BMC Plant Biology最新文献

{"title":"Transcriptome profiling reveals the mechanism of fruit navel development in melon (Cucumis melo L.).","authors":"Tiantian Ren, Xuqian Shi, Shuxin Zhou, Kanghui Fan, Rui Zhang, Lanchun Nie, Wensheng Zhao","doi":"10.1186/s12870-025-06444-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-06444-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Melon is an important horticultural crop cultivated extensively worldwide. The size of the fruit navel, the terminal region of melon fruits, significantly influences the appearance quality of the fruit. However, the regulatory factors and molecular mechanisms governing the fruit navel development remain poorly understood in melon.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study, the regulators and mechanisms underlying fruit navel development were investigated through phenotypic analysis, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and RT-qPCR methods. The inbred line 'T03' and a big fruit navel mutant 'BFN' of melon were used as experimental materials. RNA-seq analysis identified 116 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 54 up-regulated and 62 down-regulated genes, in both the green bud (GB) and ovary at anthesis (OA) stages of the 'BFN' melon compared to the 'T03' melon. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that these 116 DEGs were significantly associated with \"Sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis\", \"Circadian rhythm-plant\", \"Galactose metabolism\" and \"Biosynthesis of various alkaloids\" pathways. There were three (AP2/ERF, MYB and C2H2 types) and eight (AP2/ERF, MADS-box, homeobox domain and bZIP types) transcription factors presented in up-regulated and down-regulated DEGs, and their putative target genes were predicted. Based on KEGG and expression analyses, two terpene cyclase/mutase genes (MELO3 C001812 and MELO3 C004329) were identified as being involved in the \"Sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis\" pathway, and their transcripts were significantly downregulated in all detected development stages (EGB, GB, GYB, YB and OA) of 'BFN' fruits compared with 'T03' fruits.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings of this study elucidate a fundamental regulatory mechanism underlying fruit navel formation, and identify two key negative regulators, MELO3C001812 and MELO3C004329, involved in the development of the fruit navel in melon.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"25 1","pages":"420"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143779157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytic acid is an available phosphorus source for maize plants in juvenile phase belonging to two populations with different breeding backgrounds.","authors":"Maria Carelli, Federica Terlizzi, Carla Scotti","doi":"10.1186/s12870-025-06431-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-06431-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Applying animal effluent/digestate to forage crops can improve the sustainability of intensive livestock husbandry. Organic phosphorus (P) forms, in particular phytic acid (InsP₆) present in animal effluent/digestate, would benefit from an effective uptake and assimilation by crops thus representing an alternative to mineral P fertilization and controlling P losses in water system. A maize (Zea mays L.) traditional Italian population (VA572), bred before the widespread diffusion of crop chemical fertilization, and a modern commercial hybrid (P1547) were used in this study to investigate their ability of growing in soilless medium using phytic acid (Po) vs phosphate P (Pi) as P sources in a 28-day experiment. The hypothesis was that the different agronomical context in which the two varieties were selected could have brought to different abilities in exploiting P sources for plant growth.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Quantitative and qualitative growth parameters, root enzymatic phosphatase activities and root transcriptome by RNA-seq analysis were analyzed in this study. Both maize populations were able to grow using phytic acid as the sole P source but organic P utilization was less efficient than Pi; a significant root-released phytase activity, induced by the presence of InsP₆, was detected in Po treatment. The RNA-seq analysis showed different expression patterns induced by organic P treatment (Po) in the two populations. The upregulation in Po treatment of a Purple Acid Phosphatase (PAP) gene and of genes involved in inositol transport indicate that both phosphate hydrolysis from InsP₆ by root-secreted PAPs and a direct uptake of myo-inositol at various degrees of phosphorylation could be involved in maize phytic acid exploitation. Root system development and the relationship of P sources with other macro and micro nutrient uptake (N, K, metal ions) were also implied in the response to Po treatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study indicates that phytic acid is a bioavailable P source for maize seedling growth. A wider mobilization of genes/pathways was induced by Po treatment in VA572 with respect to P1547 hybrid. The physiological responses to Po treatment were similar in both populations but the patterns of genes involved often differed being specific to each one.