{"title":"Electroencephalogram-Based Satisfaction Assessment Brain-Computer Interface in Emerging Video Service by Using Graph Representation Learning.","authors":"Yifan Niu, Ziyu Li, Gangyan Zeng, Yuan Zhang, Li Yao, Xia Wu","doi":"10.1177/21580014251359107","DOIUrl":"10.1177/21580014251359107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Emerging video services (EVS) offer users various multimedia presentations, and satisfaction assessment is crucial for enhancing their user experience and competitiveness. However, existing research methods are unable to provide a quantitative satisfaction assessment. Electroencephalogram (EEG), as a popular signal source in brain-computer interface (BCI), with the advantage of being difficult to disguise and containing rich brain activity information, has gained increasing attention from researchers. This article aims to investigate the advantages of employing EEG for modeling satisfaction in EVS. Unlike the subjective metrics assessment in traditional video services, generating satisfaction in EVS involves a range of cognitive functions, including cognitive load, emotion, and audiovisual perception, which are difficult to characterize using a single feature. The representation of brain states for complex cognitive functions has been a major challenge for EEG modeling approaches.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To address this challenge, we propose an EEG-based EVS satisfaction assessment BCI by raising a Point-to-Global graph representation learning strategy (P2G) that efficiently identifies satisfaction level through a parallel coding module and a graph-based brain region perception module. P2G captures satisfaction-sensitive graph representations in EEG samples based on coding and integrating point features and the global topography.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We validate the effectiveness of introducing a P2G learning strategy in EVS satisfaction modeling using a self-constructed dataset and a relevant public dataset, and our method outperforms existing methods. Additionally, we provide a detailed visual analysis to unveil neural markers associated with EVS satisfaction, thereby laying a scientific foundation for the optimization and development of video services.</p>","PeriodicalId":9155,"journal":{"name":"Brain connectivity","volume":" ","pages":"36-48"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144625375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brain connectivityPub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-11-04DOI: 10.1177/21580014251393151
Jonas Scherer, Andrea Finke, Vicky Everding, Laura Lindenbaum, Christoph Kayser, Johanna Kissler
{"title":"NeuroCommTrainer: Toward an Adaptive and Wearable Multimodal Brain-Computer Interface.","authors":"Jonas Scherer, Andrea Finke, Vicky Everding, Laura Lindenbaum, Christoph Kayser, Johanna Kissler","doi":"10.1177/21580014251393151","DOIUrl":"10.1177/21580014251393151","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>To date, brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have not achieved reliable real-time communication through auditory or tactile modalities. Such interfaces would be crucial for brain-injured patients with severe motor impairments who are also blind or deaf. This study validates the functionality of the NeuroCommTrainer, a mobile and easy-to-use multimodal BCI with flex-printed electrode strips that does not require vision and adapts to users' attentiveness levels to initiate stimulation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a study of 20 healthy participants, we evaluated auditory and vibrotactile oddball paradigms to train the system to differentiate rare and frequent event-related potentials (ERPs). In real-time online sessions, the system detected participants' mental focus to adaptively initiate stimulation through attentiveness monitoring.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The NeuroCommTrainer successfully captured auditory and tactile ERPs, achieving a classification accuracy of 75% for stimuli in the calibration session, which is not yet reflected in the online session with 34% of found targets (chance level = 16.7%).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The presented early-stage prototype of the NeuroCommTrainer requires several improvements before clinical application in brain-damaged patients, which include refined algorithms to reduce classification variance across participants, and enhanced attentiveness detection specifically tuned to brain activity of the targeted patient group. The present study makes a critical step in this direction and shows that a transition into a practicable communication system for brain-damaged patients may be achievable in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":9155,"journal":{"name":"Brain connectivity","volume":" ","pages":"63-75"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145470513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brain connectivityPub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-11-12DOI: 10.1177/21580014251392230
Juliana Gonzalez-Astudillo, Fabrizio de Vico Fallani
