BMC Plant Biology最新文献

{"title":"Effects of DA-6 and MC on the growth, physiology, and yield characteristics of soybean.","authors":"Xiyue Wang, Ying Zhang, Jiayi Zhang, Xiaomei Li, Zhao Jiang, Shoukun Dong","doi":"10.1186/s12870-025-06310-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-06310-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>As a grain and oil crop, soybean presents a much lower yield than other staple crops. However, crop yields can be improved by applying modern agricultural technology, such as diethylaminoethyl hexanoate (DA-6) and mepiquat chloride (MC), which are important plant-growth regulators that substantially affect crop growth and yield.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study examined the effects of DA-6 (30, 60, or 90 mg L^-1) and MC (100, 200, or 400 mg L^-1) on soybean growth, development, root structure, photosynthetic physiology, osmotic regulation, and yield via field and pot experiments.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that DA-6 effectively promoted the growth of soybean and increased parameters such as plant height, leaf area, and leaf dry weight in different growth stages by 21.0%, 18.7%, and 66.4%, respectively. In contrast, MC inhibited the growth and other parameters, decreasing the plant height, leaf area, and leaf dry weight in different growth stages by up to 15.7%, 11.9%, and 10.1%, respectively. Both DA-6 and MC promoted root development by increasing the dry weight, length, surface area, volume, tip number, branch number, and cross number. In terms of physiology, DA-6, and MC increased photosynthetic parameters, such as steady-state fluorescence (Fs), maximum fluorescence (Fm'), and photosynthetic system II (Phi2), increased the soluble protein contents, with maximum increases of 27.7% and 28.1% at different periods, and increased the soluble sugar contents by 38.2% and 58.3%. Regarding yield characteristics, DA-6 and MC considerably increased the yield, 100-grain weight, and number of effective pods. DA-6 increased the number of two- and three-seed pods, whereas MC increased the number of one-, two-, and three-seed pods. MC performed better than DA-6; however, they exerted different effects on the two varieties and at different concentrations. DA-6 was most effective at 30-60 mg L^-1, while MC was most effective at 100-200 mg L^-1.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study revealed the effects of DA-6 and MC on soybean morphology, physiology, and yield characteristics and the appropriate concentrations for application in soybean productions. Thus, these findings provide guidance for the rational application of the two regulators for soybean high-yield cultivation and stress resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"25 1","pages":"304"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143584697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Function diversification of CONSTANS-like genes in Pyrus and regulatory mechanisms in response to different light quality.","authors":"Kefan Cai, Xinyi Li, Dongrui Liu, Sihan Bao, Cong Shi, Siting Zhu, Kai Xu, Xuepeng Sun, Xiaolong Li","doi":"10.1186/s12870-025-06325-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-06325-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pear (Pyrus L.) is a significant commercial fruit globally, with diverse species exhibiting variations in their flowering periods due to environmental factors. CONSTANS-like (COL) genes, known from previous studies in Arabidopsis, are key regulators of flowering time by sensing photoperiod. However, the evolutionary history and functions of COL genes in different pear species remain unclear. In this study, we identified a total of 79 COL genes in different pear species, including 12 COL genes in Pyrus bretschneideri 'DangshanSuli', 9 in Pyrus ussuriensis × hybrid 'Zhongai 1', 11 in Pyrus communis 'Bartlett', 13 in Pyrus betulifolia, 18 in Pyrus pyrifolia 'Cuiguan', 16 in Pyrus pyrifolia 'Nijisseiki'. Analysis of gene structure, phylogenetic tree, and multiple sequences provided valuable insights into the fundamental understanding of COL genes in pear. The impact of selection pressure on the PbrCOLs in Chinese white pear was assessed using Ka/Ks, revealing that the evolution rate of PbrCOLs was influenced by purification selection factors. The study also revealed different tissue-specific expression patterns of PbrCOLs under varying light quality. Real-time quantitative PCR revealed that under natural light conditions, the expression patterns of PbrCOL2, PbrCOL3, and PbrCOL4 are similar to previous studies on CONSTANS gene in Arabidopsis, with increased expression levels during the day and decreased levels at night. However, PbrCOL1, PbrCOL6, and PbrCOL9 exhibit different expression patterns, with decreased expression levels both during the day and at night. After red light treatment, high expression of PbrCOL3 