BMC Plant Biology最新文献

{"title":"Correction: Auxin efflux carrier ZmPIN1a modulates auxin reallocation involved in nitrate-mediated root formation.","authors":"Yubin Wang, Jiapeng Xing, Jiachi Wan, Qingqing Yao, Yushi Zhang, Guohua Mi, Limei Chen, Zhaohu Li, Mingcai Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s12870-026-09971-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12870-026-09971-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13591696/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149011923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental warming alleviates leaf-level physiological stress of Kobresia pygmaea in alpine meadows on the Northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.","authors":"Lei Zheng, Xiaodong Wu, Genghao Ji, Guimin Liu","doi":"10.1186/s12870-026-09905-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12870-026-09905-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Climate warming can strongly influence alpine plant physiology, but the leaf-level responses of dominant alpine meadow species to warming may vary across elevation and growing-season stages. These spatial and seasonal patterns remain insufficiently known.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We examined the physiological responses of Kobresia pygmaea on the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to long-term passive open-top chamber (OTC) warming across four elevations (3691, 3786, 3981, and 4131 m a.s.l.) from July to September. Across all sites and months, OTC warming increased mean near-surface air temperature by 1.34 °C and surface soil temperature by 1.32 °C, while reducing relative humidity by 5.16% and surface soil moisture by 5.17%. Warming reduced leaf malondialdehyde by 20.2% and proline by 45.3%, suggesting lower membrane lipid peroxidation and reduced osmotic adjustment. Superoxide dismutase activity increased slightly by 2.4%, whereas peroxidase activity increased by 26.3%, indicating enzyme-specific antioxidant regulation. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll increased by 72.0%, 66.2%, and 70.2%, respectively. Three-way ANOVA showed significant effects of warming, month, elevation, and their interactions on most physiological indicators.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Moderate OTC warming improved the leaf-level physiological status and photosynthetic pigment capacity of K. pygmaea during the growing season. These benefits were season- and elevation-dependent and occurred under a concurrent drying microclimate. The results provided evidence of a leaf-level physiological response to warming by the dominant species in alpine meadows.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13615616/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149058270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contrasting reproductive strategies and their functional consequences in two populations of Opuntia robusta (Cactaceae).","authors":"Citlalli H S Mendoza-Reyes, Adán Miranda-Pérez, Juan Núñez-Farfán, Mariusz Krzysztof Janczur","doi":"10.1186/s12870-026-09625-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12870-026-09625-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hermaphroditism is the predominant sexual condition in angiosperms, but populations of a single species can diverge markedly in their reproductive allocation and in the expression of their mating system. Opuntia robusta provides a suitable system to examine this divergence, as its populations differ in floral morphology, sexual expression, and reproductive performance. We compared pollen-ovule ratios, early seed performance, and floral visitors in two populations from central Mexico that occur along an altitudinal gradient and differ in their mating‑system classification. Reproductive allocation varied between populations, with differences in ovule production and in the relative investment in male and female functions. The populations also differed in their mating system: the hermaphroditic population expressed functional autogamy, whereas the trioecious population exhibited facultative autogamy. Germination assays revealed consistent differences between populations, and pollination treatments confirmed that autonomous self‑pollination can produce viable seeds in both. Floral‑visitor communities were contrasting: one population was visited by a diverse assemblage of bees, whereas the other was dominated by a single genus. Statistical analyses revealed functional associations between visitors and germination, highlighting the consistent role of Macrotera sp. and the possible mechanical facilitation of autogamy by Nitidulidae in the hermaphroditic population. Taken together, these results demonstrate that O. robusta populations differ in their reproductive allocation, early offspring performance, and visitor assemblages, indicating functional divergence in mating‑system expression at short geographic scales. This population‑level variation may influence the stability of hermaphroditism and the expression or functional erosion of trioecy within the species.