Brain Stimulation最新文献

{"title":"Parameter-dependent effects of transcranial ultrasound stimulation on corticospinal excitability and inhibitory control","authors":"Xuewei Qin,&nbsp;Liyuan Ren,&nbsp;Xiong Jiao,&nbsp;Shanbao Tong,&nbsp;Qiang Hu,&nbsp;Junfeng Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103199","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103199","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) with various parameters can modulate cortical excitability, but its neuromodulatory effects on excitability and behavior have not been consistently replicated across independent labs or compared within subjects.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To examine the neuromodulatory effects of four TUS protocols against sham on motor cortical excitability and inhibitory control.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Twenty-six healthy adults were enrolled to complete up to five sessions (four active TUS protocols and one sham); 24 completed all the five sessions, separated by at least one week. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded at 20 min and 0 min before stimulation, and at 0, 20, and 40 min after stimulation. Stop-signal task (SST) performance was assessed before and after stimulation, and simultaneous EEG was recorded during the SST to extract event-related potentials (ERP). Linear mixed-effects models with false-discovery-rate correction were used for statistical analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The intermittent and continuous theta-burst TUS protocols (iTBUS/cTBUS), adapted from an animal protocol, produced excitatory and inhibitory MEP effects, respectively, that were directionally consistent with the effects commonly associated with iTBS- and cTBS-patterned TMS; however, this physiological similarity did not translate into the expected behavioral outcomes. The excitatory effects of two TUS protocols on motor cortex were replicated, yet MEPs and ERP changes were associated with divergent SST outcomes. ERP analysis showed that cTBUS significantly reduced P3 amplitudes, whereas other protocols produced no significant group-level ERP changes.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The bidirectional iTBUS/cTBUS effects observed here provide preliminary human evidence partially consistent with observations from animal models, although mechanistic equivalence and full translational validity across species remain to be established. The excitatory effects observed with two previously described TUS protocols were directionally consistent with earlier reports. Nevertheless, TUS-induced MEP facilitation does not necessarily enhance inhibitory control in the SST, underscoring the need for task-specific multimodal frameworks to advance TUS as a precise neuromodulation technique.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"19 5","pages":"Article 103199"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148890900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Control groups matter: Auricular vagal neuromodulation in disorders of consciousness","authors":"Samuel López-Rodríguez,&nbsp;Barbara Postigo-Alonso,&nbsp;Myrtha O'Valle-Rodríguez,&nbsp;Marta Gómez-Herranz,&nbsp;María D. Navarro-Pérez,&nbsp;Joan Ferri-Campos,&nbsp;Enrique Noé-Sebastián,&nbsp;Alejandro Galvao-Carmona","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103152","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103152","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"19 4","pages":"Article 103152"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148350868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-fidelity transcranial ultrasound multi-focal stimulation via physics-aware hologram technique","authors":"Moon Hwan Lee,&nbsp;Mohd Afzal Khan,&nbsp;Akm Ashiquzzaman,&nbsp;Eunbin Lee,&nbsp;Jonghun Lee,&nbsp;Euiheon Chung,&nbsp;Hyuk-Sang Kwon,&nbsp;Jae Youn Hwang","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103158","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103158","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) is an emerging non-invasive neuromodulation modality that offers deep brain access with high spatial precision. However, its broader application is limited by the difficulty of reliably generating complex transcranial acoustic fields, particularly for multi-target stimulation through the skull. These limitations can lead to focal distortion, off-target exposure, and reduced reliability of neuromodulation outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>Here, we introduce a physics-aware thickness-only acoustic hologram (TOAH) technique for precise transcranial ultrasound neuromodulation. Unlike conventional approaches that rely on simplified phase-based approximations, TOAH directly generates fabrication-ready holographic implementations while preserving consistency between numerical field synthesis and physical acoustic realization. This enables accurate formation of single-, dual-, and tri-focal stimulation patterns under transcranial conditions. We validated TOAH through in silico simulations, ex vivo acoustic measurements through skulls, and in vivo experiments.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Compared with state-of-the-art methods, TOAH improved focal reconstruction, energy confinement, and multi-focal balance while reducing off-target acoustic leakage. Human-skull simulations further supported robust multi-focal reconstruction under clinically relevant transcranial conditions. In a neuropathic pain mouse model, bilateral thalamic stimulation induced measurable changes in neuronal activity, reflected by reduced c-Fos expression, together with preliminary improvements in pain-related behavioral responses. These findings support the capability of the proposed technique to enable spatially localized and reproducible neuromodulation in vivo.