and PbrCOL4 was observed at night, while the expression patterns of the other four genes did not show significant changes. Following blue light treatment, the expression peaks of PbrCOL1 and PbrCOL6 occurred during the night, showing opposite expression patterns compared to the study in Arabidopsis. The overexpression of PbrCOL3 significantly increase the chlorophyll content in pear seedlings, and its expression significantly affected the expression of other key flowering-related genes. Also, overexpression of PbrCOL3 resulted in a late-flowering phenotype in Arabidopsis. These findings indicate diverse responsive mechanisms and functions of PbrCOL genes on flowering time in pear. In conclusion, this study established a foundation for a deeper understanding of the specific roles of PbrCOLs in regulating the reproductive development of pear, particularly in the context of the photoperiodic flowering process.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"25 1","pages":"303"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143584615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Allele and transcriptome mining in Gossypium hirsutum reveals variation in candidate genes at genetic loci affecting cotton fiber quality and textile flammability.","authors":"Gregory N Thyssen, Wayne Smith, Marina Naoumkina, Ganesh Pinnika, Johnie N Jenkins, Jack C McCarty, Ping Li, Christopher B Florane, Don C Jones, David D Fang","doi":"10.1186/s12870-025-06306-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-06306-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Breeding valuable traits in crop plants requires identifying diverse alleles in the germplasm that are likely to affect desirable characteristics. The genetic diversity of historic cultivars of cotton is a reservoir of potentially important genes for crop improvement and genetic research. Diversity in the characteristics of harvested cotton fibers affects their suitability for end-use applications. Candidate loci and genes have been identified that affect the length, strength, and maturity of cotton fibers which affect the quality and value of the yarn, thread and textile. Natural genetic mechanisms in the plant may also affect the flammability of the produced textiles.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Here we show that a combination of allele mining and transcriptome analysis can identify candidate genes for cotton fiber traits including strength and perhaps flammability. We found novel DNA variants in fiber-expressed gene families in 132 newly sequenced cotton varieties and identified genes with genotype-specific RNA expression.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Among these, we identified novel variation in DNA sequence and RNA expression in genes at major QTL qD04-ELO-WLIM (JGI-Gohir.D04G160000), qA13-MIC (Gohir.A13G157500), qA07-STR (Gohir.A07G191600), supported the candidacy of qD11-UHML-KRP6 (Gohir.D11G197900) and qD13-STR (Gohir.D13G17450), and identified an additional A03-WLIM transcription factor gene (Gohir.A03G182100) and several RNA expression variant candidates of potential flammability genes that may be useful for plant biologists and cotton breeders. Candidate genes for traits like flame resistance that are likely due to the combination of many small effect QTL can benefit from this multi-mining approach. We provide an annotated variant call format (vcf) file with variations at 24,996 loci that are predicted to affect 10,418 cotton fiber genes in the historic breeding germplasm.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"25 1","pages":"305"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143584677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Altitudinal impacts on phytochemical composition and mycorrhizal diversity of Reinwardtia indica Dumort, a medicinally valuable herb.","authors":"Karishma Dhiman, Rajni Dhalaria, Rachna Verma, Dinesh Kumar, Abeer Hashem, Najla A Alshaikh, Elsayed Fathi Abd-Allah","doi":"10.1186/s12870-025-06290-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-06290-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Reinwardtia indica, a highly valued ethnomedicinal plant, has been traditionally used to treat various ailments due to its rich phytochemical composition. However, the impact of environmental factors, particularly altitude, on its medicinal properties remains unexplored. This study investigates the effects of altitudinal variation on phytochemicals, mycorrhizal diversity, and soil physico-chemical parameters of R. indica.