Brain Stimulation最新文献

{"title":"A minimally invasive floating-wire interface for transcranial deep brain stimulation","authors":"Vishal Jain ,&nbsp;Mats Forssell ,&nbsp;Pulkit Grover ,&nbsp;Maysamreza Chamanzar","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103096","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103096","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Noninvasive neuromodulation technologies have advanced considerably. Yet, precise and focal activation of deep brain regions remains challenging due to the rapid attenuation of electric fields through the scalp, skull and brain tissue.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>We present FLOATES (FLOAting Transcranial Electrical Stimulation), a novel approach that employs an untethered wire implanted in the brain which passively relays currents injected transcranially from the brain surface to deep brain regions, achieving focused stimulation deep within the brain.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We validated FLOATES through a combination of simulations, benchtop testing, and in vivo rodent studies. The benchtop experiments confirmed the ability to relay the field across the floating wire. Rodent studies demonstrated capability to stimulate deep brain regions in vivo.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Our simulation and benchtop testing results indicate that FLOATES can deliver significantly higher electric fields to subcortical regions compared to conventional transcranial stimulation approaches. Further in vivo results demonstrate stimulation of the deep subthalamic nucleus to evoke motor responses in limbs and demonstrate a significantly lower motor threshold compared to transcranial stimulation. Finite element simulations reveal that the efficiency of FLOATES depends on several key parameters including input field strength, wire length and diameter, exposed electrode area, electrode impedance, and tip geometry. Simulations using a human-sized head model suggest that strong enough electric fields for deep brain stimulation can be achieved with safe current levels injected through the scalp.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Together, these results establish a theoretical and experimental foundation for FLOATES as a minimally invasive and spatially precise brain stimulation platform for modulating deep neural circuits implicated in neuropsychiatric and movement disorders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"19 3","pages":"Article 103096"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147662355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pinch restoration in post-stroke hemiplegia rehabilitation: A case report of motor task-synchronized precision repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation","authors":"Yang Liu ,&nbsp;Jieshi He ,&nbsp;Ying Wang ,&nbsp;Zhiwei Xu ,&nbsp;Qiuxu Liu ,&nbsp;Mu-ming Poo ,&nbsp;Qing Xie ,&nbsp;Jixian Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103101","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103101","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"19 3","pages":"Article 103101"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147762907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Connectivity-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation of the dopamine system: A proof-of-concept study","authors":"Mikael Eklund ,&nbsp;Mark C. Eldaief ,&nbsp;Lauri Tuominen ,&nbsp;Kalle J. Niemi ,&nbsp;Juho Aaltonen ,&nbsp;Virva Saunavaara ,&nbsp;Jussi Hirvonen ,&nbsp;Semi Helin ,&nbsp;Christin Y. Sander ,&nbsp;Bruce Rosen ,&nbsp;Alvaro Pascual-Leone ,&nbsp;Michael D. Fox ,&nbsp;Aapo Nummenmaa ,&nbsp;Juho Joutsa","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103109","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"19 3","pages":"Article 103109"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147762947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MEP-independent silent periods in hand muscles elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation of the ventral premotor cortex: a non-invasive tool to explore premotor negative motor areas","authors":"Pier Paolo Berti ,&nbsp;Guido Barchiesi ,&nbsp;Mara Turri ,&nbsp;Roberta Volpini ,&nbsp;Giancarlo Caschera ,&nbsp;Roberta Spano ,&nbsp;Fabio Mariotti ,&nbsp;Iolanda Galdi ,&nbsp;Paolo Cipriano Cecchi ,&nbsp;Andreas Schwarz ,&nbsp;Francesco Sala ,&nbsp;Christoph Griessenauer ,&nbsp;Luigi Cattaneo","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>We investigate the possibility to disrupt motor activity via premotor and parietal cortex stimulation, by inducing cortical silent periods (SPs) in the voluntarily activated upper limb.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We analyzed data from 17 subjects with normal brain function, using navigated TMS (nTMS) on individual MR anatomies. We applied single-pulse biphasic stimulation at 120% of resting motor threshold (rMT) in blocks of 30 stimulations on each spot of a 10–16 point grid covering the inferior parietal and frontal lobes in the dominant hemisphere while participants performed voluntary submaximal contraction. Electromyography (EMG) was recorded bilaterally from intrinsic hand muscles.