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Collectively, this work provides a practical proof-of-concept strategy for achieving high-precision, multi-target transcranial neuromodulation and supports further investigation for neuroscience research and future therapeutic applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"19 4","pages":"Article 103158"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148381502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Affect and self-control outcomes following DLPFC and medial orbitofrontal rTMS in tobacco use disorder: Secondary analyses from a randomized sham-controlled trial","authors":"Xingbao Li,&nbsp;Kevin A. Caulfield,&nbsp;Matthew J. Carpenter,&nbsp;Viswanathan Ramakrishnan,&nbsp;Evan S. Herrmann,&nbsp;Mark S. George","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103147","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103147","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"19 4","pages":"Article 103147"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148315718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Target-specific TMS-evoked motor-network responsiveness after acute ischaemic stroke","authors":"Yijun Zhou,&nbsp;Weili Jia,&nbsp;Jiawen Mao,&nbsp;Jinru Feng,&nbsp;Ying Han,&nbsp;Jing Jing,&nbsp;Lingling Ding,&nbsp;Yongjun Wang,&nbsp;Zixiao Li,&nbsp;Tao Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103153","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103153","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"19 4","pages":"Article 103153"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148359516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Personalized, EEG-controlled intermittent theta burst stimulation","authors":"Felix A. Maldonado Osorio,&nbsp;Mina Elhamiasl,&nbsp;Mary K. Gacek,&nbsp;Stewart A. Shankman,&nbsp;Ivan Alekseichuk","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103143","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103143","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"19 4","pages":"Article 103143"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148293235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parameter specific modulation of neuronal firing and extracellular action potential dynamics by transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation in rat motor cortex","authors":"Haorun Huang,&nbsp;Charlotte Smets,&nbsp;Liyi Chen,&nbsp;Myles Mc Laughlin","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103145","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103145","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation (TUS) has emerged as a promising tool for noninvasive neuromodulation. However, the specific effects of stimulation parameters on neural activity remain incompletely understood.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study investigates how variations in TUS pulse repetition frequency (PRF) and pulse duration (PD) influence neural activity in the rat motor cortex.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In vivo extracellular recordings were performed in anesthetized rats using 32-channel silicon probes while TUS was applied over the motor cortex. We systematically varied PRF (25, 50, 500 and 2000 Hz) and PD (50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 μs) and quantified changes in spike rate and extracellular action potential (EAP) shape. Control experiments included sonication of the visual cortex (V1) and the electrode holding bar. Effects were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models with Bonferroni-corrected post hoc testing.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>TUS caused a significant increase in spike rate at 500 Hz PRF when the PD was set at 200 μs. When PRF was set at 50 Hz, spike rate increase at 800 μs was significantly higher than at 50 μs and 100 μs. Analysis of the EAP revealed small but significant parameter-dependent changes in action potential shape. When the most effective excitatory parameters (500 Hz PRF, 800 μs PD) were combined, a larger spike rate increase was observed in the motor cortex, compared with the other tested PRF–PD combinations and a significant change in EAP shape. The same parameters applied in the control conditions caused a smaller spike rate increase in V1 but no significant effect with the bar control, and no EAP changes were detected.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings offer direct single-unit evidence that TUS can modify spike rate and is associated with subtle shifts in EAP waveform features in a parameter-dependent and region-specific manner. Optimizing PRF and PD is essential for reproducible neuromodulation and for moving TUS toward translational applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"19 4","pages":"Article 103145"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148315745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility and optimization of a novel, cranially-mounted deep brain stimulation device for children with epilepsy – the CADET Pilot study","authors":"Rory J. Piper,&nbsp;John E. Fleming,&nbsp;Joram J. van Rheede,&nbsp;Victoria S. Marks,&nbsp;Kei Landin,&nbsp;Daniel Costache,&nbsp;Harutomo Hasegawa,&nbsp;Richard Selway,&nbsp;Hanna Richardson,&nbsp;Kiran K. Seunarine,&nbsp;Felice D'Arco,&nbsp;Sarah Carter,&nbsp;Chiara