{"title":"Feature Interpretability in Motor Imagery Brain Computer Interfaces: A Meta-Analysis Across Connectivity, Spatial Filtering, and Riemannian Methods.","authors":"Juliana Gonzalez-Astudillo, Fabrizio de Vico Fallani","doi":"10.1177/21580014251392230","DOIUrl":"10.1177/21580014251392230","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) translate brain activity into commands, enabling applications in communication, control, and neurorehabilitation. A major challenge in noninvasive BCIs is balancing classification performance with interpretability, as many approaches prioritize accuracy while overlooking the neural mechanisms underlying their predictions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we conduct a meta-analysis of feature interpretability across widely used methods in motor imagery (MI)-based BCIs, including power spectral density, common spatial patterns (CSP), Riemannian geometry, and functional connectivity. Specifically, we explore how network topology and spatial organization contribute to MI decoding by investigating brain network lateralization.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Through evaluations on multiple EEG-based BCI datasets, our results confirm the superior classification performance of CSP and Riemannian methods. However, network lateralization provides stronger neurophysiological plausibility, revealing robust lateralization patterns in sensorimotor and frontal regions contralateral to imagined movements.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>These findings underscore the potential of connectivity-based features as a complementary tool for enhancing interpretability, supporting the development of more transparent and clinically relevant MI-based BCIs.</p>","PeriodicalId":9155,"journal":{"name":"Brain connectivity","volume":" ","pages":"76-94"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145538770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brain connectivityPub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-07-28DOI: 10.1177/21580014251362816
Steffen H Tretbar, Marc Fournelle, Christoph Risser, Holger Hewener, Christian Degel, Wolfgang Bost, Peter Weber, Morteza Mohammadjavadi, Gary H Glover, Kim Butts Pauly, Andreas Melzer
{"title":"A New Versatile System for 3D Steered LIFU Based on 2D Matrix Arrays.","authors":"Steffen H Tretbar, Marc Fournelle, Christoph Risser, Holger Hewener, Christian Degel, Wolfgang Bost, Peter Weber, Morteza Mohammadjavadi, Gary H Glover, Kim Butts Pauly, Andreas Melzer","doi":"10.1177/21580014251362816","DOIUrl":"10.1177/21580014251362816","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Ultrasound is a promising new approach for noninvasive brain stimulation. Low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) allows targeting the deep brain with high spatial and temporal resolution. For clinical use, ultrasound systems must fulfill specific requirements. Three-dimensional (3D) steering and focusing either requires mechanical displacement of (focused) transducers or multielement arrays and corresponding multichannel electronics. Since the waveform has an impact of the induced neurostimulation effect, electronics need sufficient flexibility for generating arbitrary temporal signal patterns. For compensation of skull aberration artifacts, elements must be excited with defined phase resulting of phase aberration correction (PAC) algorithms. Finally, for being clinically usable, systems must be combined with planning hardware and software.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A versatile system for 3D steered LIFU based on two-dimensional matrix arrays was designed, fabricated, and characterized in terms of focusing, steering, and output of temporal patterns. Our PAC algorithm was validated on an <i>ex vivo</i> skull. The system was tested for compliance with defined medical device standard by accredited laboratories, and an initial Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) phantom study was performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our system allows 3D beam steering and focusing with lateral focus sizes down to 4 mm, which is less than the size of a human gyrus, such that detailed targeting is possible. Arbitrary temporal signal patterns (different wave forms, pulse length, duty cycle, and ramping) were generated. Different software interfaces allow patient-specific planning with a Magnetic resonance Tomograph (MR)- or neuronavigation-based workflow, in which a custom-developed PAC algorithm allows compensation of the skull bone. The absence of transducer susceptibility artifacts was shown in the MRI phantom study, and the acoustic focus was localized using magnetic resonance acoustic radiation force imaging.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Our new versatile ultrasound neuromodulation platform represents a compromise between conformal helmet-like systems and single element transducer setups. It is flexible in terms of spatiotemporal stimulation patterns and can be accommodated to different workflows.</p>","PeriodicalId":9155,"journal":{"name":"Brain connectivity","volume":" ","pages":"49-62"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144728007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Longitudinal Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Brain Activity, Connectivity, and Behavior in Breast Cancer Survivors Following Chemotherapy.","authors":"Khulan Khurelsukh, Vincent Chin-Hung Chen, Yuan-Hsiung Tsai, Gigin Lin, Jun-Cheng Weng","doi":"10.1177/21580014251392264","DOIUrl":"10.1177/21580014251392264","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment (CRCI), commonly known as \"chemobrain,\" frequently occurs during breast cancer treatment and has been linked to altered brain function. This resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study examined chemotherapy-related changes in functional brain activity, network connectivity, and associations with cognitive outcomes. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Twenty-eight patients with breast cancer were assessed prechemotherapy (BB) and postchemotherapy (BBF), alongside 27 healthy controls of comparable age at baseline (BH) and follow-up (BHF). Mean fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (mfALFF) and mean regional homogeneity (mReHo) quantified functional brain activity. Graph theoretical analysis (GTA) assessed network topology; network-based statistics (NBS) evaluated interregional connectivity. Cognitive performance was evaluated through standardized assessments. