Birth Defects Research最新文献

{"title":"Society for Birth Defects Research and Prevention 66th Annual Meeting.","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/bdr2.70050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bdr2.70050","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9121,"journal":{"name":"Birth Defects Research","volume":"118 Suppl 1 ","pages":"S1-S98"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147762167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential Effects of Prepubertal Exposure to Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid on the First Wave of Folliculogenesis in Young CD-1 Mice.","authors":"Bounleut Phanavanh, Jalina Moore, Amy Inselman, Xiaoqing Li, Kyung Sung, Pei-Hsuan Hung, Li You, Noriko Nakamura","doi":"10.1002/bdr2.70052","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bdr2.70052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) belongs to a group of synthetic chemicals referred to as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) that are known to degrade slowly. Exposure to PFOS has been reported to cause birth defects and disrupt female sex hormone levels in mice. However, to date, the direct effects of PFOS exposure on folliculogenesis in young animals have not been evaluated. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the potential effects of in utero and prepubertal exposure to PFOS on follicle development in juvenile, female mouse pups.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>ICR dams and young, female mouse pups were dosed with 0.1 mg/kg PFOS or saline (vehicle) via gavage beginning on gestation day (GD) 6 (plug positive = GD 0) through GD 17 (n = 11-17 per group) [in utero exposure] or postnatal day (PND) 7 (PND 0 = day of birth) through PND 21 (n = 22-29 per group) [prepubertal exposure]. Ovaries and blood were then collected from a pup/litter on PND 28 for analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were no adverse effects of PFOS exposure observed in the measured endpoints upon in utero exposure; however, statistically significant differences following prepubertal exposure were noted for serum estradiol levels, the total number of primordial follicles, and the transcript levels of Foxo1 and Gdf9.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The preliminary findings suggest that prepubertal exposure to PFOS may affect follicle development by disrupting estradiol production and altering Foxo1 and Gdf9 gene expression. Further studies will be important to examine the mechanisms underlying prepubertal exposure to PFOS on folliculogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":9121,"journal":{"name":"Birth Defects Research","volume":"118 5","pages":"e70052"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13147321/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147833621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal Fish Intake in the Year Prior to Conception and Birth Defects, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2011.","authors":"Dorothy Kim Waller, Zeyu Miao, Renata H Benjamin, Richard Finnell, Nithya Lakshmi Mohan Dass, Eirini Nestoridi, Marcia C de Oliveira Otto, Julie Peterson, Tunu Ramadhani, Mark A Canfield","doi":"10.1002/bdr2.70053","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bdr2.70053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Epidemiologic data on the association between maternal fish intake and birth defects are sparse. Our objective was to assess associations between maternal fish intake and 52 different birth defects, most of which have not been assessed previously.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using logistic regression, data was analyzed for 29,242 mothers of infants with birth defects and 10,973 mothers of control infants who participated in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS) and delivered between 1997 and 2011. We focused on associations between mothers who reported high fish intake of 2 or more servings of fish per week for the year prior to conception versus those who reported little or no fish intake and 52 birth defects. Each birth defect was analyzed separately.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among control mothers, 13.9% reported high fish intake and 31.3% reported eating very little or no fish. High fish intake was associated with lower odds of 9 birth defects (isolated heterotaxia, double outlet right ventricle transposition of the great arteries, total anomalous pulmonary venous return, Dandy Walker syndrome, holoprosencephaly, choanal atresia, cleft palate, craniosynostosis, and gastroschisis) with adjusted odds ratios (aORs) ranging from 0.32 to 0.83. An elevated association with high fish intake was observed for one birth defect (tricuspid atresia, aOR = 1.76; 95% CI 1.07, 2.89).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Based on our findings, consumption of 2 or more servings of fish per week may help to prevent certain types of birth defects. This conclusion is similar to the existing FDA (Food and Drug Administration) recommendation that women who are or can become pregnant should consume 2-3 servings of low mercury seafood per week. A large majority of pregnant women in this US (United States) based study did not meet the FDA recommendations for fish intake, suggesting that many of them may have benefited from increasing their consumption of seafood.