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The phytochemical study of R. indica revealed significant variations in phytochemical content across different altitudes. The methanol extract from the high-altitude site (i.e. Chail, 2000 m) exhibited the highest levels of phenol (142.63 ± 1.88 mg/g GAE), tannins (146.11 ± 1.73 mg/g GAE), flavonoid (51.59 ± 2.20 mg/g RUT), carbohydrate content (485.00 ± 1.52 mg/g GLU), and protein (12.95 ± 0.35 mg/g GAE). GC-MS analysis identified different bioactive compounds with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antitumor properties. HPLC analysis showed varying rutin content across altitudes, with the highest amount at higher altitude. The plant's association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi decreased with increasing altitude, as evidenced by reduced mycorrhizal spore diversity and root colonization. Soil physico-chemical properties like soil pH, organic carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen also increased with the altitude.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study demonstrates that altitudinal variation significantly influences the phytochemical composition, mycorrhizal diversity, and soil properties of R. indica. High-altitude sites exhibited increased phytochemical content, particularly phenols, flavonoids, and tannins, suggesting enhanced medicinal value. Conversely, mycorrhizal association decreased with altitude, potentially due to environmental and soil property changes. These findings have implications for optimizing cultivation and conservation strategies for R. indica, highlighting the importance of altitude considerations in harnessing its medicinal potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"25 1","pages":"306"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143584684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological and metabolic changes in Changshan Huyou (Citrus changshan-huyou) following natural tetraploidization.","authors":"Peiru Huang, Tianyu Xu, Gang Wang, Lin Zhang, Ying Yao, Min Zhang, Chi Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s12870-025-06293-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-06293-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Polyploids in citrus are generally used to improve crop varieties. Changshan Huyou (Citrus changshan-huyou) is a native citrus species in China that is highly adaptable and has pharmaceutical value. However, the influence in Changshan Huyou following polyploidization remains unclear. Here we evaluated the adult tetraploid scions of Changshan Huyou with contemporary diploid scions as the control in the phenotypic variations, metabolic alterations of fruits and associated transcriptomic changes.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>The tetraploid scions had rounder and thicker leaves, larger floral organs and fruits, and satisfactory viability of pollen grains and ovules. The tetraploid fruits accumulated lower levels of soluble solids but similar levels of organic acids. Metabolic profiling of three tissues of fruits revealed that most of 2064 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs), including flavonoids, lignans, and coumarins, were downregulated. In contrast, the upregulated DAMs mainly included alkaloids (clausine K and 2-(1-pentenyl)quinoline), amino acids (L-asparagine and L-ornithine), and terpenoids (deacetylnomilin and evodol) in tetraploid peels, as well as, flavonoids (neohesperidin and quercetin-5-O-β-D-glucoside) and organic acids (2-methylsuccinic acid and dimethylmalonic acid) in juice sacs. The upregulated genes were associated with phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and the biosynthesis of various alkaloid pathways. Pearson Correlation Analysis showed that the upregulated genes encoding PEROXIDASE and CYTOCHROME P450 (CYP450) were closely related to the higher accumulation of amino acids and alkaloids in tetraploid peels, and up-regulated neohesperidin and quercetin glucoside were positively associated with FERULATE-5-HYDROXYLASE (F5H), CYP450 81Q32, FLAVONOID 3'-MONOOXYGENASE (F3'H), 4-COUMARATE-CoA LIGASE 1 (4CL1), and UDP-GLUCOSE FLAVONOID 3-O-GLUCOSYLTRANSFERASE (UFOG), as well as, some transcription factors in tetraploid juice sacs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The tetraploid Changshan Huyou investigated here may be used in triploids breeding to produce seedless citrus, and for fruit processing on pharmaceutical purpose due to the alteration of metabolites following polyploidization.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"25 1","pages":"301"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143584709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exogenous application of abscisic acid enhanced 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline biosynthesis, accumulation, and antioxidant activities in aromatic rice.","authors":"Sicheng Deng, Pipeng Xing, Ligong Peng, Jian Lu, Yizhu Wu, Yingying Zhang, Zhenzhen He, Xiangbin Yao, Yunqing Liu, Xiangru Tang","doi":"10.1186/s12870-025-06297-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-06297-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Abscisic acid (ABA) is a crucial endogenous hormone in plants, regulating a myriad of processes integral to plant growth and development. However, there has been no reported impact on the production of aromatic rice following the application of exogenous ABA. Aromatic rice not only possesses intense aroma but also boasts higher nutritional value. 