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We observed SPs not preceded by a MEP in the contralateral hand in 16/17 participants. The maximum overlap, of individual areas where such MEP-independent SPs could be evoked, corresponded to the ventral precentral gyrus (MNI coordinates: [x = −57, y = 7, z = 33]). In a subset of stimulus sites, MEP-independent SPs were bilateral, with contralateral predominance. Canonical early-onset MEPs were observed in all patients, with maximum overlap over the primary motor cortex. We also observed rare contralateral late-onset (&gt;23 ms) MEP-like responses from peri-Rolandic TMS.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>MEP-independent SPs are systematically elicitable in healthy participants They likely reflect interference with premotor representations of ongoing movements. They offer a novel possibility to investigate higher-order motor functions in the experimental and clinical neurosciences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"19 3","pages":"Article 103105"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147762873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-time electric-field neuronavigation on realistic head models for conventional and multi-locus TMS","authors":"Ana M. Soto ,&nbsp;Matti Stenroos ,&nbsp;Renan H. Matsuda ,&nbsp;Tuomas Mylläri ,&nbsp;Kalle Jyrkinen ,&nbsp;Heikki Sinisalo ,&nbsp;Mikael Laine ,&nbsp;Ida Granö ,&nbsp;Risto J. Ilmoniemi ,&nbsp;Victor H. Souza","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>A key limitation of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is the lack of real-time, individualized feedback about where the brain is being stimulated, leading to inaccurate assumptions about the underlying affected areas. This uncertainty contributes to poor reproducibility, limited interpretability, and variable efficacy across individuals and sessions.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>We aimed to develop and validate a neuronavigation system with real-time electric field (E-field) computation and visualization on realistic head models, with extended support for multi-locus TMS (mTMS).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We designed and built a software framework that integrates an E-field solver with the InVesalius navigation software, introducing a GUI and a workflow that support real-time E-field visualization and quantitative analysis. We characterized our E-field neuronavigation performance and demonstrated it <em>in vivo</em> using a commercial figure-of-eight coil and a robotic-guided 5-coil mTMS. We also quantified precision and accuracy errors, spatial root-mean-square error (RMSE), and maximum absolute gain (MAG). Real-time visualization of electronically shifted E-fields without moving the coil was demonstrated by mapping the precentral gyrus with mTMS and recording motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from finger muscles.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The time required for building the boundary element models was 27 s, and the E-field module latency during navigation was approximately 24 ms per coil position. <em>In vivo</em> estimates of E-field distribution during TMS coil repositioning showed low precision errors (0.9–2%) and accuracy errors (2.2–4.9%). MAG values indicated consistent E-field amplitudes relative to reference fields, and RMSE values remained low (&lt;2.2 V/m) with consistent MEP responses. In mTMS visualization, the MEP amplitude decreased as the electronically shifted E-field moved away from the hotspot.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our system enables real-time, individualized E-field visualization during TMS, accounting for cortical folding and offering features that simplify, standardize, and improve the reproducibility of the TMS process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"19 3","pages":"Article 103113"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147811261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of ultra-ultrabrief and ultrabrief pulse widths in right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy: A randomized trial. Brain stimulation 2025;18/3: 838-847 Jana Žaludová Heidingerová, Jakub Albrecht, Martin Anders, Daniel Divácký, Gabriela jirečková, Thai Le hong, Tadeáš Mareš, Václav Čapek, Harold A. Sackeim, Jozef Buday","authors":"Per Bergsholm","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103059","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103059","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"19 2","pages":"Article 103059"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146257339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trigeminal nerve direct current stimulation modulates raphe–hippocampal network synchrony in rats","authors":"Alireza Majdi,&nbsp;Liyi Chen,&nbsp;Myles Mc Laughlin","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2025.103017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2025.103017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Trigeminal nerve stimulation is a promising noninvasive method to modulate subcortical circuits involved in cognition. This study investigated the influence of trigeminal nerve direct current stimulation (TN-DCS) on neuronal activity and coherence between the raphe nuclei and hippocampus.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Fourteen adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 10 control; n = 4 xylocaine/agonist) were implanted with silicon probes for simultaneous recordings from the hippocampus and either the dorsal (DRN) or median raphe nucleus (MnRN). Direct currents (from ±0.25 to ±3 mA) were applied to the trigeminal nerve during 3-min sessions (1 min pre-, 1 min during, 1 min post-stimulation).