Bioresources and Bioprocessing最新文献

{"title":"Microbial cell factories for gamma-linolenic acid biosynthesis: metabolic engineering, downstream processing, and future perspectives.","authors":"Jie Qiao, Wei Wang, Peiyao Duan, Zhili Zhang, Rongrong Yang, Haiyang Cui, Xiujuan Li","doi":"10.1186/s40643-026-01146-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40643-026-01146-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) is a vital anti-inflammatory polyunsaturated fatty acid, yet its traditional supply from plant seeds such as evening primrose and borage is constrained by low yields and climatic instability. Consequently, microbial cell factories present a sustainable and season-independent alternative for scalable GLA production. This review critically synthesizes recent biotechnological advancements in utilizing oleaginous microorganisms as production platforms. It systematically elucidates the microbial lipid biosynthesis pathways and evaluates strategies to enhance GLA accumulation, with particular emphasis on rational metabolic engineering. Furthermore, emerging technologies for microbial lipid production, alongside the latest progress in industrial-scale applications, are thoroughly examined. Finally, comprehensive insights are provided to guide the optimization of the entire value chain, ranging from upstream strain engineering to downstream processing.</p>","PeriodicalId":9067,"journal":{"name":"Bioresources and Bioprocessing","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13675456/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149206531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating dynamic modeling and continuous cultivation to enhance recombinant β-glucosidase production in Komagataella phaffii.","authors":"Eduardo Rocco-Martínez, Johan Quezada, Julio Berrios, Kenneth H Wolfe, Alvaro Díaz-Barrera, Carlos Martínez, Stephanie Braun-Galleani","doi":"10.1186/s40643-026-01147-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40643-026-01147-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cultivation under hypothermia has emerged as an interesting strategy for enhancing recombinant protein production in Komagataella phaffii, yet predictive approaches capable of integrating the effects of temperature and cell growth rate for rational bioprocess optimization remain limited. In this work, we investigated the influence of cultivation temperature on recombinant β-glucosidase (BGL1) production in the hybrid K. phaffii strain S467 by combining bioprocess characterization with dynamic mathematical modeling. Batch cultures performed at 20, 25 and 30 °C showed that hypothermia increased recombinant protein secretion while reducing biomass formation, revealing a trade-off between cell growth and product formation. To quantitatively describe these dynamics, a Droop-based model incorporating delayed coupling between substrate uptake and biomass synthesis was fitted using the experimental data. Model simulations predicted that continuous cultivation at 20 °C and a dilution rate of 0.045 h^-1 maximized the total secreted protein volumetric productivity. Chemostat experiments at selected conditions yielded biomass concentrations and total secreted protein productivities close to the simulated values, supporting the model-predicted trends and its potential as a tool for process optimization. Interestingly, the highest specific BGL1 activity was observed at the highest dilution rate despite a lower bgl1 transcript level and secreted protein production, suggesting that cultivation conditions influence recombinant protein traits through mechanisms beyond transcriptional regulation. Collectively, these results show that integrating experimental bioprocess characterization, predictive dynamic modeling and targeted molecular analyses provide an effective framework for rational optimization of recombinant protein production in this biotechnologically relevant yeast.</p>","PeriodicalId":9067,"journal":{"name":"Bioresources and Bioprocessing","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13672270/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149191094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kinetic modelling of Chlorella spp. wastewater treatment and resource recovery in the food industry.","authors":"Vera Lavelli, Zhi Zhou","doi":"10.1186/s40643-026-01145-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40643-026-01145-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Effluents generated in the food and beverage industry typically contain elevated concentrations of organic carbon sources and inorganic nutrients, representing a significant environmental burden as global food demand continues to rise. Owing to their capacity to effectively assimilate carbon