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) is the primary compound responsible for the distinctive aroma of aromatic rice. A two-year field experiment was conducted to explore the impact of exogenous ABA application on the biosynthesis and accumulation of 2-AP, as well as the physiological characteristics, yield, and quality of aromatic rice varieties.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The two aromatic rice varieties, Meixiangzhan-2 (MXZ2) and Nanjingxiangzhan (NJXZ), underwent five applications of 20 mg/L abscisic acid (ABA) from the breakthrough stage, whereas the control group (CK) received deionized water sprays.The results indicated that the application of exogenous ABA significantly boosted the 2-AP content by 20.7%, primarily by enhancing the levels of its precursors and the activities of enzymes involved in 2-AP biosynthesis. Exogenous ABA also upregulated the transcription levels of ProDH, P5CS2, OAT, and DAO4 while downregulating BADH2 transcription. Furthermore, exogenous ABA strengthened the antioxidant activites (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase) of aromatic rice, although it led to increased malondialdehyde content and slight decreases in yield and quality. Notably, compared with superior grains, exogenous ABA application had a more pronounced effect on enhancing the aroma of inferior grains in aromatic rice with fewer negative effects.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The exogenous application of ABA from the breakthrough stage notably elevated the biosynthesis and accumulation of 2-AP in aromatic rice production. This was achieved by augmenting the content of its precursors and the activities of related synthetic enzymes, along with an enhancement in antioxidant activities. However, the impact on the yield and quality of aromatic rice remained relatively modest.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"25 1","pages":"302"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143584614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The CGA1-SNAT regulatory module potentially contributes to cytokinin-mediated melatonin biosynthesis and drought tolerance in wheat.","authors":"Roohollah Shamloo-Dashtpagerdi, Angelica Lindlöf, Massume Aliakbari","doi":"10.1186/s12870-025-06313-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12870-025-06313-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Melatonin plays a pivotal role in alleviating abiotic stresses, yet its biosynthesis regulation in crops, particularly wheat, remains unclear. This study explores regulatory components of melatonin biosynthesis under drought stress using bioinformatic, physiochemical, and molecular approaches in contrasting wheat genotypes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Bioinformatic analysis identified SNAT, a key melatonin biosynthesis gene, and 88 transcription factors (TFs) from 26 families as potential regulators. The regulatory network for SNAT highlighted CYTOKININ-RESPONSIVE GATA FACTOR 1 (CGA1) as a significant TF. Under drought stress, contrasting wheat genotypes exhibited distinct CGA1-SNAT module expression, melatonin and cytokinin levels, photosynthetic activity, and oxidative damage. Cytokinin treatments regulated the CGA1-SNAT module, altering melatonin content, SPAD values, and chloroplast numbers, particularly in drought-susceptible genotypes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study uncovers the pivotal role of the CGA1-SNAT module and its interaction with the cytokinin pathway in regulating melatonin biosynthesis during drought stress. These findings enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning drought tolerance and offer promising targets for genetic and biochemical interventions to improve crop resilience.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"25 1","pages":"296"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11887191/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143572034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential effects of exogenous VOCs on the growth and stress responses of Cunninghamia lanceolata seedlings under low phosphorus.","authors":"Yachao Li, Hui Zhang, Jing Liu, Ming Li, Taimoor Hassan Farooq, Xiangqing Ma, Xiaoli Yan, Pengfei Wu","doi":"10.1186/s12870-025-06319-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12870-025-06319-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates how exogenous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) influence the root responses of Cunninghamia lanceolata under nutrient limitations. Specifically, we assessed the