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"25 1","pages":"425"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143779118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foliar application of nano zero-valent iron improves the fruit quality of 'Yanfu No.6' apple.","authors":"Yang Lu, Yongjuan Cheng, Guanquecailang Lan, Guoping Liang, Zhiyuan Bian, Zonghuan Ma, Juan Mao, Baihong Chen","doi":"10.1186/s12870-025-06168-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-06168-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In recent years, the apple industry in Jingning County has developed rapidly. However, due to the neglect of the importance of trace elements in apple cultivation, iron chlorosis often occurs in fruit trees, affecting the growth of the industry. This study investigates the effects of different concentrations of nano-zero-valent iron (nZVI) on apple tree growth and fruit aims to provide theoretical references for determining the optimal nZVI concentration to improve the quality of Jingning apples.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study systematically analyzed the effects of different concentrations of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) on the growth and fruit quality of 'Yanfu No.6' apple trees. The experimental results showed that compared with the control group (CK), the T2 treatment group at a concentration of 10 mg L⁻¹ significantly promoted the growth of apple tree shoots, as evidenced by an increase of about 15% in shoot length and a 10% increase in base diameter (p < 0.05). At the same time, this concentration treatment significantly improved the photosynthesis rate, SPAD value, and enzyme activities of apple leaves, including peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), and the enhancement effect remained stable at multiple time points. Furthermore, the T2 treatment at a concentration of 10 mg L⁻¹ significantly improved the appearance quality and intrinsic quality of apple fruit, specifically by increasing fruit weight, achieving a coordinated ratio of fruit diameter, having moderate hardness, and increasing soluble protein and vitamin C content.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this study, the appropriate concentration of nZVI promoted the growth and fruit quality of \"Yanfu No.6\" apple tree, among which, the nano-zero-valent iron with a concentration of 10 mg L^- 1 had a significant effect on the growth and development of \"Yanfu No.6\" apple. This finding not only provides a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the application of nZVI in fruit tree production, but also provides a useful reference for the production of other fruit trees and crops. However, future studies are needed to further explore the regulation mechanism of nZVI on fruit tree growth and the molecular mechanism of its effect on fruit quality. Meanwhile, the environmental risk assessment and safety studies of nZVI should be strengthened to ensure its sustainable application and reduce the potential risks. These studies will provide a more comprehensive and in-depth scientific support for the widespread application of nZVI in agricultural production.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"25 1","pages":"424"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143779114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved estimation of cucumber leaf photosynthetic acclimation to day-to-day changing photosynthetic photon flux density.","authors":"Liyao Yu, Kazuhiro Fujiwara, Ryo Matsuda","doi":"10.1186/s12870-025-06378-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-06378-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Plant leaves adjust their properties under changing photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) through acclimation. Accurate estimation of leaf photosynthetic properties (e.g., maximum photosynthetic rate, A_max) using experienced PPFD helps to estimate canopy photosynthesis. So far, A_max and its underlying properties could reportedly be estimated using a simple average PPFD (Q_a) in recent days or weeks. We have recently proposed a time-weighted average PPFD (Q_w), which improved the estimation of leaf mass per area but not that of photosynthetic properties of cucumber leaves. Results on cucumber leaves exposed to a one-day increase or decrease in PPFD at different timings suggested that responses of photosynthetic properties to an increase or decrease in PPFD were asymmetrical, with different extents and lengths of time lag.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>To incorporate these asymmetrical responses, we calculated a Q'_a, in which Q_a was calibrated by time-weighting the change of PPFD from the previous day, ΔQ(t). A test using measurement data under random day-to-day PPFD showed that this method using Q'_a achieved more accurate estimations (determination coefficient, R² = 0.77) of photosynthetic properties than those using Q_a or Q_w (R² = 0.68). Moreover, the optimal weight trends of ΔQ(t) were asymmetrical, consistent with those suggested by our previous independent measurement data. This asymmetry was also confirmed by experiments, where photosynthetic properties acclimated faster to a decrease in PPFD than to an increase in PPFD.