Bioresources and Bioprocessing最新文献

{"title":"Screening and identification of significant media components using Plackett-Burman design for enhanced extracellular protease production by Bacillus sp. MTCC 511 under mutagenic stress conditions.","authors":"Amarish Kumar Sharma, Ajay Kumar, Manoj Kumar Jena","doi":"10.1186/s40643-026-01134-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40643-026-01134-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Statistical screening of media components is essential for identifying the key variables that govern protease yield from Bacillus species. We used a 12-run Plackett-Burman Design (PBD) to screen ten independent variables-dipotassium phosphate, monopotassium phosphate, ammonium sulphate, sodium nitrate, magnesium sulphate heptahydrate, calcium chloride, carbon source, nitrogen source, agitation speed, and pH-for their effects on extracellular protease production by Bacillus sp. MTCC 511 under four mutagenic stress conditions: thermal treatment at 70 °C and 80 °C (10 min each) and UV irradiation (2 and 3 min).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Enzyme activity was quantified by Folin-Ciocalteu assay against a tyrosine standard (R2 = 0.998). The highest protease activity, 8.66 U/mL, was recorded under 3-min UV irradiation in a medium containing starch (1%), yeast extract (0.1%), K₂HPO₄ (0.05 M), KH₂PO₄ (0.05 M), (NH₄)₂SO₄ (0.05 M), NaNO₃ (0.1 M), MgSO₄·7H₂O (0.002 M), and CaCl₂ (0.002 M) at pH 9 and 120 rpm, representing a 20.6-fold improvement over the unsupplemented basal medium. ANOVA showed R2 > 97% for the 70 °C, 80 °C, and UV-3 min models; the UV-2 min model was statistically inadequate (R2 = 56.52%). Pareto analysis pointed to agitation speed, NaNO₃, MgSO₄·7H₂O, and carbon source as the most influential factors. Pearson correlation between thermal and UV-3 min responses (r = 0.72-0.83) is consistent with previously described σ^B-dependent stress-response pathways.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The PBD screening efficiently identified significant factors whose effects are consistent with established regulatory mechanisms including nitrogen catabolite repression, carbon catabolite repression, and dissolved oxygen-dependent secretion. Follow-up response surface optimization is warranted to characterize factor interactions and identify the global optimum.</p>","PeriodicalId":9067,"journal":{"name":"Bioresources and Bioprocessing","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13650091/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149134601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The promotion effect of carbon quantum dots derived from maize stalks on the photosynthesis of maize growth.","authors":"Shuaijie Wang, Xiuping Li, Lihong Guo, Yanfang Li, Baohe Li, Mingcai Zhang, Jie Duan, Qi Dong, Libo Han, Caixia Di","doi":"10.1186/s40643-026-01138-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-026-01138-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study described the preparation of water-soluble carbon quantum dots (CQDs) from maize stalks via a hydrothermal method at 200 °C for 10 h. The prepared CQDs exhibited an average particle size of 2.03 nm with a graphene structure, and the surfaces contained hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups. For the aqueous solution of CQDs at a concentration of 100 mg/L, the optimal excitation wavelength was 410 nm, and the maximum emission wavelength was 495 nm. By utilizing the down-conversion luminescence properties of CQDs to enhance photosynthesis in maize growth, it was found that the optimal CQD concentration was 25 mg/L when maize seedlings were sprayed with CQDs at different concentrations for 7 days. The maize plant height, leaf area, leaf length, leaf circumference, chlorophyll content, Hill reaction activity, total photosynthetic rate, and net photosynthetic rate significantly increased by 43.2%, 25.6%, 31.2%, 27.3%, 35.2%, 45.5%, 29.8% and 46.6% compared with the CK, respectively. This work developed and demonstrated a feasible strategy for synthesizing cost-effective CQDs and may offer a potential benefit for early-stage corn seedling growth under controlled conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":9067,"journal":{"name":"Bioresources and Bioprocessing","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13627616/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149103916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continuous autotrophic production of alcohols with Clostridium autoethanogenum LAbrini in a submerged membrane bioreactor.","authors":"Anne Oppelt, Nadja Sommer, Anna Stock, Daniel Bischoff, Dirk Weuster-Botz","doi":"10.1186/s40643-026-01128-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40643-026-01128-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Due to the generally