BMC Immunology最新文献

{"title":"The correlation between the systemic immune-inflammation index and relapse and metastasis in cervical squamous cell carcinoma patients over 50 years and older.","authors":"Yanjun Jiao, Yang He, Binyan Zhao, Liyan Sha","doi":"10.1186/s12865-025-00791-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12865-025-00791-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to confirm the association of systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) with relapse and metastasis of cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) in patients over 50 years and older.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study included 470 patients aged 50 years and older with CSCC who were treated at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University between January 2020 and January 2023. The patients were divided into two groups according to median SII: high SII (n = 235) and low SII (n = 235). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis, subgroup analysis, and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis were used to explore the association of SII with relapse and metastasis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The total population was 470, of which 161 (34%) relapsed and 133 metastasized (28.3%). Compared with low SII, high SII group had higher probability of relapse and metastasis (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that, after adjusting for all confounding factors, each additional standard deviation in SII increased the risk of relapse by 28.5%, and the risk of relapse was 1.568 times higher for high SII than for low SII (P < 0.05). In addition, each additional unit in log₁₀SII and LnSII increased the risk of metastasis by 178.4% and 56%, respectively (P < 0.05). Moreover, in subgroups of patients aged 65 years or older, postmenopausal, with uterine fibroids, without HPV infection, without hypertension, without diabetes, and without undergoing radical cervical cancer, higher levels of SII remained significantly associated with an increased risk of metastasis (P < 0.05). In addition, ROC analysis indicated that SII had a certain predictive value for both relapse and metastasis (AUC = 0.599 and 0.617).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Higher levels of SII are significantly associated with a higher risk of relapse and metastasis, indicating that SII may have important clinical value in the prognosis assessment of CSCC.</p>","PeriodicalId":9040,"journal":{"name":"BMC Immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12924460/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146084092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phylogeny-guided multi-epitope vaccine design targeting conserved and divergent regions of Brucella OMP2, OMP25, and OMP31: an immunoinformatics study.","authors":"Ali Doostmohammadi, Amir Samimi Hashjin, Behzad Shahbazi, Khadijeh Ahmadi, Mosayeb Rostamian, Mobina Majidian, Hamid Madanchi","doi":"10.1186/s12865-026-00806-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12865-026-00806-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Brucella is a zoonotic intracellular bacterial pathogen. Currently, no human vaccines for brucellosis are approved, and only animal vaccines are available. Despite the widespread use of live attenuated vaccines, several drawbacks have prompted investigation into outer membrane proteins (OMPs) as potential vaccine candidates. This study employs immunoinformatics to design a multi-epitope vaccine targeting conserved regions of the OMP2a, OMP2b, OMP1, OMP25, and OMP31 antigens against four common Brucella species. Helper T-lymphocyte (HTL), Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL), and B-cell epitopes of OMP31, OMP25, OMP2a, and OMP10 were predicted and analyzed. The selected epitopes form a multi-epitope design featuring a flexible linker, “GGSSGG,” which connects the epitopes. This construct was fused to the Cholera Toxin B subunit (CtxB) at the N-terminus as an adjuvant, while a His-tag at the C-terminus facilitates purification. The tertiary structure of the multi-epitope was then modeled and refined. The 3D structure and its sequence were evaluated for physicochemical properties, structural features, in silico cloning, B epitope prediction, immune response simulation, and molecular docking with toll-like receptors (TLRs). The stability of the construct-TLR interactions was assessed through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The final vaccine construct demonstrated antigenicity and non-allergenicity, along with satisfactory physicochemical properties, as it binds to TLR2/4 receptors and induces an in-silico immune response. MD simulations confirmed the stability of the docked complexes. While this multi-epitope vaccine candidate shows promise in eliciting various immune responses against brucellosis in silico, it is crucial to validate its efficacy through laboratory and animal model testing.