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13595634/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149015616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dose-dependent effects of gamma irradiation on growth and reproductive traits of strawberry.","authors":"Ali Akbar Ghasemi-Soloklui, Saeed Moori, Mojtaba Kordrostami, Masoud Shahmoradi","doi":"10.1186/s12870-026-09912-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-026-09912-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Radiosensitivity tests must be performed to determine the ideal doses before using gamma irradiation. This study investigated the effects of varying doses of gamma radiation (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 Gy) on the growth and reproductive development of strawberry plants.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Gamma irradiation exhibited a clear dose-dependent response in strawberry plants, with 30 Gy producing the most favorable responses for several vegetative and reproductive traits. At 30 Gy, plants showed the highest leaf area, flower number (16.66 flowers plant⁻¹), root length (20.66 cm), and leaf fresh and dry weights (2.69 and 0.83 g, respectively). In contrast, doses ≥ 60 Gy markedly reduced survival and most growth and reproductive parameters, with severe effects at 80-100 Gy. The estimated LD25, LD50, and LD75 values were 23.6, 51.7, and 79.8 Gy, respectively, providing a quantitative radiosensitivity profile for dose selection in subsequent gamma-induced mutation-breeding experiments.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results demonstrate that the moderate gamma-ray dose (30 Gy) produced the most favorable growth, root development, and flowering responses in strawberry, indicating a possible hormetic effect. Doses above 50 Gy markedly reduced survival and growth, identifying them as potential candidate doses for subsequent mutation-breeding studies, pending confirmation of heritable genetic variation.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13628785/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149104248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multivariate analysis of 110 green super rice (GSR) lines for morpho-physiological diversity attributes.","authors":"Muhammad Shahzad Ahmed, Ahmed M Abdelghany, Abid Majeed, Faiza Siddique, Sobhi F Lamlom, Rana Arsalan Javaid, Huhammad Jalal Hassan","doi":"10.1186/s12870-025-08049-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-08049-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Genetic diversity present in rice genotypes plays a crucial role in improving breeding strategies and developing high-quality cultivars. This study evaluated genetic diversity, agronomic performance, and disease resistance across 110 unique rice cultivars over two growing seasons (2021-2022) using an alpha-lattice design. Ten morpho-physiological and yield characteristics were assessed along with resistance to brown leaf spot (BLS) in natural field conditions. The combined analysis of variance indicated highly significant genotypic effects (P < 0.01) across all traits, with broad-sense heritability values varying from 8.83% for days to maturity to 45.56% for plant height. K-means clustering effectively categorized genotypes into five distinct groups. Cluster 4 demonstrated the highest yield at 10.64 t ha⁻¹, characterized by early flowering, whereas Cluster 5 attained significant productivity of 10.2 t ha⁻¹ due to its large grain size. The distribution of BLS resistance demonstrated considerable variation across clusters (χ² = 50.1, P < 0.001). Cluster 1 presented 60% highly resistant genotypes, while Cluster 2 displayed 60% resistant genotypes, with no entries classified as susceptible. Notable performers comprised NGSR.18 with a multi-trait score of 70.77%, GSR1 achieving a yield of 12.76 t ha⁻¹, and GSR34, GSR49, GSR50 exhibiting high resistance to BLS. The correlation analysis demonstrated genetic independence between yield and disease resistance, thereby supporting the feasibility of simultaneous improvement. The findings offer significant genetic resources for the development of high-yielding, disease-resistant rice cultivars.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13628939/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149104274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of fenugreek under water stress: agronomic traits, seed oil quality and antioxidant capacity.","authors":"Ihsan Serkan Varol","doi":"10.1186/s12870-026-09939-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12870-026-09939-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is rich in seed bioactive compounds, and its yield depends on irrigation. The effects of deficit irrigation treatments on yield, water-use efficiency, and seed quality traits remain insufficiently characterized. This two-year field study (2021-2022) evaluated five irrigation levels. Fenugreek was sown in late March and harvested in late July. In the fully irrigated treatment (FI100), the soil water depleted from field capacity was fully replenished. The FI75, FI50 and FI25 treatments received 75, 50 and 25% of the water applied to FI100, and FI0 was a rainfed control. The aim was to assess the trade-off between yield and quality under water-limited conditions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Experiments were conducted in randomized complete-block design with three replications under drip irrigation. Crop water consumptions, irrigation and crop water productivity, and both treatment-specific and seasonal yield-response factors (Ky) were determined. Agronomic traits, seed oil and fatty acid composition, phenolic contents and antioxidant activities were measured