</p>","PeriodicalId":9121,"journal":{"name":"Birth Defects Research","volume":"118 5","pages":"e70053"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13147488/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147833560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sirenomelia: A Review of European Prevalence Data and Epidemiological Analysis of 17 Cases Registered in Wales.","authors":"Chris Emmerson, Michael Olson, Ceri Williams, Robert Maddison, David Tucker, Llion Davies, Annie Perraud, Linda Bailey, Ciarán Humphreys, Rhian Hughes, Joanna Sichitiu, Madalen Oribe Amores, Ingeborg Barisic, Michele Santoro, Clara Cavero Carbonell, Elizabeth S Draper, Martin Haeusler, Isabelle Monier, Anna Latos-Bielenska, Carlos Matias Dias, Elly Den Hond, Elisa Ballardini, Mary O'Mahony, Isabelle Perthus, Judith Rankin, Anke Rissmann, Florence Rouget, Sarah Stevens, Jorieke E H Bergman, Diana Wellesley, Wladimir Wertelecki","doi":"10.1002/bdr2.70051","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bdr2.70051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sirenomelia is a rare congenital condition most notably characterized by a single lower limb. Previous studies have suggested a prevalence of approximately 1 per 100,000 births. However, in Wales 17 cases were recorded between 1998 and 2016, suggesting a higher rate of sirenomelia in this country.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study compared current prevalence of sirenomelia in Wales with European data. This study further reviewed detailed time, place, and person data on sirenomelia cases in Wales to investigate possible causal factors.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A retrospective cohort study from birth defect surveillance programs. Individual-level records for all welsh cases were examined for evidence of causal factors. Comparator data from other countries were obtained from EUROCAT (a European network of population-based registries for the epidemiological surveillance of congenital anomalies).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>European data from 24 national and regional registries of congenital anomalies included 97 cases of sirenomelia identified across 9.6 million births between 1998 and 2016, giving a prevalence rate of 1 per 100,000 (95% CI 0.83, 1.23). Five regions reported statistically significantly higher rates than that recorded across all registries, while one region reported a significantly lower rate. Small numbers of cases limit definitive statistical interpretation. Analysis of the Wales data did not identify common epidemiological factors between cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The contemporary prevalence of sirenomelia across Europe is consistent with earlier studies at approximately 1 per 100,000 births (95% CI 0.83, 1.23). However, there is greater variation between regions than would be expected by chance. There remains no definitive evidence for causal environmental factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":9121,"journal":{"name":"Birth Defects Research","volume":"118 5","pages":"e70051"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13147492/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147833579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational Studies of Satureja hortensis Phytochemicals as Inhibitors of AP-1 (FOS/JUN) Activation in Valproic Acid Teratogenicity.","authors":"Vindya Nagarakere Shankara, Syed Sagheer Ahmed, Bharathi Doddla Raghunathanaidu","doi":"10.1002/bdr2.70054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bdr2.70054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Valproic acid (VPA) is a widely used antiepileptic drug and known teratogen that induces developmental defects in part via aberrant activation of the AP-1 (c-Fos/c-Jun) transcription factor pathway. We investigated whether phytochemicals from Satureja hortensis L. (summer savory) can modulate this pathway.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we employed structure-based computational methods to screen phytoconstituents of S. hortensis against the AP-1 (Fos/Jun) transcription factor.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Molecular docking predicted that the top ligands, cedrelanol and allo-aromadendrene, bound the DNA-bound AP-1 complex (1FOS) with affinities of -7.7 kcal/mol each, exceeding the -7.3 kcal/mol affinity of the reference inhibitor SR11302. Subsequent 100-ns molecular dynamics simulation of the cedrelanol-1FOS complex confirmed stable binding the protein backbone RMSD remained between 0.8-1.2 Å and the ligand RMSD stayed below 1.3 Å throughout the trajectory. MM/GBSA binding free energy analysis further indicated a highly favorable ΔG_binding of -75.04 kcal/mol for the cedrelanol-1FOS complex.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These integrated results highlight cedrelanol as a potent AP-1 modulator, providing a molecular basis for exploring S. hortensis terpenoids to mitigate VPA-induced teratogenic AP-1 hyperactivation. These findings suggest that S. hortensis phytochemicals as plausible inhibitors of AP-1, with potential implications for developing plant-derived agents to mitigate VPA teratogenicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":9121,"journal":{"name":"Birth Defects Research","volume":"118 5","pages":"e70054"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147833502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Joint Position Statement from the Society for Birth Defects Research and Prevention, the Organization of Teratology Information Specialists, and the Developmental Neurotoxicology Society: A Call for Implementation of Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies to Reduce Prenatal Exposure to Valproate.","authors":"Almut G Winterstein, Elizabeth Conover, Joan D Garey, Janet R Hardy, Lorrie Harris-Sagaribay, Vijaya Kancherla, Paige C Santos, Sonja A Rasmussen","doi":"10.1002/bdr2.70045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bdr2.70045","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9121,"journal":{"name":"Birth Defects Research","volume":"118 4","pages":"e70045"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147762242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Maternal Pertussis Vaccination on Neonatal Health Outcomes in the Dutch Pregnancy Drug Register","authors":"Petra J. Woestenberg,&nbsp;Veronique Y. F. Maas,&nbsp;Maud de Feijter,&nbsp;Leontine van Balveren,&nbsp;Maartje Conijn,&nbsp;Sanne Boetzkes,&nbsp;Anneke J. L. M. Passier,&nbsp;Agnes C. Kant","doi":"10.1002/bdr2.70042","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bdr2.70042","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The currently high pertussis-related morbidity and mortality among infants has led to increased international attention for pertussis vaccination during pregnancy. We studied the safety of maternal pertussis vaccination in the Netherlands with respect to neonatal health.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data from the cohort the Dutch Pregnancy Drug Register were used. Pregnant participants self-reported their pertussis vaccination and the health outcomes of their offspring. Participants with a singleton live birth ≥ 24 weeks gestation were included. Using log-binomial regression analysis and correction for confounders, we studied the risk of maternal pertussis vaccination on various neonatal health outcomes. Moreover, we compared differences in health outcomes between second and third trimester vaccinations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study population included 10,280 participants (74.8% vaccinated against pertussis during pregnancy and 25.3% not). The adjusted risk ratio (RR) was: 1.01 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.82–1.23) for small for gestational age; 0.90 (95% CI: 0.73–1.11) for large for gestational age; 0.86 (95% CI: 0.59–1.25) for low birth weight; 1.06 (95% CI: 0.90–1.25) for neonatal health problems, and 0.68 (95% CI: 0.47–0.99) for infant hospitalization due to (suspicion of) infection. Also for the secondary outcomes neonatal death, low Apgar score, and neonatal intensive care unit admission, no increased risk after maternal pertussis vaccination was observed. There was no difference in neonatal health outcomes between second and third trimester pertussis vaccinations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The maternal pertussis vaccination did not increase the risk of several adverse neonatal health outcomes, confirming the safety of pertussis vaccination during pregnancy with respect to neonatal health outcomes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9121,"journal":{"name":"Birth Defects Research","volume":"118 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13044326/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147590044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mind the Litter: The Critical Role of Intralitter Variables in Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology Research.","authors":"Lauren T L Brown, Megan E Cull, Delaine Pereira, Perri M Grant, Louise M Winn","doi":"10.1002/bdr2.70044","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bdr2.70044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Animal models remain essential for understanding developmental toxicology, providing insights into how in utero exposures affect fetal and placental outcomes. Litter-bearing species are widely used due to their efficiency and reproducibility, but conventional approaches often summarize outcomes at the litter level, masking meaningful within-litter variability.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This review highlights three primary sources of intralitter variability: litter size, uterine implantation location, and fetal sex, and their influence on fetal and placental growth, mortality, and malformations.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Larger litters restrict fetal growth through intrauterine competition, while toxicant-induced changes in litter size can obscure or exaggerate effects. Implantation location within uterine horns influences perfusion, nutrient delivery, and local exposure to hormones or toxicants, introducing spatially dependent vulnerability. Fetal sex further modifies responses, as male and female fetuses and placentas differ in growth trajectories, gene expression, and adaptive capacity, leading to sex-specific susceptibility to toxicants.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Ignoring these sources of variability risks overlooking subtle effects and vulnerable subpopulations, misinterpreting outcomes, and reducing the translational value of animal studies. We argue that incorporating intralitter variables into experimental design and statistical analyses enhances the accuracy, reproducibility, and interpretability of developmental toxicology research. By refining the use of animal models in line with the 3Rs framework, researchers can maximize the information gained per pregnancy and improve risk assessment for human maternal-fetal health.