Breastfeeding Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Human Milk Cannabinoid Concentrations and Associations with Maternal Factors: The Lactation and Cannabis (LAC) Study.","authors":"Elizabeth A Holdsworth, Anna Berim, David R Gang, Janet E Williams, Caroline B Smith, Beatrice Caffé, Olivia Brooks, Celestina Barbosa-Leiker, Mark A McGuire, Michelle K McGuire, Courtney L Meehan","doi":"10.1089/bfm.2024.0021","DOIUrl":"10.1089/bfm.2024.0021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background and Objectives:</i></b> As cannabis use increases among reproductive-aged women, there is a growing need to better understand the presence of cannabinoids in milk produced by women using cannabis. It is unclear how concentrations of cannabinoids such as delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹-THC) persist in milk after cannabis use and what factors contribute to variation in milk Δ⁹-THC concentrations. Our objectives were to measure cannabinoids in human milk following cannabis abstention, after single and repeated instances of cannabis use, and identify factors contributing to concentration variation. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The Lactation and Cannabis (LAC) Study prospectively observed 20 breastfeeding participants who frequently used cannabis (≥1/week), had enrolled <6 months postpartum, were feeding their infant their milk ≥5 times/day, and were not using any illicit drugs. Participants collected a baseline milk sample after ≥12 hours of abstaining from cannabis and five milk samples at set intervals over 8-12 hours after initial cannabis use. Participants completed surveys and recorded self-directed cannabis use during the study period. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Δ⁹-THC peaked 120 minutes after a single instance of cannabis use (median, <i>n</i> = 9). More instances of cannabis use during the study period were associated with greater Δ⁹-THC area-under-the-curve concentrations (ρ = 0.65, <i>p</i> = 0.002), indicating Δ⁹-THC bioaccumulation in most participants. Baseline Δ⁹-THC logged concentration was positively associated with self-reported frequency of cannabis use (<i>b</i> = 0.57, <i>p</i> = 0.01). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Cannabinoids are measurable in human milk following cannabis use, and concentrations remain elevated with repeated cannabis use over a day. Substantial variation in Δ⁹-THC milk concentrations reflects individual differences in characteristics and behavior, including average postpartum frequency of cannabis use.</p>","PeriodicalId":9142,"journal":{"name":"Breastfeeding Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140874458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Latching Medical Students onto a Virtual Breastfeeding Elective During the COVID-19 Pandemic.","authors":"Suet Kam Lam, Jessica MacWilliams, Lauren C Larkin-Baker, Heidi Szugye, Lydia Furman","doi":"10.1089/bfm.2024.0074","DOIUrl":"10.1089/bfm.2024.0074","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objectives:</i></b> To describe the implementation of a successful two-week virtual breastfeeding elective for medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic and characterize student demographics, objective knowledge, and perspectives on breastfeeding before and after the elective. <b><i>Study Design:</i></b> We adapted the Santa Rosa Kaiser Permanente Family Medicine breastfeeding residency curriculum to create a two-week virtual medical student elective using Kern's six steps of curriculum development and a competency-based education framework. Educational components included self-paced modules, shadowing experiences, and group didactics. Objective knowledge was assessed with multiple-choice tests before and after the elective compared using a paired <i>t</i>-test. Reflective writing pieces were qualitatively analyzed using the six phases of thematic analysis developed by Braun and Clarke. <b><i>Results:</i></b> From 2020 to 2023, 40 medical students completed the elective. Breastfeeding knowledge increased significantly from the pre-test 72% (95% CI: 52-92%) to post-test 91% (95% CI: 81-100%) (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Over 90% of students felt that learning objectives were met well or very well and agreed or strongly agreed that the elective increased their knowledge and confidence in providing anticipatory guidance to breastfeeding parents. Similar themes were shared across students' reflective writing pieces, with nearly 30% (<i>n</i> = 23) of the student essays addressing socio-cultural and racial differences in beliefs surrounding breastfeeding. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> A virtual breastfeeding curriculum for medical students is well-received by stakeholders (patients, lactation consultants, students, etc.) and improves breastfeeding knowledge and confidence. A virtual elective is an innovative and effective way to deliver breastfeeding education and can be used even when institutional breastfeeding or lactation support is unavailable.</p>","PeriodicalId":9142,"journal":{"name":"Breastfeeding Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140847138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recommendations of Health Care Professionals on the Issue of Breastfeeding in BRCA Carriers.","authors":"Moran Echar, Amihood Singer, Sagi-Dain Lena","doi":"10.1089/bfm.2024.0076","DOIUrl":"10.1089/bfm.2024.0076","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Purpose:</i></b> Breastfeeding is associated with numerous short- and long-term neonatal and maternal health benefits. Specifically, in <i>BRCA1/2</i> female carriers, breastfeeding has been shown to reduce the considerably increased risks of breast and ovarian cancer. Nevertheless, there is paucity of data referring to the recommended postpartum surveillance of <i>BRCA1/2</i> carriers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the recommendations of health professionals regarding breastfeeding in <i>BRCA</i> carriers. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This cross-sectional survey was conducted using an anonymous questionnaire distributed through the \"Good <i>BRCA</i> Genes-a support and information group for <i>BRCA</i> carriers\" association. The questionnaire included Likert scale and open-ended questions, aimed to evaluate the performance of health professionals at various aspects of the recommended follow-up. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Of the 388 participants, 233 (60.0%) expressed dissatisfaction with explanations provided by health professionals regarding pregnancy and breastfeeding. Women reporting dissatisfaction with explanations were younger (36.8 ± 7.0 years) compared to those satisfied with the explanations (38.8 ± 7.6 years, <i>p</i> = 0.0081). No significant differences were noted between women satisfied and those dissatisfied with the explanations in terms of age of genetic diagnosis, origin, religion, geographic location, and the rates of personal or familial cancer history. Of the 175 responses to an open question \"please describe the reasons for unsatisfactory explanation,\" 76.6% stated they received no explanation on the subject, whereas 5.4% described minimal explanation or conflicting recommendations. Surprisingly, 4.7% recalled being advised to avoid, stop, or limit breastfeeding. <b><i>Discussion:</i></b> The results of this survey emphasize the lack of knowledge of health professionals on the issue of breastfeeding in <i>BRCA</i> carriers. As genetic variants in these genes involve significant proportion of the population (up to 2.5% in Ashkenazi Jewish population), raising the awareness of health care personnel to the benefits of breastfeeding in these women seems prudent.</p>","PeriodicalId":9142,"journal":{"name":"Breastfeeding Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141295523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunosuppressants and Breastfeeding.","authors":"Philip O Anderson","doi":"10.1089/bfm.2024.0132","DOIUrl":"10.1089/bfm.2024.0132","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9142,"journal":{"name":"Breastfeeding Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140874459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Breast Milk Odor on the Pain and Stress Levels of the Newborn During the Endotracheal Suction Procedure.","authors":"Büşra Deniz, Arzu Sarıalioğlu","doi":"10.1089/bfm.2023.0325","DOIUrl":"10.1089/bfm.2023.0325","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objective:</i></b> The study aimed to determine the effect of the breast milk odor on the pain and stress levels of the newborn during the endotracheal suction procedure. <b><i>Method:</i></b> The study was conducted in the randomized-controlled experimental design at the neonatal intensive care unit of the hospital in eastern Turkey between March 2022 and December 2023. The study population included newborns at the 37th to 41st gestational weeks who were receiving mechanical ventilation treatment in the neonatal intensive care unit of a hospital in eastern Turkey. All newborns who met the inclusion criteria during the data collection phase were included in the study. The study was completed with 88 newborns (44 in the intervention group and 44 in the control group). The Newborn Introductory Information Form, ALPS-Neo Newborn Pain and Stress Assessment Scale, and follow-up form were used to collect the study data. The breast milk odor of the mothers of the newborns was used as the intervention group in the study. The mothers of the newborns were contacted to obtain breast milk, and the information was obtained from the mother on the day of the procedure. One milliliter of breast milk was taken and dropped into a sterile sponge, and it was held 10 cm away from the baby's nose from 5 minutes before to 5 minutes after endotracheal suction. A routine endotracheal suction process was performed in the control group. Ethical principles were followed in the study. <b><i>Results:</i></b> We found that the intervention group's pain and stress score averages were lower than the control group during and after the endotracheal suction procedure (<i>p</i> < 0.05). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> We found that the breast milk odor reduced the pain, stress levels, and crying duration of newborns during the endotracheal suction process.</p>","PeriodicalId":9142,"journal":{"name":"Breastfeeding Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140206363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Maternal Secretor Status and Human Milk Oligosaccharides on Early Childhood Development: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Martin M Mulinge, Hellen K Abisi, Hellen M Kabahweza, Lydia Okutoyi, Dalton C Wamalwa, Ruth W Nduati","doi":"10.1089/bfm.2023.0274","DOIUrl":"10.1089/bfm.2023.0274","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Breast milk is the gold standard of infant nutrition, delivering nutrients and bioactive molecules as needed to support optimal infant growth and cognitive development. Increasing evidence links human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) to these early childhood development milestones. <b><i>Aims:</i></b> To summarize and synthesize the evidence relating to HMOs and infant brain development, physical growth, and cognitive development. In addition, HMO concentrations in secretor and nonsecretor mothers were compared via a meta-analysis. <b><i>Study Design:</i></b> A systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out in accordance with the PRISMA statement. This review used three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) and was limited to English-language articles published between 2000 and June 30, 2023. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The initial searches yielded 245 articles, 27 of which were included in the systematic review and 12 in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed a substantial between-study heterogeneity, <i>I</i>² = 97.3%. The pooled effect was 0.21 (95% CI: -0.41 to 0.83; <i>p</i> = 0.484), indicating that secretors had higher HMO concentrations, although this difference was not statistically significant. At one month of age, 2'FL, 3FL, and 3'SL play an important role in brain maturation and thus play a critical role in cognitive development. Secretors produce higher concentrations of 2'FL and 3'SL, explaining the benefits to infants of secretor mothers. Growth velocity was correlated to fucosylated and sialylated HMO concentrations, with lower concentrations linked to stunting. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> According to evidence from the systematically reviewed articles, HMOs are essential for a child's early development, but the extent to which they have an impact depends on maternal secretor status.</p>","PeriodicalId":9142,"journal":{"name":"Breastfeeding Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140847139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of a Person's Lactation History on Later-Life Development of Alzheimer's Disease: An Integrative Review.","authors":"Moira Donovan, Diane L Spatz","doi":"10.1089/bfm.2023.0284","DOIUrl":"10.1089/bfm.2023.0284","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objective:</i></b> The purpose of this integrative review is to assess the existing evidence regarding the effects of a person's lactation history on later-life development of Alzheimer's disease. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The authors searched the electronic databases PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Scopus, and Excerpta Medica dataBASE, and performed backward reference searches using search terms such as, \"Alzheimer's disease, dementia,\" and \"breastfeeding, lactation.\" Authors selected relevant records through the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria and reading the titles, abstracts, or records in full. <b><i>Results:</i></b> In total, 400 articles were identified, and 10 articles meeting inclusion criteria were analyzed. Authors extracted data following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and scored levels of evidence according to Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt. Data were organized according to themes of <i>breastfeeding duration, ever having breastfed, and indirect effects of breastfeeding</i>. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Breastfeeding may have neuroprotective effects for the lactating person and reduce the risk of later-life development of Alzheimer's disease. However, future research is necessary to determine the generalizability of this association.</p>","PeriodicalId":9142,"journal":{"name":"Breastfeeding Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140850451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of White Noise on Anxiety Levels and Breastfeeding Success of Primiparous Mothers Having Vaginal Delivery: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"Nuket Ekici, Filiz Süzer Özkan","doi":"10.1089/bfm.2023.0309","DOIUrl":"10.1089/bfm.2023.0309","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objective:</i></b> In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of white noise on anxiety levels and breastfeeding success of primipara mothers having vaginal delivery. <b><i>Design:</i></b> The research was conducted using a randomized controlled experimental design. <b><i>Setting:</i></b> The research was conducted at a public hospital located in western Turkey. <b><i>Participants:</i></b> Sixty primipara mothers, who were between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation, who had a vaginal delivery, and who gave birth to a healthy newborn weighing 2,500-4,000 g, were included in the study as participants. <b><i>İnterventions:</i></b> The mothers and their babies in the study group (30) were made to listen to white noise with a CD player during breastfeeding in the first hour after delivery and 24 hours after delivery. <b><i>Measurements:</i></b> Measurements were performed before, during, and after breastfeeding. A descriptive information form, the State Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Scale, and the \"LATCH Breastfeeding Diagnostic and Evaluation Scale\" were applied to the mothers by the researcher and the observer. In this way, breastfeeding success and anxiety levels were measured. <b><i>Results:</i></b> There was a statistically significant difference between the study group listening to white noise and the control group in terms of the mean STAI-I, observation 2, and observation 4 scores (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Also, it was found that the mean LATCH, observation 1, and observation 2 scores in the control group were significantly lower than the mean LATCH, observation 1, and observation 2 scores in the study group (<i>p</i> < 0.001). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> As a result of the research, it was determined that white noise was an effective method in increasing breastfeeding success and reducing anxiety levels. In this direction, white noise can be used by health care professionals as a supportive method for breastfeeding.</p>","PeriodicalId":9142,"journal":{"name":"Breastfeeding Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140334712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations of Early Gut Microbiome and Metabolome with Growth and Body Composition of Preterm Infants Within the First 6 Months.","authors":"Xinhui Guo, Junyan Han, Luyang Hong, Yihuang Huang, Shujuan Li, Lan Zhang, Weili Yan, Ping Dong, Yi Yang, Yun Cao","doi":"10.1089/bfm.2023.0258","DOIUrl":"10.1089/bfm.2023.0258","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objectives:</i></b> This study aimed to explore the associations of growth and body composition with gut microbiome and metabolome in preterm infants. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> A prospective cohort study including 73 human milk-fed very preterm infants was conducted. During hospitalization, fecal samples were collected to detect microbes and metabolites using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Growth and body composition indices were measured at term equivalent age (TEA) and 6 months of corrected age (CA). Associations of the fecal microbiome and metabolome profiles with growth and body composition indices, as well as their changes, were analyzed. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A higher abundance of <i>Streptococcus</i> was associated with a lower fat-free mass (FFM) <i>z</i>-score at 6 months of CA (<i>p</i> = 0.002) and a smaller increase in FFM <i>z</i>-score from TEA to 6 months of CA (<i>p</i> = 0.018). Higher levels of 3'-sialyllactose and 6'-sialyllactose (6'-SL) in feces were correlated with a lower <i>z</i>-score of percentage body fat (PBF) (<i>p</i> = 0.018 and 0.020, respectively) and a lower z-score of fat mass (<i>p</i> = 0.044 and 0.043, respectively) at 6 months of CA. A higher level of 6'-SL in feces was correlated with a greater increase in FFM <i>z</i>-score from TEA to 6 months of CA (<i>p</i> = 0.021). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> This study sheds light on the role of specific microbial-host interactions in metabolic changes in preterm infants, indicating the potential role of sialylated human milk oligosaccharides in optimizing body composition.</p>","PeriodicalId":9142,"journal":{"name":"Breastfeeding Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140157488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of an Early Human Milk Diet on the Duration of Parenteral Nutrition and Incidence of Late-Onset Sepsis in Very Low Birthweight (VLBW) Infants: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Roisin Coyne, William Hughes, Helen Purtill, Deirdre McGrath, Colum P Dunne, Roy K Philip","doi":"10.1089/bfm.2023.0290","DOIUrl":"10.1089/bfm.2023.0290","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Human milk is the preferred source of enteral nutrition for very low birthweight (VLBW) infants, and it possibly decreases dependence on parenteral nutrition (PN) and reduces incidence of late-onset sepsis (LOS). No systematic review to date has specifically addressed the value of early versus late introduction of human milk diet (HMD) on duration of PN and incidence of LOS among VLBW infants. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> To review the evidence for an early versus late introduction of HMD on duration of PN and incidence of LOS in VLBW infants. <b><i>Method:</i></b> Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis-guided search of EMBASE and PubMed/Medline databases was conducted for this systematic review using phrases addressing population, intervention, comparator, and outcome framework to identify articles published over the past two decades without language restrictions. Full-text articles (both observational and randomized) that studied an early versus late initiation of HMD were included. Mean difference (MD) and relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for PN and LOS. Quality of evidence was analyzed using UK National Service Framework and the risk-of-bias was assessed using Robvis^®. <b><i>Results:</i></b> One randomized controlled trial (RCT) and two observational studies (two English and one Chinese) recruited 474 VLBW infants (455 analyzed). Among an intrauterine growth-restricted cohort enrolled in the RCT (<i>n</i> = 72), early HMD resulted in statistically significant reduction in PN dependence. However, no statistically significant difference was found in LOS. Two observational studies found similar reductions in PN duration and LOS incidence among the early HMD cohort. One observational study reported significant PN reduction; however, the incidence of LOS did not reach statistical significance in either case. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> An early HMD may reduce the duration of PN for a growth-restricted VLBW cohort. Observational studies suggesting reduced PN and LOS from early HMD endorse the need for bioactivity-focused human milk research. Variations in feeding guidelines among VLBW infants have the potential to influence neonatal outcomes significantly.</p>","PeriodicalId":9142,"journal":{"name":"Breastfeeding Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140861884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}