low growth rates of acetogens, conventional batch and continuously operated syngas fermentation processes in suspension cultures, e.g., stirred tank bioreactors, typically result in low cell concentrations and, thus, limited volumetric productivities (space-time yields). To increase cell concentrations in syngas fermentations, a continuously operated submerged microfiltration membrane bioreactor (MBR) was applied on a L-scale with C. autoethanogenum LAbrini for the production of alcohols. Cell retention was achieved by inserting a sintered metal microfiltration rod into a standard stirred-tank bioreactor. A batch phase followed by continuous operation with full cell retention until 95% CO conversion was used to start the MBR operation with partial cell retention. Three continuous syngas fermentation processes were operated until a quasi-steady state was achieved with total process times of up to 10 days. Higher cell (4.4 g L^-1), ethanol (4.8 g L^-1), and D-2,3-butandiol (0.9 g L^-1) concentrations, and very much improved volumetric productivities were achieved at a medium dilution rate (1.4 d^-1) below the maximum growth rate of C. autoethanogenum LAbrini, compared to an autotrophic batch process used as reference. However, at a medium dilution rate (2.8 d^-1) above the maximum growth rate, solely the volumetric productivities were improved, e.g., 7.73 g L^-1 d^-1 ethanol compared to 0.44 g L^-1 d^-1 in the reference batch process. The start-up time of the MBR operation with partial cell retention was successfully reduced by applying an initial mixotrophic batch phase with fructose as a heterotrophic carbon source. The submerged microfiltration membrane rod made of sintered metal, applied here for the first time in a stirred-tank bioreactor for cell retention, demonstrated long-term operational stability in continuous gas fermentations with cell concentrations up to 4.4 g L^-1. Due to its low specific membrane area of ~ 70 cm² L^- 1, the scalability of a submerged MBR is facilitated, especially when operated at the relatively low permeate flow rates of < 1.65 mL cm^-2 h^-1, as demonstrated here.</p>","PeriodicalId":9067,"journal":{"name":"Bioresources and Bioprocessing","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13615957/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149058229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated hydrothermal and microbial valorization of almond shells into xylooligosaccharides and cellobionic acid.","authors":"Sumit Sharma, Hamidreza Shapouri, Shirin Kazemzadeh Pournaki, Daniela Barile, Takao Kasuga, Zhiliang Fan","doi":"10.1186/s40643-026-01125-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40643-026-01125-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Almond shells are abundant lignocellulosic by-products with great potential for sustainable valorization. This study developed an integrated biorefinery process to produce xylooligosaccharides (XOS) and cellobionic acid (CBA) through hydrothermal pretreatment and fungal simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. Pretreatment under subcritical water conditions (165.9-194.1 ℃, 5.9-34.1 min) was optimized using response surface methodology and single-variable analysis. The optimal condition, selected to maximize XOS while minimizing xylose formation, was 180 ℃ for 8 min with 10% (w/v) solids, producing 18.1 ± 0.1 g/L XOS with a yield of 68.9 ± 0.3%. Low xylose (0.4 ± 0.0 g/L) and negligible glucose formation indicated selective oligomer production while preserving cellulose. The hydrolysate contained mainly short-chain XOS, with degrees of polymerization ranging from DP2 to DP10, and was particularly enriched in xylotriose and xylotetraose. Pretreated solids containing cellulose (15 g/L, ~ 46.3 mM) were converted to CBA using the engineered thermophilic fungus Thermothelomyces heterothallica TH-11 at 40 ℃ without enzyme addition. CBA production reached 31.8 ± 0.6 mM with a yield of 89.0 ± 0.5% based on cellulose consumed. These results demonstrate an environmentally friendly strategy for converting almond shells into value-added oligosaccharides and sugar acids, supporting circular bioeconomy development in the agri-food sector.