Breastfeeding MedicinePub Date : 2025-02-01Epub Date: 2024-11-27DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2024.0188
Azam Siddiqui, Judith Voynow, Nayef Chahin, Allison Williams, Jie Xu, Demitra Chavez, Lauren Carroll, Karen D Hendricks-Muñoz
{"title":"Greater and Earlier Exposure of Mother's Own Milk Compared to Donor Human Milk Moderates Risk and Severity of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia.","authors":"Azam Siddiqui, Judith Voynow, Nayef Chahin, Allison Williams, Jie Xu, Demitra Chavez, Lauren Carroll, Karen D Hendricks-Muñoz","doi":"10.1089/bfm.2024.0188","DOIUrl":"10.1089/bfm.2024.0188","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a common complication of preterm very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Mother's own milk (MOM) may mitigate the severity of BPD. Pasteurized donor human milk (PDHM) is often used as an alternative when MOM is unavailable with limited information on the influence of PDHM on BPD risk and severity. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> To compare the influence of MOM to PDHM on risk and severity of BPD in preterm VLBW infants. <b><i>Design/Methods:</i></b> A retrospective chart review of preterm (<34 weeks) and VLBW (<1,500 g) infants born at the Children's Hospital of Richmond from 2019 to 2021 was performed. The analysis included demographics, type and timing of nutrition received (MOM, PDHM, Formula), and incidence/severity of BPD based on National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD) definition. Data analysis used chi-square, linear regression, and a multinomial logistic regression test. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A total of 200 infants met inclusion criteria, of which 116 (58%) had no BPD, 34 (17%) had mild BPD, 32 (16%) had moderate BPD, and 18 (9%) had severe BPD. Infants exposed to MOM within the first 3 days and within the first 7 days of life had lower incidence of moderate to severe BPD when compared to those with no MOM exposure (<i>p</i> = 0.02, <i>p</i> = 0.04). The percent of MOM received throughout hospitalization moderated the incidence of BPD (<i>p</i> = 0.01, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) [-0.14, -0.02]), such that as the percent of MOM received increased, the effect of gestational age on severity of BPD decreased. In contrast, the percent of PDHM received throughout hospitalization did not moderate BPD incidence (<i>p</i> = 0.61, 95% CI [2.28, 3.43]). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> These results identify that earlier and greater total exposure to MOM, but not PDHM, was associated with decreased moderate to severe BPD in <34-week preterm VLBW infants.</p>","PeriodicalId":9142,"journal":{"name":"Breastfeeding Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"111-117"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142738399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Breastfeeding MedicinePub Date : 2025-02-01Epub Date: 2024-11-26DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2024.0028
Lucíola Sant'Anna de Castro, Bernardo Lessa Horta, Rebeca de Freitas Paiva, Ana Carolina Lavio Rocha, Mina Desai, Michael G Ross, Kelly Pereira Coca
{"title":"Donor Human Milk Fat Content Is Associated with Maternal Body Mass Index.","authors":"Lucíola Sant'Anna de Castro, Bernardo Lessa Horta, Rebeca de Freitas Paiva, Ana Carolina Lavio Rocha, Mina Desai, Michael G Ross, Kelly Pereira Coca","doi":"10.1089/bfm.2024.0028","DOIUrl":"10.1089/bfm.2024.0028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Donor human milk is increasingly being utilized for both preterm and term infants when mother's milk is unavailable. With the rising prevalence of maternal overweight and obesity, it is crucial to evaluate the relationship between maternal body mass index and the fat and energy content of donor human milk. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> To assess the impact of maternal body mass index on human milk fat content. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A cross-sectional study was carried out using retrospective data from women who made their first human milk donation at ≥15 days postpartum at a human milk bank in São Paulo, Brazil, from January 2018 to December 2020. Data of sociodemographic, obstetric, health, and anthropometric measures were collected by the human milk bank staff. Milk fat and energy content were determined using the crematocrit test. Analysis of variance and multiple linear regression were used to compare means of crematocrit and fat. We determined the <i>p</i>-values using a test of heterogeneity and linear trend and presented the one with the lower <i>p</i>-value. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Most donors were between 25 and 35 years old, had higher education, were employed, and lived with a partner. At the time of milk donation, 40.9% of women were overweight or obese. The fat (1.09 g/dL) and energy (9.83 kcal/dL) content of human milk were higher in obese donor compared with eutrophic donors. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The fat and energy content of human milk were associated with maternal body mass index, suggesting the potential value for selective use of high fat and high calorie donor milk for very low birthweight or premature infants.</p>","PeriodicalId":9142,"journal":{"name":"Breastfeeding Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"126-132"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142715266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Breastfeeding MedicinePub Date : 2025-02-01Epub Date: 2024-11-18DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2024.0340