and nutrients while simultaneously generating biomass with potential valorization pathways, Chlorella spp. offers a dual benefit of contaminant removal and resource recovery. However, existing algal studies remain predominantly at the laboratory scale, and their competitive advantages have not been demonstrated for full-scale implementation. Kinetic modelling represents an essential tool to elucidate algal growth behavior, optimize operational conditions, and predict performance of algal systems for accurate scale-up, but limited studies are available to comprehensively review kinetic models of Chlorella spp. In this review, kinetic models were synthesized, including sigmoidal growth models (Gompertz, logistic, and Verhulst), single-factor and inhibition models (Monod and Andrews), light-dependent photobioreactor models (Huisman), multifactor and interaction models for co-cultures (Lotka-Volterra). Kinetic parameters from these models were compiled to support consistent projections from lab-scale to industrial-scale systems, enabling future techno-economic analysis and life-cycle assessment of algal systems. Other emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning approaches, were also reviewed. The review also identified benchmark processes and outlined a decision tree for developing strategies to enhance resource recovery and phycoremediation performance. Finally, key research needs have been highlighted to guide future work in the field.</p>","PeriodicalId":9067,"journal":{"name":"Bioresources and Bioprocessing","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13669260/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149179355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomachining in manufacturing: mechanisms, processes, applications and future perspectives.","authors":"Jingyu Song, Hui Huang, Weibin Shi","doi":"10.1186/s40643-026-01143-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40643-026-01143-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biomachining (BM) is an emerging bio-assisted manufacturing approach that uses microbial metabolism and bioelectrochemical reactions to remove material under mild conditions. Due to its low mechanical loading and limited thermal effects, BM has potential in low-damage microfabrication, surface functionalization, microfluidic mold fabrication, abrasive tool dressing, and functional device modification. This review critically summarizes BM with respect to removal mechanisms, process technologies, modeling and optimization strategies, manufacturing applications, and engineering challenges. The biological and electrochemical mechanisms of BM are discussed first, followed by conventional and hybrid BM processes and their comparison with conventional and non-conventional machining technologies. Current applications are reviewed with emphasis on the gap between laboratory demonstrations and scalable industrial implementation. Major challenges include low removal efficiency, limited dimensional accuracy, unstable microbial activity, weak process controllability, contamination risk, waste treatment, and biosafety management. Future development should focus on standardized evaluation, microbial stability control, mechanism-data fusion modeling, hybrid process intensification, and dedicated equipment. Machine learning-assisted prediction, Internet of Things-enabled monitoring, digital twin-based closed-loop control, and sustainability/techno-economic validation are also important for moving BM toward controllable and scalable manufacturing.</p>","PeriodicalId":9067,"journal":{"name":"Bioresources and Bioprocessing","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13658698/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149164033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of a monolithic cellulose Janus-like membrane for oil/water separation.","authors":"Mamadou Souare, Changqing Dong, Xiaoying Hu, Junjie Xue, Junjiao Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s40643-026-01142-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40643-026-01142-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Janus membranes offer a good solution for oil/water mixtures due to their opposite wettability, but existing designs often suffer from limitations arising from complex, resource-intensive fabrication procedures. This study proposes a cellulose-based monolithic Janus-like membrane prepared by non-solvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) from cellulose acetate followed by alkaline deacetylation and unilateral silanization (TEOS/MTES). The resulting membrane exhibits asymmetric wettability (hydrophobic: 91°, hydrophilic: ~0°). Structural and chemical characterization (SEM, EDS, FTIR, and BET/BJH) confirms