Arcaro,&nbsp;Friederike Moeller,&nbsp;Hakim-Moulay Dehbi,&nbsp;Antonio Valentin,&nbsp;Marios Kaliakatsos,&nbsp;Timothy Denison,&nbsp;Martin M. Tisdall","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103149","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103149","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"19 4","pages":"Article 103149"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148315761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cell-type-specific bidirectional modulation of the cortico–thalamo–cortical sensory pathway by transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS)","authors":"Huan Gao,&nbsp;Sandhya Ramachandran,&nbsp;Keunhyung Lee,&nbsp;Annabel Frake,&nbsp;Mary M. Torregrossa,&nbsp;Bin He","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103151","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103151","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) can noninvasively modulate sensory pathways, but the cell-type-specific mechanisms underlying excitatory or inhibitory effects remain unclear. Here, we investigate how tFUS applied to the somatosensory cortex (S1) influences S1 and posterior medial thalamic nucleus (POm) responses to hind paw vibration-tactile stimulation and which neuronal populations mediate these effects.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Vibration-tactile stimulation evoked potentials (TEPs) and multi-unit activity (MUA) in S1 and POm were recorded from male rats. Optogenetic tagging was used to identify S1 CaMKII-positive, PV-positive, and SST-positive neurons, while waveform features were used to classify putative excitatory (i.e., regular-spiking units - RSUs) and inhibitory neurons (i.e., fast-spiking units - FSUs) in POm.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We found that only S1 CaMKII-positive neurons and POm RSUs responded robustly to tactile stimulation. When tFUS was applied to S1, high pulse repetition frequency (PRF), high duty cycle, and high-pressure stimulation (etFUS) produced excitatory modulation of the sensory pathway, whereas low PRF, low duty cycle, and low-pressure stimulation (itFUS) induced inhibitory effects. Further analyses suggested that excitatory modulation may involve activation of S1 CaMKII-positive neurons, while the inhibitory effect may be associated with their deactivation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These findings demonstrate that tFUS exerts bidirectional, parameter-dependent modulation of a sensory pathway and highlight the critical role of CaMKII-positive neurons in mediating these effects. This study provides mechanistic insight into cell-type-specific neuromodulation by tFUS, particularly in bidirectional modulation of a sensory pathway, and informs the optimization of stimulation parameters for targeted therapeutic interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"19 4","pages":"Article 103151"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148337846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phase-synchronized iTBS and tACS at 40 Hz gamma frequency: The impact on working memory performance and functional connectivity","authors":"Benedikt Glinski,&nbsp;Min-Fang Kuo,&nbsp;Kiomars Sharifi,&nbsp;Michael A. Nitsche,&nbsp;Mohammad Ali Salehinejad","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103157","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103157","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Gamma oscillations are critical for cognitive functions. While phase-synchronized electric and magnetic stimulation can boost oscillatory brain activities in theta, alpha, and delta bands, the effects on gamma frequencies have not been investigated yet, especially with respect to functional connectivity and cognitive effects. This study explores how novel non-invasive techniques, phase-locked 40Hz intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) and 40Hz transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), affect working memory performance and associated functional connectivity parameters.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Thirty healthy young participants completed five stimulation conditions (1) 40Hz tACS + sham iTBS, (2) 40Hz iTBS + sham tACS, (3-4) two combined interventions (iTBS pulses phase-locked to the tACS peak sine (X-tACS peak) wave or tACS trough sine wave (X-tACS trough), and (5) sham iTBS + sham tACS condition in separate working-memory and resting-EEG sessions, resulting in 10 sessions in total. The target regions were the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortices and were stimulated by simultaneous 40Hz tACS and iTBS for 20 min. Working memory performance and functional brain connectivity metrics for local synchronization and global network efficiency were monitored before and after each intervention.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Only the 40Hz tACS + sham iTBS and 40Hz iTBS + sham tACS protocols enhanced high-load working memory performance speed. The same protocols, along with the X-tACS peak protocol, more pronouncedly improved functional connectivity metrics during the 30 min post-intervention compared to sham, corresponding to the behavioral testing period in separate sessions.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These results suggest a temporal relation between alterations of functional brain connectivity and working memory task performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"19 4","pages":"Article 103157"},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148359423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}