Gabriela Alvarado
{"title":"How Workplaces Should Design Lactation Rooms: A Wishlist Informed by Clinical Practice, Maternal Health Research, and Personal Experience as a Breastfeeding Mom.","authors":"Gabriela Alvarado","doi":"10.1089/bfm.2024.0340","DOIUrl":"10.1089/bfm.2024.0340","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9142,"journal":{"name":"Breastfeeding Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"88-90"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142646757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Breastfeeding MedicinePub Date : 2025-01-01Epub Date: 2024-11-27DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2024.0265
Modia Batterjee, Haya Zedan
{"title":"Distinguishing Between Lactation Failure and Breastfeeding Cessation: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Modia Batterjee, Haya Zedan","doi":"10.1089/bfm.2024.0265","DOIUrl":"10.1089/bfm.2024.0265","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Interchangeable terminology and definitions of breastfeeding difficulties may inadvertently influence premature cessation of breastfeeding. Lactation failure is a distinct concept from breastfeeding cessation, and it is vital to differentiate between them, especially in educating health care professionals in communicating and supporting mothers perinatally. <b><i>Purpose:</i></b> Comprehensively review varying terminology and definitions, providing a more nuanced understanding of lactation failure versus breastfeeding cessation, and highlighting physiological and social, emotional, mental, and commercial factors that influence breastfeeding outcomes. <b><i>Method:</i></b> A scoping review of published literature from medical and scientific databases such as MEDLINE (via PubMed), Scopus, and Web of Science from 2000 to 2023. <b><i>Results:</i></b> <i>N</i> = 476 publications were collected during the identification phase; <i>N</i> = 49 from 28 countries around the world met the inclusion criteria and were used in the review. Only <i>N</i> = 13 studies ventured definitions for the terms used. Factors affecting breastfeeding were categorized as physiological leading to lactation failure and distinguished from social, mental, emotional, or commercial factors leading to breastfeeding cessation. <b><i>Recommendations and Conclusions:</i></b> Understanding the complexity of the factors underlying lactation failure and breastfeeding cessation can be improved by delineating the terminology and definitions variations used to communicate, provide awareness, education, design and delivery of interventions and support for initiation, and continuation of breastfeeding. Further in-depth research and analysis of the complex issues and factors influencing breastfeeding practices is required.</p>","PeriodicalId":9142,"journal":{"name":"Breastfeeding Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"5-18"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142738385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Breastfeeding MedicinePub Date : 2025-01-01Epub Date: 2024-10-31DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2024.0278
Musa Özsavran, Tülay Kuzlu Ayyıldız
{"title":"Breastfeeding Experiences of Mothers of Children with Down Syndrome: A Qualitative Study.","authors":"Musa Özsavran, Tülay Kuzlu Ayyıldız","doi":"10.1089/bfm.2024.0278","DOIUrl":"10.1089/bfm.2024.0278","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Purpose:</i></b> It is known that despite the benefits of breast milk and breastfeeding, children with Down syndrome (DS) are breastfed less than other children are. More information is needed to reveal the problems experienced regarding breastfeeding in this group of children and take precautions. The purpose of this study was to learn about the breastfeeding experiences of mothers of children with DS. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The study was carried out by conducting in-depth interviews with 17 women who met the inclusion criteria in Turkey between September 1 and December 1, 2023. Content analysis was used to analyze the data. <b><i>Results:</i></b> As a result of the content analysis, five themes emerged. These themes were changing of body and emotions, why doesn't my baby suck?, I have to breastfeed my baby, I am not alone, and experiences should be shared. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> It was determined that mothers of children with DS experienced problems/difficulties due to individual, baby-related, and environmental factors. The positive effects of breastfeeding children with DS can be made prevalent in society by supporting these mothers.</p>","PeriodicalId":9142,"journal":{"name":"Breastfeeding Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"50-58"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142543671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Breastfeeding MedicinePub Date : 2025-01-01Epub Date: 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2024.0214
Ayşe Çuvadar, Zühal Çamur, Refiye Zafer Dinçkol