the formation of a siloxane-containing surface layer, the integrity of the cellulose network, and a distribution of the pores toward the nanoscale, with a specific surface area of 26.9 m²/g. Gravitational peanut oil/water tests reveal high fluxes (3300-5527 Lm^-2h^- 1) with an apparent volumetric oil-retention efficiency of up to 95%, while for water/hexane, the apparent volumetric oil-retention efficiency reached 96.93% with a flux of 3950.62 Lm^-2h^- 1. The membrane retains excellent mechanical robustness (3.50 MPa), with a breaking force of 5.23 N, withstanding repeated deformations including axial rolling, compression, and bending, without cracking or delamination. This Janus-like membrane mimics the properties of Janus membranes while relying on a simplified, energy-efficient, and environmentally friendly fabrication strategy, and could represent a promising option for efficient, sustainable, and high-performance oil/water separation.</p>","PeriodicalId":9067,"journal":{"name":"Bioresources and Bioprocessing","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13653026/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149147043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CRISPR-enhanced microalgae for carbon sequestration and carotenoid production: opportunities and fundamental constraints.","authors":"Nalinakshan Sreevidya Shruthy, Cheng-Di Dong, Ya-Ting Chen, Shu-Ling Hsieh, Reeta Rani Singhania, Anil Kumar Patel","doi":"10.1186/s40643-026-01136-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40643-026-01136-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microalgae represent a promising biological platform for CO₂ sequestration and the sustainable production of high-value metabolites, particularly carotenoids such as lutein and astaxanthin. However, industrial performance remains constrained by low carbon conversion efficiency, reduced photosynthetic performance, and competing metabolic fluxes that limit product yield. The emergence of CRISPR/Cas-based genome engineering has enabled precise and multiplexed modulation of microalgal metabolic networks, offering new opportunities to overcome these limitations. This review critically evaluates CRISPR-enabled engineering strategies for improving carbon assimilation, photosynthetic efficiency, and carotenoid biosynthesis in microalgae. We discuss advances in transformation and delivery systems across diverse species, CRISPR interference, CRISPR activation, and multiplexed pathway rewiring. Targeted modifications of light-harvesting complexes, carbon concentrating mechanisms, and key carotenoid biosynthetic enzymes are discussed with their reported impacts on biomass accumulation, CO₂ fixation, and pigment productivity. Emerging evidence indicates that while pathway-specific genetic interventions can significantly enhance metabolic accumulation, these improvements are often not proportionally reflected in whole-cell carbon fixation, revealing underlying constraints imposed by energy allocation, redox balance, and regulatory network coupling. Finally, we highlight the potential of synthetic regulatory circuits and programmable transcriptional control as next-generation tools for dynamic regulation of metabolic fluxes rather than static gene-level modifications. By integrating molecular engineering strategies with physiological and system-level constraints, this review provides a critical framework for developing robust microalgal cell factories for sustainable bioproduction and climate mitigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":9067,"journal":{"name":"Bioresources and Bioprocessing","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13652792/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149147507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physicochemical evaluation, GC-MS-based phytoconstituent analysis and network pharmacology study of Guduchi Arka: an ayurvedic hydro-distillate.","authors":"Deepa Sharma, Ganesh Dane, Smriti Tandon, Chandrashekhar Jagtap, Vijay Kumar, Suman Mondal, Akanksha Thakur, Vaibhav Charde, Hemant Rawat, Ravi Nahar, Sanjeev Kumar Lale, B S Sharma, Shruti Khanduri, T Maheshwar, N Srikanth, Rabinarayan Acharya","doi":"10.1186/s40643-026-01127-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40643-026-01127-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Guduchi Arka is a classical Ayurvedic hydro-distillate formulation with quick absorption and healing properties, prepared from Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers. Despite its long history of traditional use, the scientific community still lacks a complete set of quality parameters for its chemical composition and its molecular mechanisms. To overcome this problem, laboratory analysis and computer