</p>","PeriodicalId":9067,"journal":{"name":"Bioresources and Bioprocessing","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13615271/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149058258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disruption or partitioning? Deep eutectic solvent biphasic systems for integrated seaweed biorefineries.","authors":"Isa S A Hiemstra, Wimar Reynaga-Navarro, Rene H Wijffels, Michel H M Eppink, Antoinette Kazbar","doi":"10.1186/s40643-026-01139-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40643-026-01139-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, a DES-based biphasic system (FABU) was evaluated for the multiproduct extraction of compounds from Saccharina latissima. The system combined a hydrophobic fatty-acid phase (dodecanoic acid-octanoic acid, FA) for fucoxanthin extraction with a hydrophilic betaine-urea-phase (BU) for alginate recovery, together with citric acid pretreatment for fucoidan and mannitol recovery. While fucoxanthin partitioning into the FA phase was limited (41-58 µg g^- 1), a substantially higher fucoxanthin concentration (563 ± 8 µg g^- 1) was recovered during the subsequent alkaline extraction step. This behaviour indicates that the DES-based system likely acts as a medium that enhances biomass permeability rather than directly promoting partitioning. Chromatographic profiles further showed enhanced fucoxanthin preservation relative to conventional pigment extraction, suggesting a protective role of the DES matrix. These findings highlight a decoupling between biomass disruption and solubilisation in DES-based systems. Our research shows new opportunities to deploy biphasic DES systems as powerful pretreatment platforms within integrated seaweed biorefineries, thereby offering a new strategy for preserving and recovering sensitive compounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":9067,"journal":{"name":"Bioresources and Bioprocessing","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13615259/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149058261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of pulsed electric field pretreatment followed by cellulase hydrolysis for enhanced protein recovery and antioxidant activity from brown seaweed (Undaria pinnatifida).","authors":"Antony Rinthiya Mariadavid, Maya Malikhaturohmah, Hye-Ryeon An, Sana Mansoor, Giovanni Luzi, Jae Hak Sohn, Khawaja Muhammad Imran Bashir, Jae-Suk Choi","doi":"10.1186/s40643-026-01140-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40643-026-01140-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Undaria pinnatifida is a promising brown seaweed due to its relatively high protein content and functional bioactive compounds. However, efficient recovery of these components is limited by its rigid, polysaccharide-rich cell wall structure. In this study, pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment followed by cellulase hydrolysis was investigated as a sequential approach to enhance protein extraction and antioxidant functionality from U. pinnatifida. PEF conditions were optimized by varying electric field strength, pulse width, pulse repetition frequency, treatment duration, seaweed loading, and pretreatment conditions to maximize protein release. The optimized conditions were 3 kV cm^-1 electric field strength, 10 µs pulse width, 100 Hz pulse repetition frequency, and 60 s treatment duration, using 100 g of seaweed pretreated by mechanical cutting followed by 2 days of soaking in 3.5% saline solution. Under these conditions, protein concentration reached 493 ± 2.06 µg mL^-1. The optimized PEF treatment required 0.18 kJ of electrical energy and achieved an energy efficiency of 684.72 ± 2.78 mg protein kJ^-1. Subsequent cellulase hydrolysis further enhanced protein extraction, with the PEF + 1% cellulase treatment yielding 1307 ± 38.62 µg mL^-1, compared with 870 ± 42.38 µg mL^-1 for 1% cellulase alone, 512 ± 15.94 µg mL^-1 for PEF alone, and 275 ± 10.46 µg mL^-1 for the untreated control. Thus, the combined treatment produced approximately 50%, 155%, and 375% higher protein concentrations than 1% cellulase alone, PEF alone, and the untreated control, respectively. Antioxidant activity assessed separately using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays also showed the highest responses for the combined treatment, with 52.08 ± 2.68% DPPH radical-scavenging activity, 51.00 ± 1.08% ABTS radical-scavenging activity, and 679 ± 1.08 µM Fe²⁺ equivalents in the FRAP assay. Overall, the optimized sequential PEF-cellulase treatment substantially improved protein extraction and produced the highest antioxidant responses among the treatments investigated, demonstrating its potential for enhancing the recovery of protein and antioxidant-active components from U. pinnatifida under laboratory-scale conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":9067,"journal":{"name":"Bioresources and Bioprocessing","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13598030/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149023858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced production of phomapyrrolidone a through culture-condition optimization and morphological regulation in Didymella sp. FATR0054.","authors":"Weiyan Zhou, Zhongyuan Chen, Jiacheng Guo, Yiming Yang, Fan Yang, Xiujuan Xin, Liwei Zhuang, Lizhi Gong, Faliang An","doi":"10.1186/s40643-026-01132-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40643-026-01132-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phomapyrrolidone