{"title":"Oral Care Performed with Breast Milk in Preterm Newborns Fed by Tube: A Randomized Controlled Study.","authors":"Ayşe Çuvadar, Zühal Çamur, Refiye Zafer Dinçkol","doi":"10.1089/bfm.2024.0214","DOIUrl":"10.1089/bfm.2024.0214","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objective:</i></b> This study examined the effect of breast milk on oral care practices in neonatal intensive care units. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This study involved 64 preterm infants (intervention/breast milk: 32, control/distilled water: 32) and was carried out with a prospective, parallel, randomized controlled design. The \"Newborn Oral Health Assessment Tool (NOHAT)\" was used to assess oral care. The Mann-Whitney <i>U</i> test, continuity correction test, Fisher's exact test, independent-samples <i>T</i> test, and Wilcoxon signed ranks test were used to analyze the data. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Examining the oral care performed using breast milk and distilled water with NOHAT scores, it was determined that there was a significant difference in the intervention group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> It is recommended to use breast milk for oral care.</p>","PeriodicalId":9142,"journal":{"name":"Breastfeeding Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"73-79"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142495145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Breastfeeding MedicinePub Date : 2025-01-01Epub Date: 2024-10-24DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2024.0229
Deborah Hamilton, Jaime Pérez, Lydia Furman
{"title":"Reducing Disparities in Breastfeeding: \"Breast for Success\" Excels a Second Time.","authors":"Deborah Hamilton, Jaime Pérez, Lydia Furman","doi":"10.1089/bfm.2024.0229","DOIUrl":"10.1089/bfm.2024.0229","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Breastfeeding is a key public health priority with known racial inequities. Despite the well-described and far-reaching health benefits of breastfeeding for mothers and infants, rates of breastfeeding initiation, continuation, and exclusivity lag meaningfully among African American and Black (AA/B) women compared with other racial and ethnic groups due in main to current and historical structural racism. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The study objective was to assess the replicability of Breast for Success (BFS) on breastfeeding rates among home-visited low-income predominantly AA/B mothers. The BFS Excels a Second Time (BEST) trial was an observational study conducted at the Neighborhood Health Association, Toledo, OH, enrolling expectant women (June 2022-March 2023, followed to October 2023) participating in the Moms and Babies First (MBF) Community Health Worker (CHW)-led home visiting program. The exposure, BFS, includes 11 CHW-delivered breastfeeding-supportive modules, breastfeeding supplies, and a postnatal lactation visit. All MBF mothers received BFS; those who agreed to data sharing were BEST participants. The outcomes were breastfeeding initiation, and breastfeeding continuation, and exclusivity at 1 month. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The majority of participants were AA/B (48, 83%), had an income <200% poverty level (55, 95%), and were unmarried (57, 98%); mean age was 25.8 years (SD 5.5). Of the 58 participants, 57 (98%) initiated breastfeeding and continued breastfeeding at 1 month postpartum; 53 (91%) were exclusively breastfeeding at 1 month postpartum. <b><i>Discussion:</i></b> BFS piggybacks seamlessly onto CHW-led home-visiting curricula and increased breastfeeding rates among women at high risk for not breastfeeding. Public health programs can add BFS to fill a critical curricular and impact gap with respect to breastfeeding support.</p>","PeriodicalId":9142,"journal":{"name":"Breastfeeding Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"19-24"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142495147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Breastfeeding MedicinePub Date : 2025-01-01Epub Date: 2024-12-26DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2024.0321
T Allen Merritt, Kimberly Hillyer, Mitchell Goldstein, Joseph Hageman
{"title":"Ongoing Litigation Regarding the Use of Cow's Milk Formulas and Necrotizing Enterocolitis: Issues of Product Liability and Proposed Requirement for Informed Consent.","authors":"T Allen Merritt, Kimberly Hillyer, Mitchell Goldstein, Joseph Hageman","doi":"10.1089/bfm.2024.0321","DOIUrl":"10.1089/bfm.2024.0321","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent litigation against the two major U.S. formula manufacturers regarding their products liability, in Gill v Abbott Laboratories and Watson v Mead Johnson, juries in two U.S. states have determined that these manufacturers' created products liability by their failure to warn parents and medical professionals that their formulas posed an increased risk for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). They asserted that their products are safe and effective. Juries in state courts in both cases awarded substantial monetary awards for punitive damage, economic and emotional harms to parents whose infant died after being fed \"premature special care formulas.\" The company's defense attorneys unsuccessfully asserted the doctrine of learned intermediaries, namely that it was neonatologists who ordered and/or administered these products to premature infants, thus causing NEC. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has regulatory authority over the formula manufacturing processes but does not grant \"approval\" status, as the FDA classifies these \"special care formulas\" as exempt because they are nutritional agents. While both cases are being appealed, the impact of these legal actions may discourage further \"special care formula\" development and may pose the future risk of physician malpractice allegations when an infant develops NEC after receiving a \"special care formula.\" In accordance with American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations, obtaining informed consent for formula use may mitigate some legal risks for neonatologists and other medical providers.</p>","PeriodicalId":9142,"journal":{"name":"Breastfeeding Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142892139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Breastfeeding MedicinePub Date : 2025-01-01Epub Date: 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2024.0189