differential effects of syringic acid and 1-butene on root morphology, phosphorus acquisition, and stress resilience. Clonal Chinese fir seedlings were utilized to test the effects of treatment with these two exogenous VOCs under both phosphorus supply (1.0 mM KH₂PO₄) and no phosphorus supply (0 mM KH₂PO₄) treatments in a controlled pot experiment. Compared to syringic acid, 1-butene significantly enhanced root morphological traits, including root length, specific surface area, and root volume. These morphological changes enhanced the root's ability to acquire phosphorus. Moreover, the addition of 1-butene increased the underground phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) by 25.6% compared to the addition of syringic acid. Furthermore, the addition of 1-butene stimulated higher activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD). Proteomic analysis revealed that 1-butene induced significant changes in root protein expression, particularly in proteins associated with stress responses, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and phosphate transport. Compared to syringic acid, 1-butene promoted the differential expression of phosphate transporter proteins, indicating its beneficial effects on the root systems of Chinese firs under low-phosphorus stress. These findings underscore the potential of 1-butene in promoting root efficiency and phosphorus acquisition in forest species, providing insights for enhancing plant adaptation to nutrient limitations.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"25 1","pages":"299"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11887176/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143572019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Optimized framework for evaluating F3 transgressive segregants in cayenne pepper.","authors":"Ifayanti Ridwan, Muh Farid, Feranita Haring, Nuniek Widiayani, Ahmad Yani, Nirwansyah Amier, Muhammad Alfan Ikhlasul Amal, Jekvy Hendra, Nawab Ali, Mekhled M Alenazi, Mahmoud F Seleiman, Willy Bayuardi Suwarno, Muhammad Fuad Anshori","doi":"10.1186/s12870-025-06318-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-06318-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"25 1","pages":"300"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143584691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome-wide characterization of effector proteins in Fusarium zanthoxyli and their effects on plant's innate immunity responses.","authors":"Jiahui Jiao, Siyu Zhong, Le Zhao, Xia Yang, Guanghui Tang, Peiqin Li","doi":"10.1186/s12870-025-06327-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12870-025-06327-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Stem canker of Zanthoxylum bungeanum is a destructive forest disease, caused by Fusarium zanthoxyli, poses a serious threat to the cultivation of Z. bungeanum. The lack of research on effector proteins in F. zanthoxyli has severely limited our understanding of the molecular interactions between F. zanthoxyli and Z. bungeanum, resulting in insufficient effective control technologies for this disease.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study, a total of 137 effector proteins (FzEPs) were predicted and characterized based on whole genome of F. zanthoxyli, with an average length of 215 amino acids, 8 cysteine residues, and a molecular weight of 23.06 kD. Besides, the phylogenetic evolution, conserved motifs, domains and annotation information of all the 137 effectors were comprehensively demonstrated. Moreover, transcriptomic analysis indicated that 24 effector genes were significantly upregulated in the early infection stages of F. zanthoxyli, which was confirmed by RT-qPCR. Following, the 24 effector DEGs were cloned and transiently over-expressed in the leaves of tobacco to evaluate their effects on the plant's innate immunity. It was found that effector proteins FzEP94 and FzEP123 induced pronounced programmed cell death (PCD), callose deposition, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst in tobacco leaves, whereas FzEP83 and FzEP93 significantly suppressed PCD induced by INF1, accompanied by a less pronounced callose accumulation and ROS burst.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this study, we systematically characterized and functionally analyzed the effector proteins of F. zanthoxyli, successfully identifying four effector proteins that can impact the innate immune response of plants. These findings enhance our understanding of effector protein functions in F. zanthoxyli and offer valuable insights for future research on molecular interactions between F. zanthoxyli and Z. bungeanum.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"25 1","pages":"298"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11887173/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143572022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}