</p>","PeriodicalId":9040,"journal":{"name":"BMC Immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12924265/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146059894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The efficacy analysis of immunotherapy rechallenge after progression from first-line chemo-immunotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer.","authors":"Wenhao Shi, Rui Kong, Jin Xiong, Yuan Peng, Zhenzhou Yang, Yusheng Huang","doi":"10.1186/s12865-026-00800-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12865-026-00800-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>INTRODUCTION: Combining immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) with chemotherapy has been established as the standard first-line (1 L) treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the optimal second-line (2 L) treatment following 1 L chemo-immunotherapy remained controversial. METHODS: Patients with advanced NSCLC who progressed following 1 L chemo-immunotherapy and continued to receive ICI as 2 L therapy were enrolled in the study. These patients were divided into two groups according to the therapeutic modality: chemo-immunotherapy plus anti-angiogenesis therapy group (CIA group) and chemo-immunotherapy group (CI group). Baseline characteristics were balanced using inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) to minimize selection bias before comparative analyses. The efficacy of immunotherapy rechallenge combination therapy was evaluated based on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were applied to determine predictive factors independently associated with survival outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 101 patients were enrolled in this study, 45 patients were enrolled in CIA group, and those who didn’t receive anti-angiogenesis drugs were defined as CI group (n = 56). Overall, Immunotherapy rechallenge reached a median OS of 19.47 months and median PFS of 7.10 months. The CIA group showed significantly longer PFS than the CI group (11.49 vs. 6.06 months, p = 0.03). Similar results in PFS were observed in the study cohorts balanced with IPTW (11.49 vs. 6.89, p = 0.01). Multivariate analyses revealed that prior immunotherapy response and smoking status could be independent prognostic factors for PFS. CONCLUSIONS: Immunotherapy rechallenge could bring survival benefits following progression under chemo-immunotherapy, especially those who responded to prior immunotherapy. Additionally, the use of anti-angiogenesis drugs could significantly improve the clinical response of immunotherapy rechallenge.</p>","PeriodicalId":9040,"journal":{"name":"BMC Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"17"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12918556/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146059913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PHLDB1 and WDFY4 as dual-state biomarkers in SLE pathogenesis and lupus nephritis prediction.","authors":"Jianzhao Zhai, Lei Zhang, Wei Jia, Yue Pan, Ping Zhang, Qingyu Zou, Yongkang Wu","doi":"10.1186/s12865-026-00804-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12865-026-00804-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Our previous study confirmed systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) associated with polymorphisms of PHLDB1 and WDFY4 genes. In this study, we investigatedthe clinical relevance of PHLDB1 and WDFY4 in SLE pathogenesis and their potential as biomarkers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 634 SLE patients from Sichuan University West China Hospital and 400 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were included in this study. Serum PHLDB1 and WDFY4 of SLE patients and HCs were measured by ELISA, and the laboratory indicators were collected through the electronic medical record. LASSO, logistic regression, and random forest models for SLE diagnosis and LN prediction, including variables: age, sex, serum proteins (PHLDB1/WDFY4), genotypes, cytokines, and clinical markers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results revealed elevated PHLDB1 in SLE patients compared to controls (1.61 vs. 1.48 ng/mL, P = 0.025), while paradoxically showing suppression in LN versus Non-LN patients (1.42 vs. 1.52 ng/mL, P = 0.031). WDFY4 specifically increased in LN (666.59 vs. 594.57 pg/mL, P < 0.001) without systemic SLE alterations. Machine learning models incorporating these biomarkers demonstrated diagnostic utility, with random forest achieving AUC 0.843 for SLE discrimination and AUC 0.990 for LN prediction. LN patients concurrently exhibited distinct immune dysregulation (reduced IL-6/IL-17 and elevated TNF-α/IL-18) and renal metabolic impairment. These findings position PHLDB1 as a systemic SLE biomarker and WDFY4 as a LN-specific blood indicator, showing promise for clinical subtyping applications. Further validation of these stratified biomarkers is warranted.