</p>","PeriodicalId":9121,"journal":{"name":"Birth Defects Research","volume":"118 4","pages":"e70044"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13083546/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147687626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Prevalence and Mortality Among Neonates and Children With Intestinal Atresia: A Multinational Study, 1974-2015.","authors":"Angie Carreño, Maria Paula Aguilera, Lina Ibañez, Karen Sarmiento, Juan A Gili, Csaba Siffel, Wendy N Nembhard, Jorieke E H Bergman, Eva Bermejo-Sánchez, Giovanna Tagliabue, Saeed Dastgiri, Marcia L Feldkamp, Stephanie Pocius, Miriam Gatt, Laura Martínez, María Aurora Canessa, Boris Groisman, Karin Källén, Danielle Landau, Nathalie Lelong, Margery Morgan, Jazmín Arteaga-Vázquez, Michele Santoroi, Anke Rissmann, Antonin Sipek, Elena Szabova, Wladimir Wertelecki, Mark A Canfield, Pierpaolo Mastroiacovo, Ignacio Zarante","doi":"10.1002/bdr2.70032","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bdr2.70032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Small intestinal atresia (SIA) consists of a congenital obstruction of the lumen of the duodenum, jejunum, or ileum with varying severity. The aim of the investigation was to analyze the prevalence and mortality of SIA, using data from the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research (ICBDSR).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data on SIA cases were collected from 25 ICBDSR members' surveillance programs in 17 countries over 1974-2015. All pregnancy outcomes were included, but terminations of pregnancy were not available for 11 programs. Statistical analysis is descriptive, and the prevalence is established by the total of SIA cases divided by the total of births. The survival time was calculated, and mortality was analyzed individually using the Kaplan-Meier method for comparison.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The total prevalence of SIA was 2.1 per 10,000 births. Iran had the highest prevalence with 11.5 per 10,000 total births (95% CI: 9-14.1); on the other hand, the lowest prevalence of SIA was in Mexico-Nuevo Leon with 0.5 per 10,000 births (95% CI: 0.3-0.8), and Cali-Colombia had zero cases. In South America, a higher prevalence of SIA was estimated compared to what was reported in 2000. Most deaths occurred between Day 2 and 6, except in Bogotá-Colombia, Spain, UK-Wales, and Mexico, where the deaths occurred on Day 1. The mortality in the first year was 4.3%, but the specific causes of death were not determined in this study.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The prevalence of SIA was about 2.1 per 10,000 births during a 41-year period in 25 centers, with variations in prevalence according to geographical locations. Future research is suggested to analyze changes in trends and the impact of early diagnosis and treatment in mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":9121,"journal":{"name":"Birth Defects Research","volume":"118 4","pages":"e70032"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13094396/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147721612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Teratogen Update: Fever in Pregnancy","authors":"Peeraya Sawangkum,&nbsp;Lilla Markel,&nbsp;Khush Shah,&nbsp;Sarah G. Običan","doi":"10.1002/bdr2.70041","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bdr2.70041","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Maternal fever is a common occurrence during pregnancy, but evidence increasingly links even transient hyperthermia to adverse fetal outcomes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This review examines data from animal and human studies on the association between maternal hyperthermia and structural birth defects, neurodevelopmental disorders, fetal growth restriction, and pregnancy loss.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A narrative review of published literature evaluating maternal hyperthermia and pregnancy outcomes was conducted, including both experimental animal models and observational human studies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The teratogenic effects appear to be dose- and timing-dependent, with greatest vulnerability during the first trimester. Reported associations including neural tube defects, craniofacial anomalies, and congenital heart defects as well as neurodevelopmental disorders, fetal growth restriction, and pregnancy loss. Proposed mechanisms include heat-induced cellular stress and maternal immune activation, both of which can disrupt embryonic development. Folic acid supplementation and antipyretic use are associated with reduced risk.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although the evidence is derived from observational studies and limited by difficulty of measuring temperatures, the consistency of findings from different models support the biologic plausability of a teratogenic effect of maternal fever. The variability in exposure assessment and confounding factors, including maternal comorbidities, remain important limitations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Maternal fever is a potentially modifiable risk factor for advere pregnancy outcomes. Preventative strategies that include preconception folic acid supplementation and maternal fever management are supported by the current literature. Further research is needed to define critical exposure windows and the impact of materanal comorbidities.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":9121,"journal":{"name":"Birth Defects Research","volume":"118 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147520046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}