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results indicate that these asymmetrical responses to changes in PPFD should be incorporated to improve the estimation of photosynthetic properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"25 1","pages":"426"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143779115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrative QTL mapping and candidate gene analysis for main stem node number in soybean.","authors":"Bire Zha, Chunlei Zhang, Rongqiang Yuan, Kezhen Zhao, Jianqiang Sun, Xiulin Liu, Xueyang Wang, Fengyi Zhang, Bixian Zhang, Sobhi F Lamlom, Honglei Ren, Lijuan Qiu","doi":"10.1186/s12870-025-06457-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-06457-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Main stem node number (MSNN) is a key yield-related quantitative trait that directly affects the number of branches and seeds per soybean plant. In this study, a QTL mapping using SLAF sequencing and candidate gene analyses were used to determine the detailed genetic basis of MSNN across a diverse set of soybean line. This study investigated the variation characteristics of MSNN in 325 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) obtained from the hybridization of Qihuang 34 and Dongsheng 16. The phenotypic analysis revealed prominent transgressive segregation and continuous variation in MSNN, with a normal distribution observed for MSNN in the RIL population. A genetic map including 6297 SLAF markers was developed which spanned 2945.26 cM, with an average genetic distance of 0.47 cM between adjacent markers. QTL mapping identified five significant QTLs associated with MSNN, were located on chromosomes 6 (qMSNN6.1), 17 (qMSNN17.1), 18 (qMSNN18.1), and 19 (qMSNN19.1 and qMSNN19.2) with LOD values ranging from 3.89 to 37.92, explaining 3.46-43.56% of the phenotypic variance. Among the five QTLs, qMSNN19.2 recorded the highest LOD value, 37.92, indicated a stable environment QTL explaining 43.56% of the variance. Candidate gene mining revealed 64 genes located in the QTL qMSNN19.2, with selections made based on biological processes like regulation of stem cell division and plant hormone signaling. Additionally, specific SNP variations in candidate genes were identified for KASP marker development, offering potential targets for enhancing soybean MSNN traits. The findings of this study can assist the soybean breeding programs for developing cultivars with desirable MSNN.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"25 1","pages":"422"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143779116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pre-pollination isolation by pollinator specificity: settling moth versus hawkmoth pollination in two sympatric Habenaria species (Orchidaceae).","authors":"Shao-Lin Tan, Xing-Hui Chen, Hai-Hong Liao, Wei-Xing Cheng, Han-Wen Xiao, Lang Huang, Huo-Lin Luo, Carlos E Pereira Nunes, Zong-Xin Ren, Bo-Yun Yang","doi":"10.1186/s12870-025-06474-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-06474-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Habenaria species typically produce green or white flowers, bear nectar spurs, emit crepuscular-nocturnal scents, and are usually pollinated by crepuscular/nocturnal moths. However, the roles of floral traits in pollinator differentiation contributing to reproductive success in sympatric Habenaria species require further definition. In this study, we investigated flowering phenology, floral traits, pollinator behavior, and reproductive success of two co-occurring and co-blooming Habenaria species (H. ciliolaris and H. schindleri) in southeastern China. We also conducted intraspecific and interspecific hand pollinations to determine their respective breeding systems and the extent of interspecific post-pollination isolation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both species are self-compatible but rely on pollinators for sexual reproduction. Habenaria ciliolaris was pollinated by two species of nocturnal, settling moths (Thinopteryx nebulosa and Porsica sp.). They foraged for nectar upside down or from one side, carrying pollinaria on their eyes because the curved lateral lobes of the labellum block the movements of settling moths on these flowers. Habenaria schindleri was pollinated by two crepuscular hawkmoths (Eupanacra mydon and Hippotion rafflesi), which carried pollinaria between their palpi while hovering in front of flowers while taking nectar. The proboscis lengths of pollinators of both Habenaria species matched the spur lengths of their corresponding flowers. Habenaria ciliolaris experienced a high level of inbreeding depression. Interspecific pollination by applying pollen grains from H. schindleri to the stigmas of H. ciliolaris, resulted in a low level of seed set.