Brain Imaging and Behavior最新文献

{"title":"The association between medial prefrontal GABA concentration and memory performance is disrupted in human with a high body mass index.","authors":"Jan-Willem Thielen, Bernhard W Müller, Oliver Kraff, Dae In Chang, Constantin Liermann-Koch, Norbert Scherbaum, Indira Tendolkar, David G Norris","doi":"10.1007/s11682-026-01121-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11682-026-01121-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While the somatic effects of obesity are increasingly well understood, growing evidence indicates that there is a cognitive effect such as a decline in episodic memory. Studies in animals revealed an association between obesity, memory impairment and neurotransmitters such as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate. In the present study we aimed to assess the relation of body mass index (BMI) as indicator of overwight/obesity, memory and GABA / glutamate concentrations in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and precuneus in human subjects aged 19 to 41 years. We found that memory performance is predicted by mPFC GABA concentration in individuals with a low and a moderate BMI, but not in individuals with a high BMI (> 26) indicating overweight/obesity. MPFC glutamate and precuneus GABA/ glutamate levels appeared to be not related to the association between BMI and memory performance. Our findings suggest that clinically relevant overweight/obesity affects GABAergic processes in the frontal cortex and is related to lower memory performance in a group of young and middle-aged human subjects.</p>","PeriodicalId":9192,"journal":{"name":"Brain Imaging and Behavior","volume":"20 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13031246/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147526964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurovascular coupling dysfunction of the frontal‒thalamic circuit in postconcussion syndrome.","authors":"Jiahao Yan, Wenjing Huang, Lili Xu, Kun Xu, Linzhen Jiang, Miao Chang, Jing Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s11682-026-01119-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11682-026-01119-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Postconcussion syndrome (PCS) is characterized by alterations in perfusion and neural activity within specific regions, such as the frontal‒thalamic circuit. Despite extensive research on the neurovascular coupling (NVC) function of the PCS, how the involved brain regions interact as a dynamic network in the processing of cognitive and behavioral functions is still elusive. We recruited 38 participant with PCS and 38 healthy controls for magnetic resonance imaging examinations. We subsequently investigated four types of NVC, namely, amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF), fractional ALFF, regional homogeneity, degree centrality, cerebral blood perfusion, and associated functional networks, on the basis of dynamic causal modeling (DCM). NVC and spectral DCM analyses revealed a significant reduction in excitatory cortical connectivity from the left thalamus to the left middle frontal gyrus and from the right thalamus to the right middle frontal gyrus, whereas inhibitory cortical connectivity from the right middle frontal gyrus to the right thalamus also decreased. Notably, an increase in excitatory cortical connectivity from the left putamen to the left middle frontal gyrus was observed, which may represent a compensatory mechanism. The distinctive pattern of altered neurovascular coupling in the frontal‒thalamic circuit of PCS participant may underlie the observed executive and cognitive dysfunctions.</p>","PeriodicalId":9192,"journal":{"name":"Brain Imaging and Behavior","volume":"20 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147509710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive analysis of brain network complexity in task-based fMRI using entropy: systematic review.","authors":"Jeonghoon Park, Nan Xu, Maysam Nezafati","doi":"10.1007/s11682-026-01124-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11682-026-01124-y","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Entropy-based analysis is increasingly used in task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to quantify neural signal complexity and information dynamics, but variation in entropy definitions, parameter choices, and analytic scope can limit cross-study comparability. To systematically review how entropy measures are implemented, parameterized, and interpreted in task-based fMRI studies in healthy human subjects, focusing on methodological practice. Web of Science was searched using the keywords “fMRI” and “entropy” for the period 2000–2023, restricted to journal articles, proceedings papers, review articles, meeting abstracts, and book chapters. Included studies used task-based fMRI, applied entropy-based quantitative measures, involved healthy human participants, and reported original empirical findings or methodological applications. Non-human, clinical, and resting-state studies were excluded. Records were screened by verifying whether “fMRI” and “entropy” appeared in the title, keywords, Keywords Plus, or abstract. Extracted items included entropy type, analytic scope (regional/voxel-wise, network-level, connectivity-based), parameter and reporting details, task types, and preprocessing context where available. Data were synthesized using structured narrative methods because meta-analysis was not appropriate given differences in entropy definitions, parameterization, task types, and outcome metrics. Risk of bias was assessed with an adapted Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist (Joanna Briggs Institute, 2017). Database searches yielded 1,313 records. 