and analysed by PCA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>As the average of two years, the highest seed yield occurred under FI100 (1474 kg ha⁻¹) and the lowest under FI0 (533 kg ha⁻¹), a reduction of about 64%. The seasonal Ky exceeded unity in both years (1.12 and 1.18). At the same time, the treatment-specific Ky increased as the deficit became milder (from ≈ 0.97 under FI0 to ≈ 2.8 under FI75), indicating a non-linear response with greatest sensitivity near full irrigation. Water deficit improved seed quality, total phenolics, flavonoids, hydrolysable tannin, and antioxidant activity peaked under FI0, while saturated fatty acids (SFA) increased and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PFA) decreased. PCA explained 89.1% of the variation and revealed a negative relationship between yield/oil-quality traits and phenolic-based antioxidant traits.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Growth and seed yield in fenugreek are highly sensitive to water deficit, whereas seed biochemical quality responds inversely. Irrigation should therefore be planned by objective. Full or near-full irrigation for high yield, and controlled deficit irrigation for phytochemical quality. Where water is the primary limiting resource, FI75 offers a compromise, saving 25% of irrigation water at the cost of about a 41% yield reduction.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13595752/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149015644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lysine and cadaverine differentially regulate huperzine biosynthesis in axenic gametophyte cultures of Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank et Mart.","authors":"Wojciech J Szypuła, Michał Markowski, Beata Wileńska","doi":"10.1186/s12870-026-09868-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-026-09868-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Specialized metabolites represent a major component of plant adaptive and chemical diversity and constitute an important source of pharmacologically relevant compounds. Among them, Lycopodiaceae alkaloids form a distinctive group of lysine-derived metabolites characteristic of club mosses (Lycopodiaceae), a relict lineage of early-diverging lycophytes sister to the remaining extant vascular plants. Huperzia selago produces huperzine A (HupA) and huperzine B (HupB), potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, yet the regulation of their biosynthesis remains poorly understood, particularly in the gametophyte generation. Because lysine and its decarboxylation product cadaverine represent key entry metabolites into the Lycopodiaceae alkaloid network, precursor supplementation provides a tractable approach for probing regulatory nodes of this pathway under controlled conditions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Axenic gametophyte cultures of H. selago were maintained for 24 weeks on Whittier-Storchová medium supplemented with L-lysine (Lys), cadaverine (Cad), or combined Lys + Cad (5 + 5, 10 + 10, or 20 + 20 mg L⁻¹) under plant-growth-regulator-free conditions or in the presence of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) + kinetin. Two-way ANOVA revealed significant effects of culture time, medium composition, and their interaction on both alkaloids. HupA showed its strongest response during the early to intermediate culture phase, reaching a maximum at week 12 in Lys + Cad-10 + 10 (5.70 ± 0.01 mg g⁻¹ DW), whereas the highest late-stage HupA levels were observed under cadaverine supplementation at week 24 (6.79 ± 0.10 mg g⁻¹ DW). In contrast, HupB exhibited delayed accumulation, with peak levels at week 24 in Lys + Cad-5 + 5 (0.97 ± 0.05 mg g⁻¹ DW). Plant growth regulators modified the feeding response in a time- and variant-dependent manner rather than acting as a uniform stimulator. LC-MS/IT-TOF profiling detected 27 signals corresponding to Lycopodiaceae alkaloids, with HupA and HupB confirmed using authentic standards.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Precursor supplementation with lysine and cadaverine effectively modulates huperzine biosynthesis in H. selago gametophytes and reveals distinct temporal regulation patterns for HupA and HupB. The results support the view that the lysine-derived entry node represents an important regulatory node within the Lycopodiaceae alkaloid network. Axenic gametophyte cultures therefore provide a tractable experimental system for investigating specialized metabolism in early-diverging vascular plants and for refining strategies for the controlled production of pharmaceutically relevant alkaloids.