A (Ppd A) is a hirsutellone-type macrocyclic alkaloid derived from marine fungi, exhibiting significant activity against triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, its low fermentation yield has limited further drug development. This study established a systematic optimization strategy integrating medium optimization, mycelial morphology regulation, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to enhance Ppd A production by the marine-derived filamentous fungus Didymella sp. FATR0054. Medium composition and fermentation parameters were optimized, increasing shake-flask production from 4.52 mg/L to 289.36 mg/L. The process was successfully scaled up in a 5-L bioreactor. Exogenous co-supplementation further increased production by 26% to 365 mg/L. Morphological regulation proved critical for productivity. Mechanical pre-grinding of the seed culture reduced mycelial pellet diameter to approximately 1 mm, creating compact and uniform pellets. This increased Ppd A production to 389.25 mg/L, representing an 86-fold improvement. CFD analysis of the interactions among the flow field, fungal pellet diameter distribution, and product formation identified 450 rpm as a candidate operating compromise for the current 5-L bioreactor, based on the simulated spatial uniformity of the Ppd A concentration field, local energy dissipation, and pellet fragmentation. This study establishes an integrated fermentation intensification strategy combining experimental optimization and flow-field modeling for large-scale production of Ppd A and process regulation in filamentous fungal fermentation.</p>","PeriodicalId":9067,"journal":{"name":"Bioresources and Bioprocessing","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13590468/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149011774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimized microwave pretreatment and ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction for efficient valorization of Citrus paradisi peel bioactives.","authors":"Saira Zumar, Faiza Imtiaz, Abdulrahman A Almehizia, Ahmad A Assiri, Arfaa Sajid, Qaisar Manzoor, Syed Tauseef Saeed","doi":"10.1186/s40643-026-01137-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40643-026-01137-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study presents a sustainable approach for recovering bioactive compounds from grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) peel using a glycerol-glucose-based deep eutectic solvent as a green extraction medium. Spectroscopic characterization confirmed the formation of stable hydrogen-bonded eutectic networks within the solvent systems. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a Box-Behnken design was employed to systematically investigate the effects of solvent concentration, solvent-to-solid ratio, and extraction time on phytochemical recovery and antioxidant activity. The extraction process was successfully optimized using RSM, with the optimum conditions identified as 74% water-content Aq-DES, 20 min sonication time, and a solvent-to-solid ratio of 35 mL/g. Under these conditions, the optimized extract exhibited total phenolic and flavonoid contents of 86.33 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g DW and 5.93 mg rutin equivalents (RE)/g DW, respectively, along with strong antioxidant activities, achieving 87.40% scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and 55.09% scavenging of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals. The developed RSM models demonstrated strong statistical adequacy and reliable predictive performance. Furthermore, the optimized extracts exhibited notable antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi, producing inhibition zones of 21 and 20 mm, respectively, in the undiluted extract. Overall, the findings demonstrate that glycerol-glucose deep eutectic solvent based microwave pretreated ultrasound-assisted extraction provides an efficient, rapid, and environmental friendly strategy for valorizing grapefruit peel waste into high-value antioxidant and antimicrobial products, with promising potential for applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.