BMC Plant Biology最新文献

{"title":"Improved pokeweed genome assembly and early gene expression changes in response to jasmonic acid.","authors":"Kyra Dougherty, Tanya Prashar, Katalin A Hudak","doi":"10.1186/s12870-024-05446-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12870-024-05446-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Jasmonic acid (JA) is a phytohormone involved in regulating responses to biotic and abiotic stress. Although the JA pathway is well characterized in model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana, less is known about many non-model plants. Phytolacca americana (pokeweed) is native to eastern North Americana and is resilient to environmental stress. The goal of this study was to produce a publicly available pokeweed genome assembly and annotations and use this resource to determine how early response to JA changes gene expression, with particular focus on genes involved in defense.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We assembled the pokeweed genome de novo from approximately 30 Gb of PacBio Hifi long reads and achieved an NG50 of ~ 13.2 Mb and a minimum 93.9% complete BUSCO score for gene annotations. With this reference, we investigated the early changes in pokeweed gene expression following JA treatment. Approximately 5,100 genes were differentially expressed during the 0-6 h time course with almost equal number of genes with increased and decreased transcript levels. Cluster and gene ontology analyses indicated the downregulation of genes associated with photosynthesis and upregulation of genes involved in hormone signaling and defense. We identified orthologues of key transcription factors and constructed the first JA gene response network integrated with our transcriptomic data from orthologues of Arabidopsis genes. We discovered that pokeweed did not use leaf senescence as a means of reallocating resources during stress; rather, most secondary metabolite synthesis genes were constitutively expressed, suggesting that pokeweed directs its resources for survival over the long term. In addition, pokeweed synthesizes several RNA N-glycosylases hypothesized to function in defense, each with unique expression profiles in response to JA.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our investigation of the early response of pokeweed to JA illustrates patterns of gene expression involved in defence and stress tolerance. Pokeweed provides insight into the defense mechanisms of plants beyond those observed in research models and crops, and further study may yield novel approaches to improving the resilience of plants to environmental changes. Our assembled pokeweed genome is the first within the taxonomic family Phytolaccaceae to be publicly available for continued research.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11344361/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142046329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular mechanisms regulating glucose metabolism in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) seeds under drought stress.","authors":"Chunmei Wang, Chuan Lu, Junling Wang, Xiaoqing Liu, Zhimin Wei, Yan Qin, Huilong Zhang, Xiaoxia Wang, Boxiang Wei, Wei Lv, Guojun Mu","doi":"10.1186/s12870-024-05510-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12870-024-05510-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Abiotic stress seriously affects the growth and yield of crops. It is necessary to search and utilize novel abiotic stress resistant genes for 2.0 breeding programme in quinoa. In this study, the impact of drought stress on glucose metabolism were investigated through transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses in quinoa seeds. Candidate drought tolerance genes on glucose metabolism pathway were verified by qRT-PCR combined with yeast expression system.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From 70 quinoa germplasms, drought tolerant material M059 and drought sensitive material M024 were selected by comprehensive evaluation of drought resistance. 7042 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were indentified through transcriptomic analyses. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that these DEGs were closely related to carbohydrate metabolic process, phosphorus-containing groups, and intracellular membrane-bounded organelles. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis detected that DEGs were related to pathways involving carbohydrate metabolisms, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Twelve key differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs), (D-galactose, UDP-glucose, succinate, inositol, D-galactose, D-fructose-6-phosphate, D-glucose-6-phosphate, D-glucose-1-phosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, ribulose-5-phosphate, citric acid and L-malate), and ten key candidate DEGs (CqAGAL2, CqINV, CqFrK7, CqCELB, Cqbg1x, CqFBP, CqALDO, CqPGM, CqIDH3, and CqSDH) involved in drought response were identified. CqSDH, CqAGAL2, and Cqβ-GAL13 were candidate genes that have been validated in both transcriptomics and yeast expression screen system.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings provide a foundation for elucidating the molecular regulatory mechanisms governing glucose metabolism in quinoa seeds under drought stress, providing insights for future research exploring responses to drought stress in quinoa.