274 were screened and 234 full texts assessed. 92 studies met inclusion criteria. Exclusions at full-text were primarily resting-state studies (n = 81), clinical populations (n = 42), and non-human studies (n = 19). Across the 92 included studies, Shannon entropy predominated (78.3%), followed by sample entropy (9.78%), transfer entropy (4.35%), multiscale entropy (3.26%), approximate entropy (3.26%), and multiple-entropy approaches (1.09%). Entropy measures were found to be matched with distinct methodological roles. Approximate and sample entropy were commonly used for regional or voxel-wise signal regularity, multiscale entropy for multi–time scale complexity (often at the network level), transfer entropy for directed connectivity, and Shannon entropy for broad applications including machine-learning feature and validation use. Evidence synthesis was constrained by inconsistency in entropy formulations, parameter reporting, preprocessing decisions, and outcome metrics. Formal heterogeneity testing, subgroup analyses, and sensitivity analyses were not conducted, and results were summarized descriptively. Task-based fMRI entropy research is methodologically diverse but consistently demonstrates the feasibility of using entropy to characterize task-related brain complexity across different analytic levels. The prevalent use of Shannon entropy and inconsistent parameter/reportin","PeriodicalId":9192,"journal":{"name":"Brain Imaging and Behavior","volume":"20 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13021814/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147509608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurobiology of language in autism: a systematic review of pediatric studies.","authors":"Kate M Witt, Amarie Carnett","doi":"10.1007/s11682-026-01140-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11682-026-01140-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Language abilities are heterogeneous in autism spectrum disorder. Functional neuroimaging offers critical insights into the developmental trajectory of language in autism, with the potential to inform tailored supports. Unlike previous non-systematic or modality-specific reviews, this systematic review aimed to identify developmental trajectories in autistic children and elevated likelihood infants across functional neuroimaging modalities. Across the included 31 studies, EEG was the most common modality (39%), followed by fMRI (26%), MEG (26%), and fNIRS (9%). Most studies (77%) used passive awake tasks; around half employed simple speech stimuli (55%) while the remainder used complex speech (45%). There was an underrepresentation of minimally and nonspeaking autistic participants. fMRI and fNIRS studies found that elevated likelihood infants displayed hypoactivation in bilateral temporal regions, which did not consistently continue into mid-to-late childhood. EEG and MEG studies indicate that the timing and magnitude of auditory-perceptual and higher-order linguistic processing remained atypical (e.g., delayed latencies, larger amplitudes) from infancy to late childhood. Across modalities, findings were sometimes inconsistent, particularly when accounting for variability in language abilities. We highlight a strong need for caution in generalizing findings and argue that future research should prioritize more diverse samples to better elucidate the neural trajectory of language in autism.</p>","PeriodicalId":9192,"journal":{"name":"Brain Imaging and Behavior","volume":"20 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13018016/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147509718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of the herbal prescription Kami Guibi-tang on brain function in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: a task-based and resting-state fMRI study.","authors":"Dongjoo Kim, Na-Yeon Kim, Min-Jae Kwak, Kyeong-Hwa Heo, Han-Gyul Lee, Seungwon Kwon, Seung-Yeon Cho, Seong-Uk Park, Woo-Sang Jung, Sang-Kwan Moon, Chang-Nam Ko, Hyug-Gi Kim, Geon-Ho Jahng, Jung-Mi Park","doi":"10.1007/s11682-026-01138-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11682-026-01138-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Amnestic mild cognitive impairment represents a prodromal stage of Alzheimer’s disease characterized by episodic memory deficits and subtle alterations in brain function. Although the traditional herbal formula Kami Guibi-tang (KGT) has been reported to exert cognitive benefits, its neural effects have not been evaluated using functional neuroimaging. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 84 individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment received either KGT or placebo for 24 weeks. A total of 73 participants (36 in the KGT group and 37 in the placebo group) completed the intervention and were included in the final analyses. All participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during a face-name association task and a working memory task, as well as resting-state scans. Task-based imaging data were analyzed using voxel-wise and region-of-interest approaches, and associations between changes in task-related activation and cognitive performance were also examined. Resting-state functional connectivity was analyzed to examine regional connectivity changes. At baseline, the placebo group showed greater activation in memory- and attention-related regions, including the posterior cingulate cortex, frontal areas, and thalamus. These voxel-wise differences were no longer observed after the intervention. Region-of-interest analyses using linear mixed-effects models revealed significant group × time interactions in several frontal, cingulate, and thalamic regions, with activation declining in the placebo group but remaining relatively preserved or showing modest increases in the KGT group. Resting-state analyses further demonstrated increased connectivity between the left precuneus and right posterior cingulate cortex following KGT administration. These findings suggest that KGT may modulate brain activity and connectivity in regions involved in episodic and working memory. While preliminary, these results provide neuroimaging-based evidence for its potential effects on memory-related neural processes in the early stages of cognitive decline.</p>","PeriodicalId":9192,"journal":{"name":"Brain Imaging and Behavior","volume":"20 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13006464/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147497714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic neurocognitive adaptation: childhood and adult-midlife engagement associated with later-life brain structure and cognition in older adults with and without mild cognitive impairment.","authors":"Filippo Cieri, Jessica Z K Caldwell, Dietmar Cordes, Chad L Cross","doi":"10.1007/s11682-026-01122-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11682-026-01122-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Resilience in aging—the capacity to maintain cognition and function despite neuropathology—has been described through cognitive reserve, brain reserve, and maintenance. The dynamic Neurocognitive Adaptation (dNA) framework expands these constructs by defining resilience as a lifelong process of adaptive engagement across cognitive, physical, creative, and social domains that shape neural integrity and cognitive outcomes over time. METHODS: Fifty-eight older adults (39 cognitively normal, 19 with mild cognitive impairment) completed neuropsychological testing, amyloid assessment, and structural MRI. The dNA scale quantified engagement across seven life-course time windows. Hierarchical multiple regressions examined domain- and time-specific associations between dNA scores and cortical thickness or regional volumes (FreeSurfer 7.3.2), controlling for age, sex, education, and diagnosis. Exploratory mediation and moderation models tested indirect and interaction effects of demographic and diagnostic factors. RESULTS: Childhood (Time Window 1) emerged as a sensitive period: higher cognitive engagement is associated with stronger semantic fluency, and physical engagement is linked to a better episodic learning. Creative and physical engagement during childhood related to larger anterior and posterior cingulate and temporal-pole volumes. In adulthood and midlife (Time Windows 3–5), greater engagement was associated with thicker right lateral orbitofrontal cortex and larger lingual volumes. No mediation or moderation by sex, education, or diagnosis was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood and midlife emerge as sensitive periods linking multidomain engagement with later-life brain structure and cognition. The dNA framework provides a multidimensional, time-resolved model of resilience, illustrating how lifelong adaptive behaviors support neural integrity and cognitive health across aging and Alzheimer’s-disease risk. </p>","PeriodicalId":9192,"journal":{"name":"Brain Imaging and Behavior","volume":"20 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13004746/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147490708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causal relationships between alzheimer's disease genetics and brain connectivity alterations: a multi-modal mendelian randomization study with transcriptomic validation of 191 rs-fMRI and 635 DTI neuroimaging traits.","authors":"Junjun Ji, Zhifan Li, Abao