</p>","PeriodicalId":9067,"journal":{"name":"Bioresources and Bioprocessing","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13586089/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148987893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valorization of Miscanthus × giganteus hydrolysates into heme-enriched yeast biomass and extract using xylose-fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae.","authors":"Suk-Chae Jung, Hyunjoon Oh, Sungjun Kim, Shuchi Singh, Vijay Singh, Soo Rin Kim, Ting Lu, Hyun Gi Koh, Yong-Su Jin","doi":"10.1186/s40643-026-01133-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40643-026-01133-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heme-enriched microbial products represent value-added bioproducts that can be produced through sustainable fermentation processes. Current microbial heme production platforms rely mainly on refined sugars and downstream purification, limiting cost-effectiveness. Here, we developed a lignocellulosic hydrolysate-based bioprocess for producing heme-enriched yeast extract using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The xylose-fermenting S. cerevisiae SR8 accumulated approximately twofold higher specific intracellular heme on xylose than on glucose, reaching 0.25 ± 0.02 mg/g dry cell weight (DCW) compared with 0.13 ± 0.01 mg/g DCW, consistent with reduced Crabtree repression and enhanced respiratory metabolism. During fed-batch cultivation with Miscanthus × giganteus hydrolysates, residual glucose control suppressed ethanol overflow and promoted biomass formation, resulting in 17.5 ± 0.4 g/L DCW, a specific heme content of 0.20 ± 0.01 mg/g DCW, and a heme titer of 3.4 ± 0.1 mg/L. This performance exceeded that of a mock hydrolysate with identical sugar composition. Autolysis of the resulting biomass produced a lyophilized yeast extract containing 36 ± 2 µg heme/g, exceeding the heme content of the commercial yeast extract tested and supported comparable microbial growth. These results indicate that downstream heme recovery during yeast extract production remains a key bottleneck for improving the overall process efficiency and product heme density. Among the downstream extraction methods tested, high-pressure homogenization most effectively enhanced heme release. Overall, these results demonstrate lignocellulosic hydrolysate valorization into heme-enriched yeast extract and identify downstream recovery as a key target for process optimization.</p>","PeriodicalId":9067,"journal":{"name":"Bioresources and Bioprocessing","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13578150/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148975556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanistic investigation of UV-irradiated neem oil against microbial biofilms and A431 skin cancer cells via Bax/Bcl2/caspase-3 modulation.","authors":"Samy Selim, Aisha M H Al-Rajhi, Sulaiman A Alsalamah, Mutasem S Almehayawi, Mohammed H Alruhaili, Hattan S Gattan, Alaa A Kashmiry, Manal J Kiki, Ruba Abdulrahman Ashy, Sahar Abdulaziz Alshareef","doi":"10.1186/s40643-026-01111-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40643-026-01111-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neem oil (Azadirachta indica) possesses antimicrobial and anticancer properties, but its clinical translation is limited by variable chemical profile and suboptimal bioavailability. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is a green, non-thermal physical modification technique that can alter phytochemical composition and bioactivity. The study aimed to characterize chemical changes induced by UV irradiation (254 nm, 120 min) in neem oil and evaluate the enhanced antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and anticancer activities against A431 skin cancer cells, including mechanistic insights into cell cycle arrest and Bax/Bcl-2/caspase-3 signaling. Crude and UV-irradiated neem oils were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities were tested against five pathogens including Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris and Candida albicans. Antiproliferative activity against A431 cells was assessed by MTT assay, cell cycle analysis (flow cytometry), and qRT-PCR for Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3. UV irradiation induced oxidation, cis-to-trans isomerization, and formation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyls (FTIR), along with new bioactive compounds: isochiapin B (3.88%) and a steroid derivative (9.40%) by GC-MS. UV-neem oil significantly enhanced antimicrobial activity (inhibition zones up to 30 mm), reduced MIC/MBC up to eightfold (MRSA, MIC: 125 → 15.6 µg/mL), and showed superior biofilm inhibition (91-95% at 25% MBC). UV-neem oil exhibited a lower IC₅₀ (154.4 vs. 179.3 µg/mL), induced stronger S-phase arrest (S-phase reduced to 9.45%), upregulated Bax (5.26-fold) and caspase-3 (7.65-fold), and downregulated Bcl-2 (0.53-fold). UV irradiation transforms neem oil into a more potent antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and pro-apoptotic agent against A431 cells via oxidative and isomeric modifications. This green photochemical approach offers a promising strategy to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of plant oils.</p>","PeriodicalId":9067,"journal":{"name":"Bioresources and Bioprocessing","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13578163/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148975638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}