Seun M Ajoseh, John Tasheyon Whesu, Maya Nicole Varnedore, Deepthi S Varma, Adetola F Louis-Jacques
{"title":"The Interaction of Race and Pregnancy Intentions on Breastfeeding Initiation Rates and Duration in the United States.","authors":"Seun M Ajoseh, John Tasheyon Whesu, Maya Nicole Varnedore, Deepthi S Varma, Adetola F Louis-Jacques","doi":"10.1089/bfm.2024.0189","DOIUrl":"10.1089/bfm.2024.0189","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Unintended pregnancy increases adverse perinatal health outcomes. Limited studies exist on the influence of pregnancy intention on breastfeeding. This study examines the interaction of Race and couples' pregnancy intention on breastfeeding initiation and duration. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Using the National Survey of Family Growth (2017-2019), we categorized breastfeeding into three categories (<i>never breastfed, breastfed for 6 months or less, and breastfed for more than 6 months</i>). Multinomial logistic regression and probability marginal effects were estimated across racial categories (Hispanics, non-Hispanic [NH] White, Black, and NH-others or multiracial). <b><i>Results:</i></b> The probability (Pr.) of never breastfeeding was the greatest among NH-Black women for all pregnancy intentions-both intended (Pr.: 0.34), mother-only (Pr.: 0.27), father-only (Pr.: 0.45), ambivalent (Pr.: 0.55), and neither intended (Pr.: 0.37). The probability of breastfeeding for 6 months or less is highest for Hispanics for both intended (Pr.: 0.41), NH-White for mother-only intended (Pr.: 0.49), Hispanics for father-only intended (Pr.: 0.56), ambivalent pregnancy intentions (Pr.: 0.60), and NH-others or multiracial for neither intended pregnancies (Pr.: 0.48). The probability of breastfeeding for more than 6 months is highest for NH-others or multiracial for both intended (Pr.: 0.50), ambivalent (Pr.: 0.49), and neither intended (Pr.: 0.36), while highest for NH-Black for mother-only intended (Pr.: 0.43). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Our study demonstrates the interaction of Race and couples' pregnancy intention on breastfeeding initiation and duration. Owing to the high volume of unintended pregnancies in the United States, the current study might help maternal and child healthcare providers understand the interaction between race and pregnancy intentions on breastfeeding initiation and duration in the United States.</p>","PeriodicalId":9142,"journal":{"name":"Breastfeeding Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"25-32"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142495148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Effect of Cannabis Consumption During Lactation on the Macronutrient Concentrations in Breast Milk.","authors":"Priyadharshini Narayanan, Kerri Bertrand, Jill Waalen, Christina Chambers, Karen Ferran, Gretchen Bandoli","doi":"10.1089/bfm.2024.0083","DOIUrl":"10.1089/bfm.2024.0083","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Human breast milk macronutrients play a vital role in the development of breastfed infants and are known to be influenced by several factors. There is limited information on the influence of cannabis use during lactation on these macronutrients. Given the rising use of cannabis among lactating women with its widespread legalization, this study aimed to examine the association of cannabis use during lactation on breast milk macronutrients. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> A cross-sectional study design was used and 637 breast milk samples with measured macronutrients were utilized. Of these, 165 samples that had detectable cannabis metabolites were defined as the study group, and 472 samples from mothers who did not report cannabis use and from mothers who reported cannabis use but did not have measurable metabolites of cannabis in their milk samples were defined as the control group. Multivariable linear regression models were used to assess the association of presence of cannabis metabolites with protein, carbohydrates, fat, and calories in breast milk. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Greater protein levels (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.112-0.376; <i>p</i> < 0.001) and lower fat levels (95% CI: -0.217, -0.018; <i>p</i> = 0.020) were found in the milk exposed to cannabis compared with reported nonexposure. The presence of cannabis was associated with an increase of 0.244 mg/dL in protein and a reduction of 11% in fats in breast milk. The levels of energy and carbohydrates were not significantly different among the two groups. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> This study demonstrated a statistically significant association between the presence of metabolites of cannabis in breast milk and protein and fat concentrations in breath milk. Further studies are required toward building the body of evidence to determine safety of cannabis use during lactation.</p>","PeriodicalId":9142,"journal":{"name":"Breastfeeding Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"33-41"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11971611/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142614715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}