Xing, Gang Luo, Xiaobing Zhai, Wei Xu, Junrong Li, Tao Tan, Ruihong Jia, Yan Yan, Xianbin Zhang, Long Wang, Junfeng Li, Kefeng Li","doi":"10.1007/s11682-026-01114-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11682-026-01114-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Traditional observational magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have revealed changes in brain connectivity in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the findings have been inconsistent due to small sample sizes and potential confounding factors. The genetic effects of AD on the inherent brain activity and connectivity of patients are still not well understood. We utilized summary-level GWAS data for 223,906 Europeans from three large AD cohorts and comprehensive GWAS data for 191 rs-fMRI functional connectivity (FC) traits (n = 34,691) and 635 diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics (n = 33,292) from the BIG Knowledge Portal. A bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis with multiple MR methods was performed to evaluate the causality between AD genetics and genetically predicted whole-brain functional and structural connectivity changes. A series of sensitivity analyses were systematically conducted to assess the pleiotropy, heterogeneity, and outliers. Additionally, SNP-to-gene mapping, enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI), single-SNP, and SNP location-based MR were performed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms. To validate our findings, we analyzed an independent cohort from ADNI (n = 30/group) and performed transcriptomic validation using RNA-seq data from 63 samples (32 AD, 31 control). Our MR analysis revealed significant causal associations between AD and specific alterations in fMRI FC, particularly involving the precuneus, occipital lobe, and default mode network. Similarly, AD was causally linked to changes in fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) across distinct white matter fiber tracts. The molecular mechanisms underlying these MRI changes involved polygenic contributions from multiple AD-associated SNPs, primarily those mapped to non-coding regions, in addition to genic SNPs enriched in pathways regulating amyloid-beta clearance and neuroinflammation. External validation using the ADNI cohort confirmed the FC alterations identified through MR. Transcriptomic validation confirmed the significant upregulation of four genes (CTSB, SDC4, CTNND2, and FERMT2) in AD and uncovered three potential AD-associated genes (ITGB1BP1, FBXO33, and RASGEF1C). Our multi-modal MR study elucidated causal links between AD genetics and brain imaging-derived phenotypes (IDPs), with independent validation from both neuroimaging and transcriptomic analyses. These findings enhance understanding of AD etiology and identify potential MRI markers for diagnosis and treatment monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":9192,"journal":{"name":"Brain Imaging and Behavior","volume":"20 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147493578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain regions beyond the visual cortex are relevant to subjective time prediction from fMRI salient events in a visual naturalistic context.","authors":"Erick Almeida de Souza, Carlos Ernesto Garrido Salmon","doi":"10.1007/s11682-026-01128-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11682-026-01128-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Time perception is an essential part of human experience and can be distorted by features of daily stimuli, causing variations relative to actual time. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that subjective time results from the accumulation of salient events and investigate the neural bases of this perceptual processing, while using a publicly available dataset obtained and analyzed in a previous study. Three approaches were used with fMRI data from participants who watched and estimated the duration of silent videos in an MRI scanner. In the first approach, using a functional parcellation of 360 cortical regions, we showed that salient events in functional networks beyond the visual one also had a significant association with subjective time (normalized bias): the dorsal attention network, the cingulo-opercular network, and the somatomotor network. In the second approach, using an Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) deep learning model, it was not possible to predict normalized bias from fMRI trial-by-trial time series within any functional network. In the last approach, functional connectivity between the 360 cortical regions and within the visual network showed no consistent association with subjective time. The results suggest that regions in additional functional networks may be important for duration quantification in the context of visual stimulation, although the approach based on salient events still requires further validation. Furthermore, features such as functional connectivity and fMRI time-series did not show direct association with the normalized bias.