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Acute TN-DCS rapidly and reversibly modulated firing in the DRN, MnRN, and hippocampus in a cell–type–specific, amplitude-dependent manner. Putative non-serotonergic (p-non-SERT) raphe neurons exhibited strong increases in spike rate, whereas putative serotonergic (p-SERT) neurons did not show consistent rate changes or stimulation-induced bursts. In the hippocampus, pyramidal cells exhibited polarity-dependent, amplitude-scaled increases in spike rate, whereas interneurons displayed smaller effects that were independent of polarity. TN-DCS enhanced theta-band coupling between p-non-SERT raphe spikes and hippocampal local field potentials, increasing spike-field coherence and spike-triggered averages in both DRN and MnRN. These effects, along with spike-rate increases in MnRN and hippocampus caused by TN-DCS, were blocked or significantly reduced by local trigeminal block (xylocaine) or intra-MnRN 5-HT_1A/7 agonist (8-OH-DPAT).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>TN-DCS dynamically modulates raphe–hippocampal firing and theta synchrony via predominantly amplitude-dependent mechanisms that require intact trigeminal input and serotonergic signaling, supporting its potential as a targeted neuromodulation approach for subcortical circuits involved in cognition and mood.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"19 2","pages":"Article 103017"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145891787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cortical potentials evoked by stimulation of cervical vagus vs. auricular nerve: a comparative, parametric study in nonhuman primates","authors":"I. Rembado ,&nbsp;M. Ravan ,&nbsp;M. Akerman ,&nbsp;M.M. Sanchez ,&nbsp;K.J. Bascoc ,&nbsp;C. Birch ,&nbsp;H. Boyd ,&nbsp;B. Amoeni ,&nbsp;A. Morse ,&nbsp;I. Kemp ,&nbsp;J.W. Hur ,&nbsp;S. Perlmutter ,&nbsp;D. Su ,&nbsp;C. Sison ,&nbsp;E.E. Fetz ,&nbsp;S. Zanos","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103044","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103044","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stimulation of sensory vagal pathways is typically delivered via invasive, cervical vagus nerve stimulation (cVNS) or noninvasive, trans-auricular nerve stimulation (taNS). While both methods are investigated therapeutically, their effects on brain physiology remain poorly understood, hindering mechanistic insights and stimulus optimization. In 6 awake nonhuman primates, we recorded cortical vagal-evoked potentials (VEPs) from subdural electrodes placed in prefrontal, sensorimotor and parietal cortical areas, in response to cVNS or taNS. Across 478 different taNS and cVNS protocols, we varied stimulation side, intensity, frequency, pulse count, and pulse width and assessed independent effects on amplitude and latency of early (EC; 30–100 ms), intermediate (IC; 101–200 ms) and late components (LC; 201–500 ms) of VEPs. Fixed and random effects of stimulation parameters and subjects, respectively, on VEPs were assessed using a linear mixed-effects model. Overall, cVNS elicits more robust VEPs than taNS, with larger EC, IC and LC amplitudes, in both hemispheres. cVNS-elicited ECs and LCs are largest in PFC and PC areas, whereas ICs are largest in SM areas. On the other hand, taNS generally does not elicit area-specific responses. cVNS-elicited ECs have slower latency than ta-NS elicited ECs. Higher stimulation frequencies and intensities and a longer pulse width elicit larger ECs and ICs for cVNS, and to some extent for taNS. Both short and long cVNS trains elicit stronger ECs, and long trains elicit slower ICs. Earlobe stimulation elicits VEPs that partially overlap with those from taNS. In conclusion, cVNS and taNS elicit cortical VEPs in a manner consistent with distinct engagement of ascending vagal pathways, with both similarities and differences in the effects of stimulation parameters on evoked responses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"19 2","pages":"Article 103044"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146112261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Media transmission characteristics of harmonic signatures in tACS: From simple linear phantoms to complex biological systems","authors":"Chen Jin ,&nbsp;Xuesong Wang ,&nbsp;Biao Chen ,&nbsp;Huan Wan ,&nbsp;Zhonghua Lu ,&nbsp;Yun Sun ,&nbsp;Yan Sun ,&nbsp;Junjie Bu","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103052","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103052","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"19 2","pages":"Article 103052"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146177817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An analysis of daily 10 Hz and accelerated theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation on suicidality in treatment resistant depression","authors":"Andris Cerins ,&nbsp;Sera Manuele ,&nbsp;Elizabeth H.X. Thomas ,&nbsp;Lisanne M. Jenkins ,&nbsp;Alexander McGirr ,&nbsp;Paul B. Fitzgerald ,&nbsp;Leo Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103035","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brs.2026.103035","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9206,"journal":{"name":"Brain Stimulation","volume":"19 2","pages":"Article 103035"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146046136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}