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Postchemotherapy patients exhibited reduced anxiety and lower FACT-Cog scores. Voxel-wise analyses showed increased mfALFF in frontal regions and mReHo in superior temporal and inferior frontal gyri, alongside decreases in postcentral, lingual, and parahippocampal areas. Healthy controls showed increased activity in medial frontal and cingulate regions, with reductions in the temporal lobe and putamen. GTA revealed higher global efficiency and reduced modularity, path length, and network complexity in the BBF group compared with BHF. NBS showed weaker structural connectivity in motor and occipital regions prechemotherapy and decreased parietal and insular connectivity postchemotherapy. Multiple regression showed brain-behavior correlations: declines in FACT-Cog, Digit Symbol Substitution, and mood scores were linked to altered activity in frontal, parietal, cingulate, and occipital areas, while positive correlations suggested compensatory activation. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Chemotherapy was associated with longitudinal alterations in brain activity, network organization, and connectivity in breast cancer survivors. Brain-behavior associations suggest disrupted neural networks may underlie CRCI.</p>","PeriodicalId":9155,"journal":{"name":"Brain connectivity","volume":" ","pages":"351-361"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145450633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dual-Site Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Improves Consciousness in Patients with Disorders of Consciousness.","authors":"Lingyan Wang, Xuehan Zang, Heliang Yang, Qiwei Li, Ying Zhao, Hong Hong, Hangjie He, Lijuan Li, Aiqun Shi, Nantu Hu, Haibo Di, Jiasheng Wang, Xianwei Che","doi":"10.1177/21580014251392466","DOIUrl":"10.1177/21580014251392466","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Design:</i></b> As the cerebellum has reciprocal communications with the frontal cortex, this retrospective cohort study examined the effects of dual-site repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (ds-rTMS: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex [DLPFC] + cerebellum) in disorders of consciousness (DoC). <b><i>Setting:</i></b> Single-center study in the Department of Rehabilitation of Jinhua Hospital of TCM Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. <b><i>Participants:</i></b> Twenty-nine patients with DoC. <b><i>Intervention:</i></b> Systematic review of clinical records comparing ds-TMS (DLPFC + cerebellum) with conventional single-site DLPFC-rTMS. <b><i>Main Measures:</i></b> Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R) scores, mismatch negativity (MMN) latency, P300 latency, Judson grade, and Hall grade. <b><i>Results:</i></b> ds-TMS was associated with larger gains in consciousness (CRS-R scores) compared with DLPFC-rTMS in a retrospective cohort. Both interventions had comparable improvement in cognitive and somatosensory outcomes (MMN, P300, and Judson/Hall grades). Higher CRS-R scores correlated with shorter MMN latency and better Hall grades. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> ds-TMS treatment may represent an effective therapeutic approach for DoC, with potential effects on consciousness recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":9155,"journal":{"name":"Brain connectivity","volume":" ","pages":"331-338"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145387310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alan Carillo, José Fernando Zapata-Berruecos, Daniel San-Juan, J Daniel Arzate-Mena, Markus F Müller, Wady A Rios-Herrera
{"title":"Frequency Independent Stable Cross-Correlation Pattern in the Peri-Ictal Transition of Focal Onset Seizures.","authors":"Alan Carillo, José Fernando Zapata-Berruecos, Daniel San-Juan, J Daniel Arzate-Mena, Markus F Müller, Wady A Rios-Herrera","doi":"10.1177/21580014251392923","DOIUrl":"10.1177/21580014251392923","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objective:</i></b> Here we aim to search for stable intra- and inter-band cross-correlations during the peri-ictal transition of focal onset seizures. Furthermore, we search for dynamic features by analyzing relative eigenvalues of the cross-correlation matrix. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> In this study, we analyze 50 extracranial electroencephalographic recordings from 24 patients with different types of focal epilepsy, separating the data into different frequency bands. Thereby we construct a multiband cross-correlation matrix, evaluate stability of the correlation structures and the time evolution of relative eigenvalues using a running window approach. <b><i>Results:</i></b> We find a consistent, pronounced average cross-correlation pattern that is independent of the physiological state, is subject-independent, and is highly similar across different frequency bands. In contrast, dynamic features of brain activity are encoded in deviations from this baseline pattern, expressed by relative eigenvalues along the whole spectrum. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> We associate the stable background pattern as the dynamics upon (or close to) the attractor dynamics, necessary to maintain the brain in an efficient operational mode. Transient dynamical features are expressed by temporal deviations from this pattern. Our results are congruent with the hypothesis that the brain is a complex system operating close to a critical point of a phase transition.</p>","PeriodicalId":9155,"journal":{"name":"Brain connectivity","volume":"15 9-10","pages":"362-377"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145511499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brain connectivityPub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-11-06DOI: 10.1177/21580014251392894