modelling parameters were used to investigate the quality, safety, and effectiveness of the formulation in treating fever and cold. Guduchi samples were obtained from three locations in India (Jhansi, Bengaluru, and Itanagar), and the raw materials were analysed to verify compliance with API standards. Authenticated Guduchi samples were processed arka preparation by using a standardised hydro-distillation method, and the resulting arka was assessed by physicochemical analysis, with a pH of 6.15-6.95, a specific gravity near 1.00, and an essential oil content of approximately 0.236%. Raw drugs and Arka preparations complied with standard API safety standards, as no pathogenic organisms were detected, heavy metals, pesticides, and aflatoxins were undetectable, and microbial content was below the standard API limit. GC-MS analysis of the arka formulation revealed a consistent and rich array of bioactive compounds, including 1-Eicosanol, α-Campholenal, o-toluric acid, Anethole, Estragole, Embelin, Nicolaioidesin A, (-)-Globulol, Paliclavine, and Chamazulene. To assess its therapeutic significance, 20 phytoconstituents of the Guduchi arka formulation were screened using network pharmacology and molecular docking. These compounds showed 248 overlapping targets with genes associated with fever and respiratory infections. The key regulatory proteins HSP90AA1, EGFR, and HSP90AB1 emerged as central nodes in the protein-protein interaction networks. To better validate the molecular docking study, robust biological interactions were observed: Nicolaiodesin A interacted effectively with EGFR (score: - 7.2 kcal/mol), whereas Embelin interacted effectively with HSP90AA1 (score: - 6.6 kcal/mol). Finally, this study demonstrates that Guduchi Arka is a highly standardised and safe formulation that retains all its healing phytochemicals during the distillation process. This study elucidates the mode of action of Guduchi Arka on immunity and inflammation, providing a solid scientific basis for its traditional use and future applications in herbal medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":9067,"journal":{"name":"Bioresources and Bioprocessing","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13653024/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149147167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening and identification of significant media components using Plackett-Burman design for enhanced extracellular protease production by Bacillus sp. MTCC 511 under mutagenic stress conditions.","authors":"Amarish Kumar Sharma, Ajay Kumar, Manoj Kumar Jena","doi":"10.1186/s40643-026-01134-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40643-026-01134-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Statistical screening of media components is essential for identifying the key variables that govern protease yield from Bacillus species. We used a 12-run Plackett-Burman Design (PBD) to screen ten independent variables-dipotassium phosphate, monopotassium phosphate, ammonium sulphate, sodium nitrate, magnesium sulphate heptahydrate, calcium chloride, carbon source, nitrogen source, agitation speed, and pH-for their effects on extracellular protease production by Bacillus sp. MTCC 511 under four mutagenic stress conditions: thermal treatment at 70 °C and 80 °C (10 min each) and UV irradiation (2 and 3 min).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Enzyme activity was quantified by Folin-Ciocalteu assay against a tyrosine standard (R2 = 0.998). The highest protease activity, 8.66 U/mL, was recorded under 3-min UV irradiation in a medium containing starch (1%), yeast extract (0.1%), K₂HPO₄ (0.05 M), KH₂PO₄ (0.05 M), (NH₄)₂SO₄ (0.05 M), NaNO₃ (0.1 M), MgSO₄·7H₂O (0.002 M), and CaCl₂ (0.002 M) at pH 9 and 120 rpm, representing a 20.6-fold improvement over the unsupplemented basal medium. ANOVA showed R2 > 97% for the 70 °C, 80 °C, and UV-3 min models; the UV-2 min model was statistically inadequate (R2 = 56.52%). Pareto analysis pointed to agitation speed, NaNO₃, MgSO₄·7H₂O, and carbon source as the most influential factors. Pearson correlation between thermal and UV-3 min responses (r = 0.72-0.83) is consistent with previously described σ^B-dependent stress-response pathways.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The PBD screening efficiently identified significant factors whose effects are consistent with established regulatory mechanisms including nitrogen catabolite repression, carbon catabolite repression, and dissolved oxygen-dependent secretion. Follow-up response surface optimization is warranted to characterize factor interactions and identify the global optimum.