</p>","PeriodicalId":9192,"journal":{"name":"Brain Imaging and Behavior","volume":"20 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13005859/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147493653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping the thalamic subnuclei in fibromyalgia: insights into pain modulation and affective amplification.","authors":"Esra Emekli, Burak Can Demirel, Emre Emekli","doi":"10.1007/s11682-026-01129-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11682-026-01129-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fibromyalgia is a chronic disorder characterized by widespread pain, fatigue, sleep problems, and emotional or cognitive difficulties. The thalamus is central to both pain modulation and affective processing, yet structural alterations within its subregions remain unclear. This study examined volumetric characteristics of thalamic subnuclei in individuals with fibromyalgia and explored their relationships with clinical symptoms. Structural magnetic resonance imaging data from 20 female patients with fibromyalgia and 20 age and gender-matched healthy controls were analyzed using automated segmentation of 25 thalamic subnuclei per hemisphere. Volumes were normalized to total intracranial volume, and group differences were evaluated with multivariate analysis of covariance controlling for age. Correlation analyses were performed to assess associations between subnuclei volumes and clinical measures of pain intensity, anxiety, and pain-related thoughts. Although no significant group differences were observed after correction for multiple comparisons, positive associations emerged between disease duration and several medial and posterior thalamic nuclei. Greater volumes in these nuclei were also related to higher pain intensity and anxiety scores. These findings suggest that structural reorganization of specific thalamic regions may underlie both the sensory and emotional aspects of chronic pain. Further longitudinal and multimodal imaging studies are warranted to clarify the temporal dynamics and functional relevance of these thalamic alterations.</p>","PeriodicalId":9192,"journal":{"name":"Brain Imaging and Behavior","volume":"20 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147484769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute cerebral blood flow and its connectivity in patients with anti-LGI1 autoimmune encephalitis: an arterial spin labeling study.","authors":"Ping Jiang, Lei Wang, Dingfeng Sun, Ailiang Miao, Xiaoshan Wang","doi":"10.1007/s11682-026-01125-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11682-026-01125-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>PURPOSE: Pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (PCASL) is an innovative technique for measuring cerebral blood flow (CBF). The aim of this study was to investigate alterations in CBF and connectivity in anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 autoimmune encephalitis (anti-LGI1-AE). METHODS: CBF was analyzed in 27 acute anti-LGI1-AE patients and 81 healthy controls using arterial spin labeling. Regions with altered CBF were designated as regions of interest (ROIs)，followed by between-group CBF connectivity comparisons. RESULTS: Patients exhibited increased CBF in the bilateral putamen, bilateral amygdala (Amygdala_Bi), bilateral hippocampus (Hippocampus_Bi), bilateral parahippocampus, and right insula (Insula_R) (P = 0.001, cluster-level familywise error [FWE] corrected). The following regions showed decreased CBF connectivity (P < 0.05, FWE-corrected): the right hippocampus demonstrated decreased connectivity with the right superior temporal gyrus (STG_R), right Rolandic operculum (RO_R), right caudate nucleus (Caudate_R), right superior temporal pole (STP_R), right middle cingulate gyrus (MCG_R), and right anterior cingulate gyrus; the right amygdala displayed decreased connectivity with the STG_R, RO_R, STP_R, right putamen, Caudate_R, MCG_R, and right supplementary motor area; the Insula_R exhibited reduced connectivity with the right middle temporal gyrus and STG_R; the right parahippocampal gyrus presented weakened connectivity with the STP_R, RO_R, Insula_R, MCG_R, and left MTG; the left hippocampus showed decreased connectivity with the left STG and insula; the left parahippocampal gyrus manifested impaired connectivity with the left lingual gyrus and left precuneus. Increased CBF connectivity was observed between Amygdala_Bi and Hippocampus_Bi (P = 0.001, FWE-corrected). CONCLUSION: PCASL imaging revealed increased CBF in subcortical regions and widespread disruption of CBF connectivity in patients with anti-LGI1 AE, which may offer valuable insights into the neural mechanisms underlying the clinical manifestations of this condition. </p>","PeriodicalId":9192,"journal":{"name":"Brain Imaging and Behavior","volume":"20 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12999696/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147480024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}