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Differences in floral morphology and nectar volume/concentration appear to contribute to segregating members of the pollinator guild of some Habenaria species. These findings offer new insights to our understanding of the partitioning of pollinators between co-blooming congeners in the Orchidaceae.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"25 1","pages":"421"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143779119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New QTLs involved in the control of stigma position in tomato.","authors":"Alessandro Riccini, Fabrizio Olivieri, Barbara Farinon, Frederique Bitton, Isidore Diouf, Yolande Carretero, Salvador Soler, Maria Del Rosario Figàs, Jaime Prohens, Antonio Jose Monforte, Antonio Granell, Mathilde Causse, Andrea Mazzucato","doi":"10.1186/s12870-025-06449-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-06449-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tomato mating systems were strongly affected by domestication events. Mutations disrupting self-incompatibility paralleled by changes retracting the stigma position (SP) within the staminal cone conferred strict autogamy and self-fertility to the cultivated forms. Although major genes affecting these changes have been identified, SP control in domesticated forms that retain a constitutive or heat-inducible noninserted SP needs elucidation. To widen the possibility of identifying SP genetic determinants, we analyzed the trait in four populations (two germplasm collections, a multiparental recombinant inbred and a biparental progeny) under different environmental conditions (normal and heat stressed).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 37 markers significantly associated with the trait were identified. Several colocalizations were found, both among regions first reported in this work and among them and previously reported positions. This finding supported the reliability of the analysis. Three such regions, in the long arms of chromosomes 1, 8 and 11, were validated in an independent segregating population, and candidate genes in confidence intervals were identified among transcription factors and hormone-, stress- and cell wall-related genes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Overall, this work supported the hypothesis that the SP phenotype is controlled by different key genes in tomato, paving the way for the identification of novel players and novel mechanisms involved in the regulation of herkogamy.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"25 1","pages":"423"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143779117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of exogenous chitosan concentrations on photosynthesis and functional physiological traits of hibiscus under salt stress.","authors":"Yangfan Cao, Ruiyang Yan, Mingcong Sun, Jing Guo, Shuyong Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s12870-025-06424-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-06424-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Soil salinity is a major barrier to plant growth and yield improvement. Chitosan, a versatile biomaterial, has shown potential in enhancing plant stress tolerance. This study evaluated the effectiveness of chitosan pretreatment in mitigating salt stress hibiscus (Hibiscus syriacus L.). Two-year-old hibiscus cuttings were treated with varying concentrations of chitosan (10 mg/L, 25 mg/L, 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L) via root irrigation and foliar spray in a 6‰ saline environment. Growth parameters, gas exchange rates, antioxidant enzyme activities, and osmotic regulatory compounds were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that chitosan at 25 mg/L and 50 mg/L significantly improved physiological and ecological traits. These concentrations enhanced photosynthetic performance, protected photosynthetic electron transport chain, and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content and relative conductivity, thereby limiting cell membrane damage. Additionally, the accumulation of soluble proteins, soluble sugars, and proline increased, improving the plants' ability to cope with salt stress. Antioxidant enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), were notably elevated, while levels of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and superoxide anion (O₂^-) decreased.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The 25 mg/L and 50 mg/L treatments had the most pronounced effects, confirming that moderate chitosan concentrations effectively alleviate salt stress in hibiscus. This study underscores the role of chitosan in enhancing salt stress adaptability, offering insights for plant protection and greening efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"25 1","pages":"419"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143779113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome-wide identification of the AcBAM family in kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis cv. Hongyang) and the expression profiling analysis of AcBAMs reveal their role in starch metabolism.","authors":"Xuchen Gong, Mengfei Lin, Jie Song, Jipeng Mao, Dongliang Yao, Zhu Gao, Xiaoling