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13628880/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149104303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Characterization and comparative analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Aucklandia lappa Decne.","authors":"Chunfan Xiang, Zemei Zhu, Shiqing Xie, Cui Chen, Xi Huang, Yue Zhang, Aien Tao","doi":"10.1186/s12870-026-09886-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12870-026-09886-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13560198/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148928754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolutionary dynamics of the chloroplast genome in Abutilon (Malvoideae, Malvaceae).","authors":"Abdullah, Rushan Yan, Abdul Sammad, Atinga Vallada, Xiaoxuan Tian","doi":"10.1186/s12870-026-09885-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12870-026-09885-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The genus Abutilon Mill. (Malvaceae) comprises approximately 178 species distributed across tropical and subtropical regions, many of which hold significant ornamental, economic, and medicinal value; yet its taxonomic classification remains challenging. In this study, six species were sequenced from herbarium specimens, and the chloroplast (cp.) genomes of ten additional species were assembled de novo from publicly available raw data. Three previously reported cp. genomes were also incorporated to characterise cp. genome structure, identify polymorphic loci, and perform phylogenetic analyses. The cp. genomes ranged from 159,458 to 160,454 bp and exhibited the typical quadripartite structure, with each genome containing 112 unique genes (78 protein-coding, 30 tRNA, and 4 rRNA) that showed conserved content and organisation. These genomes exhibited high similarity in GC content, inverted repeat boundaries, relative synonymous codon usage, amino acid frequencies, and substitution patterns. However, notable variation was observed in the total number of simple sequence repeats, ranging from 70 to 97 per genome. Selection analyses indicated predominant purifying selection, with evidence of episodic positive selection detected in rpoC2, rbcL, and ycf1. Two codons in rbcL were clade-specific and provided phylogenetic signal distinguishing Australian and Old World pantropical species. Nucleotide diversity analysis identified six highly polymorphic intergenic spacers (trnH-psbA, rps19-rpl2, psbT-pbf1, psaC-ndhD, trnR-atpA, and ndhJ-ndhK) that may be suitable for taxonomic studies. The phylogeny from maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) resolved two major clades: one comprising an exclusively Australian lineage occurring predominantly in arid and semi-arid environments, and the other a pantropical lineage spanning multiple continents. Abutilon grandifolium was recovered as sister to the remaining sampled Abutilon taxa in both ML and BI analyses, although no biogeographic origin inference can be drawn from this placement pending broader taxon sampling and integration of nuclear genomic data. These findings provide insights into the evolutionary dynamics of the cp. genome in Abutilon and offer a foundational genomic framework for refining Abutilon taxonomy.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13555870/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148918221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Silicon enhances salinity tolerance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) through physiological, biochemical, and ionic regulation.","authors":"Ibrahim Badawy, Heba I Mohamed, Hossam Fouda, Mohamed E Elnosary, Mahmoud R Sofy","doi":"10.1186/s12870-026-09859-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12870-026-09859-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Soil salinization poses a significant threat to agricultural production, necessitating innovative agronomic strategies to mitigate its impact. Salinity stress is a critical abiotic factor that hampers tomato growth by causing ionic imbalances, oxidative damage, and disruptions in physiological systems. This study investigated the effect of sodium silicate (Na₂SiO₃) in reducing salt stress in tomato plants exposed to 75 and 150 mM NaCl.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results indicated that salinity substantially decreased plant growth, the content of photosynthetic pigments, and the uptake of essential mineral nutrients. Concurrently, it heightened oxidative stress markers such as malondialdehyde (MDA), electrolyte leakage, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and hydroxyl radicals (•OH). Treatment with Na₂SiO₃, particularly at a concentration of 2 mM, significantly improved growth performance and photosynthetic pigment content. Silicon treatments enhanced the antioxidant defense mechanisms by increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), and peroxidase (POX). Additionally, levels of ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) were raised, leading to reduced oxidative damage and stabilized cellular membranes. The application of silicon also improved ionic homeostasis by decreasing sodium ion (Na⁺) concentration while enhancing the absorption of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K⁺), and silicon.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In conclusion, the study demonstrated that silicon effectively alleviates salt stress in tomato plants by improving redox balance, enhancing antioxidant capacity, and regulating ion transport. The most effective concentration of Na₂SiO₃ was found to be 2 mM. The exogenous application of sodium silicate, especially at this concentration, helps to mitigate salinity-induced impairments in tomato plants by enhancing physiological performance, antioxidant defense, and ionic balance. This suggests its potential use as a sustainable agricultural strategy under salt-affected conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":9198,"journal":{"name":"BMC Plant Biology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13555952/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148918357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}