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results confirm a correlation between the serum levels of PHLDB1 and the occurrence of SLE.</p>","PeriodicalId":9040,"journal":{"name":"BMC Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"16"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12911025/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146040202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infused PMN-MDSCs from G-CSF-mobilized PBSCs protect against II-IV° acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.","authors":"Man Chen, Xue-Qiao Wang, Jing Long, Min-Jing Fu, Hui Wang, Yi Li, Wei Zhao","doi":"10.1186/s12865-025-00794-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12865-025-00794-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are potent immunoregulatory cells. Their role in modulating acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the impact of MDSC levels in granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)–mobilized peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) grafts on the incidence of II–IV° aGVHD. RESULTS: We retrospectively analyzed 170 allo-HSCT recipients. Employing an exposure-based analytical framework, patients were stratified into high- and low-dose groups based on the infused dose of polymorphonuclear MDSCs (PMN-MDSCs). In Fine-Gray competing risk analyses, a high dose of PMN-MDSCs per kilogram (> 17.5 × 10⁶/kg) was an independent protective factor against aGVHD (subdistribution hazard ratio [sHR] 0.25, 95% CI 0.07–0.88, P = 0.039). A clinically applicable optimal cut-off was identified at 11.3 × 10⁶/kg. Patients receiving a PMN-MDSC dose > 11.3 × 10⁶/kg had significantly superior 300-day overall survival (92.4% vs. 74.9%, P = 0.005) and GVHD-free relapse-free survival (76.3% vs. 40.4%, P < 0.001) compared to the low-dose group. In the malignant disease subset (n = 147), a high dose of the activated LOX-1⁺ PMN-MDSC subset was associated with a markedly lower cumulative incidence of relapse (1.37% vs. 11.42%, P = 0.015). Longitudinal monitoring revealed that the peak incidence of aGVHD (median day + 29) closely followed the peak and subsequent decline of circulating MDSC levels. CONCLUSIONS: The absolute dose of PMN-MDSCs in G-CSF-mobilized grafts is an independent determinant of II–IV°aGVHD risk and survival outcomes, with a defined threshold of 11.3 × 10⁶/kg. These findings position PMN-MDSC dose as a promising biomarker for risk stratification and a potential lever for optimizing graft composition in allo-HSCT.</p>","PeriodicalId":9040,"journal":{"name":"BMC Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"15"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12911113/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146028236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of risk factors of coronary artery lesions in Kawasaki disease and study of IVIG treatment response.","authors":"Zhuoyue Li, Wenjuan Guo, Rong Wang, Kun Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s12865-025-00788-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12865-025-00788-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute vasculitic disease of unknown etiology, which mostly occurs in infants and young children. Coronary artery lesions (CAL) are an important complication, mainly in patients who are not treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in time or who are resistant to IVIG. Several previous studies have revealed the correlation of certain biochemical markers with coronary artery lesions. AIMS: Our study is mainly aimed at finding the factors that predict the occurrence of coronary artery lesions and affect the response to IVIG treatment so as to facilitate early detection and timely intervention. METHODS: We collected clinical data and laboratory indicators of 480 patients with KD in the pediatric ward from 2018 to 2023 and conducted a retrospective analysis. We grouped 258 patients with complete KD and 222 patients with incomplete KD based on their coronary artery status and IVIG treatment response. We used logistic regression analysis to identify the factors associated with coronary artery lesions and IVIG resistance, and we completed the survival curve analysis. RESULTS: Patients with incomplete KD lacked characteristic clinical manifestations, and the incidence of CAL was higher than that of patients with complete KD (52.06% vs. 47.94%, P < 0.001). The age of the patients with CAL was relatively younger, and the fever duration was longer. Compared with the group without CAL, the white blood cell counts, neutrophil ratio, and ESR were lower, and the lymphocyte ratio was higher. Among them, age > 1 year old, with rash and fingertip hard swelling, white blood cell counts > 13.35 × 109/L, and ESR > 33.5 mm/h were protective factors for CAL (OR < 1). IVIG-resistant patients had longer fever duration, higher rates of coronary aneurysms, and lower serum sodium levels than non-resistant patients(133.80(132.00-136.40)vs136.63(134.70-138.50), P < 0.001). KD patients with coronary aneurysms, corticosteroid therapy, or with the fever duration > 6 days have a higher risk for IVIG resistance(OR > 1), while serum sodium >135.35mmol/L reduces the risk of IVIG resistance(OR < 1). CONCLUSION: In children with KD, age > 1 years old, with rash and fingertip swelling, white blood cell counts > 13.35 × 109/L, and ESR > 33.5 mm/h, CAL is less likely. IVIG resistance was mostly due to the longer duration of fever (> 6 days), lower serum sodium level (< 135.35 mmol/L), and the presence of coronary aneurysm.