency. PSC-TMS also significantly weakened cortico-basal ganglia, cortico-cerebellum, and intra-cerebellum functional connectivity (FC), and strengthened striatal FC relative to Sham. Change in PSC and SPC BOLD activity were associated with reduced dysfluent writing behavior.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>10 Hz rTMS to PSC improved writing dysfluency by redistributing motor network connectivity and strengthening somatosensory-parietal connectivity. A key signature for effective stimulation at PSC and improvement in writing dysfluency may be strengthening of intra-cortical connectivity between primary somatosensory and superior parietal cortices. These findings offer mechanistic hypotheses to advance the therapeutic application of TMS for dystonia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"18 2","pages":"Pages 198-210"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143381570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Basal forebrain activation improves working memory in senescent monkeys","authors":"Kendyl R. Pennington ,&nbsp;Luca Debs ,&nbsp;Sophia Chung ,&nbsp;Janki Bava ,&nbsp;Clément M. Garin ,&nbsp;Fernando L. Vale ,&nbsp;Sarah K. Bick ,&nbsp;Dario J. Englot ,&nbsp;Alvin V. Terry Jr. ,&nbsp;Christos Constantinidis ,&nbsp;David T. Blake","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2025.02.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2025.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Brain aging contributes to cognitive decline and risk of dementia. Degeneration of the basal forebrain cholinergic system parallels these changes in aging, Alzheimer's dementia, Parkinson's dementia, and Lewy body dementia, and thus is a common element linked to executive function across the lifespan and in disease states. Here, we tested the potential of one-hour daily intermittent basal forebrain stimulation to improve cognition in senescent Rhesus monkeys, and its mechanisms of action. Stimulation in five animals improved working memory duration in each animal over 8–12 weeks, with peak improvements observed in the first four weeks. In an ensuing three month period without stimulation, improvements were retained. With additional stimulation, performance remained above baseline throughout the 15 months of the study. Studies with a cholinesterase inhibitor in five animals produced inconsistent improvements in behavior. One of five animals improved significantly. Manipulating the stimulation pattern demonstrated selectivity for both stimulation and recovery period duration in two animals. Brain stimulation led to acute increases in cerebrospinal fluid levels of tissue plasminogen activator, which is an activating element for two brain neurotrophins, Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and Brain-Derived Growth Factor (BDNF), in four animals. Stimulation also led to improved glucose utilization in stimulated hemispheres relative to contralateral in three animals. Glucose utilization also consistently declines with aging and some dementias. Together, these findings suggest that intermittent stimulation of the nucleus basalis of Meynert improves executive function and reverses some aspects of brain aging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"18 2","pages":"Pages 185-194"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143377946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"tDCS cranial nerve Co-stimulation: Unveiling brainstem pathways involved in trigeminal nerve direct current stimulation in rats","authors":"Alireza Majdi ,&nbsp;Liyi Chen ,&nbsp;Lars E. Larsen ,&nbsp;Robrecht Raedt ,&nbsp;Myles Mc Laughlin","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2025.01.025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2025.01.025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) are generally thought to result from the polarization of cortical neurons by the weak electric fields it creates. However, recent evidence suggests that some tDCS effects may be mediated through co-stimulation of peripheral or cranial nerves, particularly the trigeminal nerve (TN). The TN projects to key brainstem nuclei that regulate neurotransmitter release throughout the central nervous system, but the specific pathways involved are not yet well understood.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this study, we examined the effects of acute transcutaneous TN direct current stimulation (TN-DCS) on tonic (i.e. mean spike rate) and phasic (number of bursts, spike rate per burst, burst duration, and inter-burst interval) activities while simultaneously recording single-neuron activity across three brainstem nuclei in rats: the locus coeruleus (LC; phasic and tonic activities), dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN; tonic activity), and median raphe nucleus (MnRN; tonic activity).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>TN-DCS significantly modulated tonic activity in the LC and DRN, with interactions between amplitude, polarity, and time affecting mean spike rates. It also influenced phasic activity in the LC, altering burst number, duration, and inter-burst intervals. In contrast, MnRN tonic activity was unchanged. Blocking TN with xylocaine eliminated the effects on tonic activity in both the LC and DRN.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These results suggest that tDCS may modulate the TN, altering DRN and LC activity. Differential changes in tonic and phasic LC activity highlight their roles in TN-DCS effects on the cortex. This research offers insights to improve tDCS efficacy and understanding. <strong>Keywords</strong>: tDCS; trigeminal nerve; locus coeruleus; Dorsal raphe nucleus; median raphe nucleus.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"18 2","pages":"Pages 171-184"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143373548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep brain stimulation-entrained gamma oscillations in chronic home recordings in Parkinson's disease","authors":"Maria Olaru ,&nbsp;Amelia Hahn ,&nbsp;Maria Shcherbakova ,&nbsp;Simon Little ,&nbsp;Wolf-Julian Neumann ,&nbsp;Reza Abbasi-Asl ,&nbsp;Philip A. Starr","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2025.01.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2025.01.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>In Parkinson's disease, invasive brain recordings show that dopaminergic medication can induce narrowband gamma rhythms in the motor cortex and subthalamic nucleus, which co-fluctuate with dyskinesia scores. Deep brain stimulation can entrain these gamma oscillations to a subharmonic stimulation frequency. However, the incidence of entrainment during chronic therapeutic stimulation, its relationship to the basal ganglia stimulation site, and its effect on dyskinesia remain unknown.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Determine whether the behavioral effects and statistical properties of levodopa-induced gamma oscillations are altered when entrained with deep brain stimulation.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We used a sensing-enabled deep brain stimulator system, attached to both motor cortex and subthalamic (<em>n</em> = 15) or pallidal (<em>n</em> = 5) leads, to record 993 h of multisite field potentials, with 656 h recorded prior to initiating stimulation. 13 subjects (20 hemispheres) with Parkinson's disease (1/13 female, mean age 59 ± 9 years) streamed data while at home on their usual antiparkinsonian medication. Recordings during stimulation occurred at least five months after initiating stimulation.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Cortical entrained gamma oscillations were detected in 4/5 hemispheres undergoing pallidal stimulation and 12/15 hemispheres undergoing subthalamic stimulation. Entraining levodopa-induced gamma oscillations at either site reduced their prodyskinetic effects. Cortical entrained gamma oscillations had reduced variance in peak frequency, increased spectral power, and higher variance in spectral power than levodopa-induced gamma oscillations.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Stimulation-entrained gamma oscillations are functionally and physiologically distinct from levodopa-induced gamma oscillations that occur in the absence of deep brain stimulation. Understanding the discrepancies between types of gamma oscillations may improve programming protocols.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"18 2","pages":"Pages 132-141"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143078618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}