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11342610/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142035250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in fruit quality properties and phytochemical substances of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) grown in different agro-ecological conditions during cold storage.","authors":"Burhan Ozturk, Murat Korkmaz, Erdal Aglar","doi":"10.1186/s12870-024-05507-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12870-024-05507-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The changes in the physical structures of the products are the first things that consumers pay attention to. Therefore, it is essential and significant importance to take measures to improve the storage conditions of products and to minimize quality losses. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of agro-ecological conditions on bioactive compounds and fruit quality of kiwifruit during cold storage. The 'Hayward' kiwifruit cultivar grown in Ordu, Giresun, Samsun, Rize, and Yalova provinces of Türkiye were kept at 0 ± 0.5 °C and relative humidity of 90 ± 5% for 150 d.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The kiwifruit obtained from the provinces of Yalova, Ordu, and Giresun experienced the least weight loss during cold storage. Kiwifruit from Samsun and Yalova provinces had the lowest fruit firmness, while those from Giresun had the highest on 150th d. The changes were observed in the skin and flesh colors of the kiwifruit belonging to all cultivation areas. The amount of vitamin C increased throughout the study in all ecological conditions, but the Yalova province's kiwifruit was found to have the highest levels. Additionally, in all ecologies, kiwifruit showed an increase in antioxidant activity, total phenolics, and total flavonoids, all known to have beneficial effects on human health. The total antioxidant activity and total phenolics were highest in the kiwifruit of Yalova province, but the total flavonoids were found in the kiwifruit of Rize and Ordu provinces.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study's results revealed that kiwifruit's bioactive compounds and quality parameters may vary depending on the cultivation area. Additionally, it can be stated that Yalova province kiwifruit experiences the least amount of postharvest quality losses.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11342499/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142035302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemotaxonomic variation of volatile components in Zanthoxylum Bungeanum peel and effects of climate on volatile components.","authors":"Yuhan Wu, Zhihang Zhuo, Qianqian Qian, Danping Xu","doi":"10.1186/s12870-024-05485-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12870-024-05485-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. is widely distributed across China, and the aroma of its peel is primarily determined by its volatile components. In this study, we analyzed the characteristics of volatile components in Z. bungeanum peels from different regions and investigated their correlation with climatic factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results identified 126 compounds in Z. bungeanum, with 27 compounds exhibiting distinct odor characteristics. Linalool was the most abundant, with an average relative content of 21.664%. The volatile oil of Z. bungeanum predominantly features spicy, floral, citrus, and mint aromas. The classification results indicated a significant difference in elevation at the ZB10 collection points in Shaanxi Province compared to other groups. Temperature, average annual precipitation, and wind speed were crucial factors influencing the accumulation of volatile components.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study is beneficial for enhancing the quality of Z. bungeanum, expanding the understanding of how climatic factors influence the accumulation of volatile substances, and promoting agricultural practices in regions with similar climatic conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11340169/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142016391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The alleviating effect on the growth, chlorophyll synthesis, and biochemical defense system in sunflowers under cadmium stress achieved through foliar application of humic acid.","authors":"Xi Wang, Jinghui Zhang, Jie Shen, Linran Zhang, Peipei Wei, Ake Liu, Huifang Song","doi":"10.1186/s12870-024-05516-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12870-024-05516-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>With the progress of industrialization and urbanization, cadmium (Cd) pollution in farmland is increasingly severe, greatly affecting human health. Sunflowers possess high resistance to Cd stress and great potential for phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soil. Previous studies have shown that humic acid (HA) effectively mitigates plant damage induced by Cd; however, its alleviating effects on sunflower plants under Cd stress remain largely unknown.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We employed four different concentrations of HA (50, 100, 200, and 300 mg L^-1) via foliar application to examine their ability to alleviate Cd stress on sunflower plants' growth, chlorophyll synthesis, and biochemical defense system. The results revealed that Cd stress not only reduced plant height, stem diameter, fresh and dry weight, and chlorophyll content in sunflower plants but also altered their chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics compared to the control group. After Cd stress, the photosynthetic structure was damaged and the number of PSII reactive centers per unit changed. Application of 200 mg L^-1 HA promotes sunflower growth and increases chlorophyll content. HA significantly enhances antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, POD, CAT, and APX) and reduces ROS content (O₂ ^-, H₂O₂ and ^-OH). Totally, Application of 200 mg L^-1 HA had the best effect than other concentrations to alleviate the Cd-induced stress in sunflower plants.