</p>","PeriodicalId":9040,"journal":{"name":"BMC Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12874742/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146028198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic and prognostic value of deregulated miR-6822-3p in patients with severe pneumonia.","authors":"Chenxi Cui, ShuMei Rao, Yingying Liu","doi":"10.1186/s12865-026-00801-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12865-026-00801-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Pneumonia is a common cause of morbidity and mortality, with severe cases often progressing to complications such as sepsis and respiratory failure. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial for improving outcomes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified as potential biomarkers for various diseases, including pneumonia. This study aimed to evaluate the potential role of miR-6822-3p as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in severe pneumonia and to explore its underlying mechanisms. METHODS: The GSE153131 dataset from the GEO database was analyzed to identify differentially expressed miRNAs. Serum samples from 70 mild pneumonia patients, 70 severe pneumonia patients, and 70 healthy controls were used to validate miR-6822-3p expression. In vitro experiments using A549 and THP-1 cells were conducted to investigate the role of miR-6822-3p in inflammation and pyroptosis. RESULTS: miR-6822-3p was significantly upregulated in severe pneumonia patients and showed potential as a diagnostic biomarker. In vitro studies revealed that miR-6822-3p promoted inflammation and pyroptosis. High miR-6822-3p expression was associated with poorer clinical outcomes, including lower 28-day survival rates. CONCLUSIONS: miR-6822-3p may be a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for severe pneumonia. Further studies are needed to validate its clinical utility and explore its therapeutic potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":9040,"journal":{"name":"BMC Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"14"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12911247/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146017628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of yak versus cow milk on exercise-induced allergy and performance in sensitized mice.","authors":"Guanjiankao Huang, Xuemei Li","doi":"10.1186/s12865-026-00803-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12865-026-00803-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Dairy consumption is a common cause of food allergies, driving interest in alternative sources like yak milk (YM). This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of dietary supplementation with YM and cow milk (CM) on immune sensitization, exercise-induced allergic responses, and exercise performance in a murine model. METHODS: Female Balb/c mice were allocated to control, YM, or CM groups, received daily gavage for five weeks before subdivision into exercise and non-exercise subgroups. Exercise subgroups performed an exhaustive running test before tissue collection. Serum immunoglobulins (tIgE, IgG1) and mouse mast cell protease-1 (MMCP-1) were quantified by ELISA, along with clinical allergy signs, rectal temperature, intestinal and muscle histology, exhaustion time, and VO₂max. RESULTS: Both YM and CM induced a systemic immune sensitization, as indicated by significantly elevated tIgE, IgG1, and MMCP-1 levels (all P < 0.05). Following exercise, both milk groups exhibited clinical allergic symptoms and significant intestinal injury, but only the CM group demonstrated hypothermic shock (all P < 0.05). No significant differences were found in exhaustion time, VO₂max, or muscle morphology among groups (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: YM provoked a milder systemic response than CM post-exercise in sensitized mice, without compromising performance. Both milks were immunogenic with distinct reactivity, suggesting YM’s divergent allergic profile.