Kristina A Kritskaya, Sergei G Gaidin, Artem M Kosenkov, Valery P Zinchenko, Sergei A Maiorov, Liubov V Generalova, Evgenii A Generalov, Denis P Laryushkin
{"title":"Ephaptic Coupling Contributes to the Propagation of Paroxysmal Depolarization Shifts <i>In Vitro</i>.","authors":"Kristina A Kritskaya, Sergei G Gaidin, Artem M Kosenkov, Valery P Zinchenko, Sergei A Maiorov, Liubov V Generalova, Evgenii A Generalov, Denis P Laryushkin","doi":"10.1177/21580014251392894","DOIUrl":"10.1177/21580014251392894","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Paroxysmal depolarization shifts (PDSs), correlated with interictal epileptiform discharges, involve significant membrane potential changes and action potentials. While synchronicity is crucial in paroxysmal activity, the precise function of PDSs and their propagation mechanisms, especially non-synaptic pathways like ephaptic coupling, remains poorly understood. This study investigates the role of ephaptic coupling in PDS propagation in hippocampal cultures, focusing on voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) subtypes. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> PDSs were induced in hippocampal neurone-glial cultures using bicuculline. The outside-out patch-clamp technique was used to record PDS activity at varying distances from the neuronal network. The effects of L-type (nifedipine) and T-type (ML-218) VGCC inhibitors on PDS amplitude and frequency were assessed. Membrane capacitance and resistance were monitored to verify the outside-out configuration. <b><i>Results:</i></b> PDSs could be recorded up to 16 µm from the network, with amplitude decreasing exponentially with distance. PDS frequency remained constant. Blocking L-type VGCCs completely abolished PDS activity at a distance, while T-type VGCC inhibition significantly reduced PDS amplitude. The transition from whole-cell to outside-out configuration was confirmed by a significant decrease in membrane capacitance. <b><i>Discussion:</i></b> The findings suggest that ephaptic coupling contributes to PDS propagation <i>in vitro</i>, with L-type VGCCs playing a critical role in field-mediated signal transmission. Constant PDS frequency with varying amplitude at a distance highlights a potential synchronization mechanism during epileptiform activity. Further research should investigate the interplay between ion channels and the extracellular environment during ephaptic coupling, paving the way for brain stimulation-based therapies. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Research demonstrates that ephaptic coupling can propagate PDSs in hippocampal neurone-glial cultures, highlighting a promising mechanism for understanding epileptiform foci. This finding is critical for comprehending how these foci form and expand, and it also opens avenues for developing brain stimulation-based therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":9155,"journal":{"name":"Brain connectivity","volume":" ","pages":"339-350"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145450556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brain connectivityPub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-09-16DOI: 10.1177/21580014251376731
Daniëlle Evenblij, Michael Lührs, Reebal W Rafeh, Amaia Benitez Andonegui, Deni Kurban, Giancarlo Valente, Bettina Sorger
{"title":"Two Seconds to Speak: Increasing Communication Speed for fMRI-Based Brain-Computer Interfaces.","authors":"Daniëlle Evenblij, Michael Lührs, Reebal W Rafeh, Amaia Benitez Andonegui, Deni Kurban, Giancarlo Valente, Bettina Sorger","doi":"10.1177/21580014251376731","DOIUrl":"10.1177/21580014251376731","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) can provide alternative, motor-independent means of communication for people who have lost motor function. A promising variant is the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-based BCI, which exploits information on hemodynamic brain activity evoked by performing different mental tasks. However, due to the sluggish nature of the hemodynamic response, a current challenge is to make these BCIs as efficient and fast as possible to allow useful clinical application. Furthermore, there is yet no consensus on optimal mental-task selection for multi-voxel pattern analysis-based decoding, nor whether certain tasks generalize well across users, or if individualized task selection would yield a higher decoding accuracy. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> To increase BCI efficiency, we tested whether distributed patterns of 3T-fMRI brain activation evoked by two-second mental tasks could be reliably discriminated in 2- to 7-class classification. In addition, we identified optimal mental-task combinations for high-accuracy classification across all classes. Finally, we examined whether individualized task selection-based on subjects' previous decoding performance (<i>accuracy-based</i> tasks) or their subjective preference (<i>preference-based tasks</i>)-was superior to the other in a yes/no communication paradigm. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The 2-class decoding resulted in a mean accuracy of 78% and 3- to 7-class accuracies were above chance level. Mental calculation and spatial navigation were most frequently associated with the highest decoding accuracy. Furthermore, subjects could encode yes/no answers using their <i>accuracy-based</i> and <i>preference-based</i> tasks with mean accuracies of 83% and 81%, respectively. This implies that this paradigm, using short encoding durations, is well-suited to the diversity of patients and could greatly increase BCI efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":9155,"journal":{"name":"Brain connectivity","volume":" ","pages":"283-299"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145069065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}