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The foliar application of certain HA concentration exhibited the most effective alleviation of Cd-induced stress on sunflower plants. It can enhance the light energy utilization and antioxidant enzyme activities, while reduce ROS contents in sunflower plants. These findings provide a theoretical basis for using HA to mitigate Cd stress in sunflowers.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11340089/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142016393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transgenerational effects of stress on reproduction strategy in the mixed mating plant Lamium amplexicaule.","authors":"Mor Binder, Eyal Zinger, Lilach Hadany, Nir Ohad","doi":"10.1186/s12870-024-05458-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12870-024-05458-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The theory of Condition Dependent Sex predicts that - everything else being equal - less fit individuals would outcross at higher rates compared with fitter ones. Here we used the mixed mating plant Lamium amplexicaule, capable of producing both self-pollinating closed flowers (CL), alongside open flowers (CH) that allow cross pollination to test it. We investigated the effects of abiotic stress - salt solution irrigation - on the flowering patterns of plants and their offspring. We monitored several flowering and vegetative parameters, including the number and distribution of flowers, CH fraction, and plant size.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that stressed plants show an increased tendency for self-pollination and a deficit in floral and vegetative development. However, when parentally primed, stressed plants show a milder response. Un-stressed offspring of stressed parents show reversed responses and exhibit an increased tendency to outcross, and improve floral and vegetative development.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In summary, we found that stress affects the reproduction strategy in the plants that experienced the stress and in subsequent offspring through F2 generation. Our results provide experimental evidence supporting a transgenerational extension to the theories of fitness associate sex and dispersal, where an individual's tendency for sex and dispersal may depend on the stress experienced by its parents.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11340105/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142016394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exogenous melatonin alleviates sodium chloride stress and increases vegetative growth in Lonicera japonica seedlings via gene regulation.","authors":"Cheng Song, Muhammad Aamir Manzoor, Yanshuang Ren, Jingjing Guo, Pengfei Zhang, Yingyu Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s12870-024-05506-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12870-024-05506-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Melatonin (Mt) functions as a growth regulator and multifunctional signaling molecule in plants, thereby playing a crucial role in promoting growth and orchestrating protective responses to various abiotic stresses. However, the mechanism whereby exogenous Mt protects Lonicera japonica Thunb. (L. japonica) against salt stress has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate how exogenous Mt alleviates sodium chloride (NaCl) stress in L. japonica seedlings. Salt-sensitive L. japonica seedlings were treated with an aqueous solution containing 150 mM of NaCl and aqueous solutions containing various concentrations of Mt. The results revealed that treatment of NaCl-stressed L. japonica seedlings with a 60 µM aqueous solution of Mt significantly enhanced vegetative plant growth by scavenging reactive oxygen species and thus reducing oxidative stress. The latter was evidenced by decreases in electrical conductivity and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations. Moreover, Mt treatment led to increases in the NaCl-stressed L. japonica seedlings' total chlorophyll content, soluble sugar content, and flavonoid content, demonstrating that Mt treatment improved the seedlings' tolerance of NaCl stress. This was also indicated by the NaCl-stressed L. japonica seedlings exhibiting marked increases in the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase) and in photosynthetic functions. Furthermore, Mt treatment of NaCl-stressed L. japonica seedlings increased their expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 1 (PAL1), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 2 (PAL2), calcium-dependent protein kinase (CPK), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), flavanol synthase (FLS), and chalcone synthase (CHS). In conclusion, our results demonstrate that treatment of L. japonica seedlings with a 60 µM aqueous solution of Mt significantly ameliorated the detrimental effects of NaCl stress in the seedlings. Therefore, such treatment has substantial potential for use in safeguarding medicinal plant crops against severe salinity.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11337751/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142008285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrative physiology and transcriptome sequencing reveal differences between G. hirsutum and G. barbadense in response to salt stress and the identification of key salt tolerance genes.","authors":"Liuchun Feng, Yu Chen, Tengyun Ma, Chenhui Zhou, Shifei Sang, Junhua Li, Shengdong Ji","doi":"10.1186/s12870-024-05515-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12870-024-05515-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Soil salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that threatens crop growth. Cotton has some degree of salt tolerance, known as the \"pioneer crop\" of saline-alkali land. Cultivation of cotton is of great significance to the utilization of saline-alkali land and the development of cotton industry. Gossypium hirsutum and G. barbadense, as two major cotton species, are widely cultivated worldwide. However, until recently, the regulatory mechanisms and specific differences of their responses to salt stress have rarely been reported.