</p>","PeriodicalId":9040,"journal":{"name":"BMC Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12903737/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146008811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishment of age-specific reference intervals for peripheral blood SII, NLR, PLR, and LMR in healthy children.","authors":"Xiaodan Zhang, Yaohui Song, Minggang Yin, Liangjun Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s12865-025-00797-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12865-025-00797-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>OBJECTIVE: To establish and validate age-specific reference intervals for the peripheral blood systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) in healthy children. METHODS: A total of 2106 healthy children undergoing physical examination at The First People’s Hospital of Zigong from April 2023 to February 2025 were enrolled. Blood cell parameters were measured using the XN-1000 hematology analyzer, and SII, NLR, PLR, and LMR were calculated. The non-parametric method was employed to establish the 95% reference intervals. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were observed in SII, NLR, PLR, or LMR between genders (P > 0.05). Participants were stratified into three age groups: 28 days to 2 years, 2 to 6 years, and 6 to 18 years. The established reference intervals for SII were 28.60 × 10⁹/L to 298.85 × 10⁹/L, 83.09 × 10⁹/L to 601.33 × 10⁹/L, and 140.02 × 10⁹/L to 657.19 × 10⁹/L, respectively, for the three age groups. The corresponding NLR reference intervals were 0.10–0.92, 0.35–1.88, and 0.57–2.30. PLR reference intervals were 29.39-115.15, 39.93-150.46, and 56.74-172.55. LMR reference intervals were 3.42–13.84, 2.81–13.03, and 2.41–10.56. A validation study conducted on 92 children from the Department of Child Health Care of the same hospital between April 2025 and September 2025 confirmed the applicability of these reference intervals. This indicates that the established reference intervals for peripheral blood SII, NLR, PLR, and LMR in children from the Zigong region are suitable for local clinical practice. CONCLUSION: This study is the first to establish reference intervals for NLR, PLR, SII, and LMR in children from the Zigong region, providing a basis for the assessment of inflammatory diseases in local pediatric populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":9040,"journal":{"name":"BMC Immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12927209/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145997061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain radiotherapy combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors and chemotherapy as first-line treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer with brain metastases: a retrospective study.","authors":"Wenjie Wu, Ting Zhong, Xiaolong Zhou, Weiqiong Chen, Xing Zhang, Huiming Xu, Zian Tang, Wenkai He, Yijian Wang, Gongrang Chen, Yan Wang, Boyu Liu, Yingjie Liu, Yongping Han, Kaili Lu, Yaoheng Wang, Bing Zhang, Lingjun Xiao, Ziyun Du, Quan Liu, Juan Liang, Xiantao Li, Lianxi Song","doi":"10.1186/s12865-026-00802-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12865-026-00802-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Brain metastasis (BM) remains a major therapeutic challenge in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) without actionable driver mutations. Radiotherapy combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) may enhance intracranial control through synergistic immune activation. This study evaluated the efficacy of radiotherapy plus ICI and explored prognostic factors influencing outcomes in patients with NSCLC-BM.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively analyzed 116 patients with measurable, driver-negative NSCLC-BM treated between June 2019 and December 2024. Patients were divided into two groups: Radiotherapy combined with ICI plus chemotherapy (RT + ICI, n = 56) and ICI plus chemotherapy (ICI, n = 60). Intracranial and systemic objective response rates (iORR, sORR) and progression-free survival (iPFS, sPFS) were analyzed. Prognostic factors, including the prognostic nutritional index (PNI), were assessed using Cox regression analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared with the ICI group, the RT + ICI group demonstrated a significantly higher iORR (78.6% vs 40.0%, P < 0.001) and significantly longer median iPFS (11.8 vs 7.9 months; hazard ratio [HR] = 0.48, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 0.30-0.77, P = 0.002), and sPFS (8.9 vs 5.9 months; HR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.38-0.89, P = 0.014). High PNI (≥ 42.15) was independently associated with prolonged iPFS (HR = 8.77, 95% CI 2.91-26.47, P < 0.001) and sPFS (HR = 8.46, 95% CI 3.39-21.10, P < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Radiotherapy combined with immunochemotherapy was associated with improved intracranial and systemic outcomes compared to immunochemotherapy alone in patients with driver-negative NSCLC-BM. Additionally, PNI shows potential as a useful biomarker for predicting therapeutic outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":9040,"journal":{"name":"BMC Immunology","volume":" ","pages":"12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12903702/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145997076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}