</p>","PeriodicalId":9067,"journal":{"name":"Bioresources and Bioprocessing","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13650091/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149134601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The promotion effect of carbon quantum dots derived from maize stalks on the photosynthesis of maize growth.","authors":"Shuaijie Wang, Xiuping Li, Lihong Guo, Yanfang Li, Baohe Li, Mingcai Zhang, Jie Duan, Qi Dong, Libo Han, Caixia Di","doi":"10.1186/s40643-026-01138-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-026-01138-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study described the preparation of water-soluble carbon quantum dots (CQDs) from maize stalks via a hydrothermal method at 200 °C for 10 h. The prepared CQDs exhibited an average particle size of 2.03 nm with a graphene structure, and the surfaces contained hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups. For the aqueous solution of CQDs at a concentration of 100 mg/L, the optimal excitation wavelength was 410 nm, and the maximum emission wavelength was 495 nm. By utilizing the down-conversion luminescence properties of CQDs to enhance photosynthesis in maize growth, it was found that the optimal CQD concentration was 25 mg/L when maize seedlings were sprayed with CQDs at different concentrations for 7 days. The maize plant height, leaf area, leaf length, leaf circumference, chlorophyll content, Hill reaction activity, total photosynthetic rate, and net photosynthetic rate significantly increased by 43.2%, 25.6%, 31.2%, 27.3%, 35.2%, 45.5%, 29.8% and 46.6% compared with the CK, respectively. This work developed and demonstrated a feasible strategy for synthesizing cost-effective CQDs and may offer a potential benefit for early-stage corn seedling growth under controlled conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":9067,"journal":{"name":"Bioresources and Bioprocessing","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13627616/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149103916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continuous autotrophic production of alcohols with Clostridium autoethanogenum LAbrini in a submerged membrane bioreactor.","authors":"Anne Oppelt, Nadja Sommer, Anna Stock, Daniel Bischoff, Dirk Weuster-Botz","doi":"10.1186/s40643-026-01128-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40643-026-01128-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Due to the generally low growth rates of acetogens, conventional batch and continuously operated syngas fermentation processes in suspension cultures, e.g., stirred tank bioreactors, typically result in low cell concentrations and, thus, limited volumetric productivities (space-time yields). To increase cell concentrations in syngas fermentations, a continuously operated submerged microfiltration membrane bioreactor (MBR) was applied on a L-scale with C. autoethanogenum LAbrini for the production of alcohols. Cell retention was achieved by inserting a sintered metal microfiltration rod into a standard stirred-tank bioreactor. A batch phase followed by continuous operation with full cell retention until 95% CO conversion was used to start the MBR operation with partial cell retention. Three continuous syngas fermentation processes were operated until a quasi-steady state was achieved with total process times of up to 10 days. Higher cell (4.4 g L^-1), ethanol (4.8 g L^-1), and D-2,3-butandiol (0.9 g L^-1) concentrations, and very much improved volumetric productivities were achieved at a medium dilution rate (1.4 d^-1) below the maximum growth rate of C. autoethanogenum LAbrini, compared to an autotrophic batch process used as reference. However, at a medium dilution rate (2.8 d^-1) above the maximum growth rate, solely the volumetric productivities were improved, e.g., 7.73 g L^-1 d^-1 ethanol compared to 0.44 g L^-1 d^-1 in the reference batch process. The start-up time of the MBR operation with partial cell retention was successfully reduced by applying an initial mixotrophic batch phase with fructose as a heterotrophic carbon source. The submerged microfiltration membrane rod made of sintered metal, applied here for the first time in a stirred-tank bioreactor for cell retention, demonstrated long-term operational stability in continuous gas fermentations with cell concentrations up to 4.4 g L^-1. Due to its low specific membrane area of ~ 70 cm² L^- 1, the scalability of a submerged MBR is facilitated, especially when operated at the relatively low permeate flow rates of < 1.65 mL cm^-2 h^-1, as demonstrated here.</p>","PeriodicalId":9067,"journal":{"name":"Bioresources and Bioprocessing","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13615957/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149058229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}