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study, we comprehensively compared the differences in the responses of G. hirsutum acc. TM-1 and G. barbadense cv. Hai7124 to salt stress. The results showed that Hai7124 exhibited better growth than did TM-1 under salt stress, with greater PRO content and antioxidant capability, whereas TM-1 only presented greater K⁺ content. Transcriptome analysis revealed significant molecular differences between the two cotton species in response to salt stress. The key pathways of TM-1 induced by salt are mainly related to growth and development, such as porphyrin metabolism, DNA replication, ribosome and photosynthesis. Conversely, the key pathways of Hai7124, such as plant hormone signal transduction, MAPK signaling pathway-plant, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, are mainly related to plant defense. Further comparative analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed that antioxidant metabolism, abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signalling pathways were more strongly activated in Hai7124, whereas TM-1 was more active in K⁺ transporter-related genes and ethylene (ETH) signalling pathway. These differences underscore the various molecular strategies adopted by the two cotton species to navigate through salt stress, and Hai7124 responded more strongly to salt stress, which explains the potential reasons for the greater salt tolerance of Hai7124. Finally, we identified 217 potential salt tolerance-related genes, 167 of which overlapped with the confidence intervals of significant SNPs identified in previous genome-wide association studies (GWASs), indicating the high reliability of these genes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings provide new insights into the differences in the regulatory mechanisms of salt tolerance between G. hirsutum and G. barbadense, and identify key candidate genes for salt tolerance molecular breeding in cotton.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11337788/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142008286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Plant economics spectrum governs leaf nitrogen and phosphorus resorption in subtropical transitional forests.","authors":"Boyu Ma, Jielin Ge, Changming Zhao, Wenting Xu, Kai Xu, Zongqiang Xie","doi":"10.1186/s12870-024-05521-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12870-024-05521-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11337581/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142016392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of the combined application of elicitors to Salvia virgata Jacq. under salinity stress on physiological and antioxidant defense.","authors":"Türkan Oktay Bozaba, İbrahim Selçuk Kuru","doi":"10.1186/s12870-024-05443-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12870-024-05443-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Salinity stress is one of the most important stress barriers to crop production worldwide. Developing and implementing new strategies against salinity stress is critical for increasing agricultural productivity and supporting sustainable farming. Elicitors such as nanoparticles and Salicylic acid have recently been used potentially for better product yield. Therefore, in our research the Salvia virgata plant was exposed to salinity (NaCl) stress, and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONP), salicylic acid (SA), and the ZnONP + SA combination were applied to plants divided into different groups. While salinity stress decreased the amount of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid pigments, SA, ZnONP, and SA + ZnONP elicitors combined with salinity stress enhanced the content of all three pigments. While salt stress raised MDA, H₂O₂, total phenolic, total flavonoid, soluble sugar and proline content, elicitor applications enhanced proline, soluble sugar, total phenolic and total flavonoid content more. Additionally, the application of NaCl + SA + ZnONP increased proline content by 21.55% and sugar content by 15.73% compared to NaCl application, while decreasing MDA content by 42.28% and H₂O₂ levels by 42.34%, thereby alleviating the plant's salt stress. It was revealed that DPPH, ABTS, and CUPRAC antioxidant activity sequence used to determine the total antioxidant activity displayed similarities, and it was found as NaCI + ZnONP > NaCI + SA > NaCI + SA + ZnONP > NaCI > Control. Furthermore, all elicitor applications increased CAT, GR, APX, and SOD enzyme activities while reducing oxidative stress in S. virgata plants. When all the data were evaluated, it was confirmed that SA and ZnONP had a synergistic effect and that SA and ZnONP have the potential to support plant development and growth under salinity. SA and ZnONP applications may have the capacity to least the detrimental impacts of salinity stress on plants. However, further research is needed to investigate the effectiveness of SA and ZnONPs in ameliorating salinity or different stress factors in various other plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11337643/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142008287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}