Wang","doi":"10.1186/s12870-025-06425-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12870-025-06425-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>After analyzing a high-quality 'Hongyang' genome, we identified 17 AcBAMs. Comprehensive bioinformatics were performed to elucidate the properties and evolutionary relationships of these genes. Our analysis revealed that most AcBAMs retained conserved active sites (e.g., Glu186 and Glu380) and exhibited similar structural properties. Phylogenetic and collinearity analyses grouped the genes into three main clusters, with segmental and tandem duplications contributing to their expansion. Expression profiling showed that AcBAM5 and AcBAM13 were most highly expressed during postharvest storage and were strongly induced by ABA signal. Silencing these genes led to a significant increase in starch content, suggesting their key role in starch degradation. Promoter analysis identified cis-elements related to ABA signal and cold response in the AcBAM family, and the expression of AcBAM genes was influenced by ABA and low-temperature treatments, with specific genes showing significant responsiveness.Background Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis cv. Hongyang) is a perennial woody fruit tree highly valued for its rich nutritional profile and high vitamin C content. The postharvest ripening process, characterized by starch degradation into soluble sugars, significantly influences the fruit's flavor and texture. β-amylase (BAM) has been proven to be one of the key enzymes catalyzing starch degradation, but which BAM genes are involved and how to participate in this process in kiwifruit still need to be clarified.Conclusion In the study, we identified a total of 17 AcBAM genes. The expansion of AcBAMs in kiwifruit was mainly due to segmental duplication events, and some of their catalytic residues were mutated, potentially leading to a loss of biological activity. The expression patterns of AcBAMs, along with VIGS data, suggest that AcBAM5 and AcBAM13 respond to ABA signals and promote starch degradation. Our findings provide valuable insights into the regulatory mechanisms of BAM genes in kiwifruit and highlight their importance in starch metabolism and fruit ripening.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"25 1","pages":"415"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11963268/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143771173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant ubiquitin E2 enzymes UBC32, UBC33, and UBC34 are involved in ERAD and function in host stress tolerance.","authors":"Chaofeng Wang, Bangjun Zhou, Yi Zhang, Lirong Zeng","doi":"10.1186/s12870-025-06419-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12870-025-06419-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated protein degradation (ERAD) is a critical component of the ER-mediated protein quality control (ERQC) system and plays a vital role in plant stress responses. However, the ubiquitination machinery underlying plant ERAD-particularly the ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s)-and their contributions to stress tolerance remain poorly understood.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study, we identified UBC32, UBC33, and UBC34 as ER-localized ubiquitin E2 enzymes involved in ERAD and demonstrated their roles in biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). In response to biotic stress, UBC33 and UBC34 collectively contribute more substantially than UBC32 to plant immunity against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst). Under abiotic stress and ER stress induced by tunicamycin (TM), all three E2s play important roles. Notably, mutation of UBC32 enhances tolerance to TM-induced ER stress, whereas the loss of function in UBC33 or UBC34 suppresses this response. Additionally, UBC32, UBC33, and UBC34 act synergistically in Arabidopsis seed germination under salt stress and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. While the single mutants atubc32, atubc33, and atubc34 exhibit germination rates comparable to Col-0 under salt stress or ABA treatment, the double mutants atubc32/33, atubc32/34, and atubc33/34 show a significantly greater reduction in germination rate. Interestingly, the atubc32/33/34 triple mutant exhibits a seed germination rate under salt stress and ABA treatment, as well as a level of host immunity to Pst, comparable to that of the atubc33/34 and atubc32/34 double mutants.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings establish UBC32, UBC33, and UBC34 as key components of the plant ERAD machinery, contributing to plant tolerance to both abiotic and biotic stress. Despite their close phylogenetic relationship, these E2 enzymes exhibit redundant, synergistic, or antagonistic roles depending on the specific stress response pathway, underscoring the complexity of their functional interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"25 1","pages":"412"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11963658/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143762930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}