Journal of forensics research最新文献

{"title":"Self-reported Attributes of Police-chiefs Compared to Civil Leadership: Inner drive, Tolerance to stress and Enterprise","authors":"A. Arntén, B. Jansson, K. Olsen, T. Archer","doi":"10.4172/2157-7145.1000367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7145.1000367","url":null,"abstract":"There is a tendency to regard police-work, implying independence and initiative in the absence of direct presence of authority that places a premium upon leadership, as a ‘drudge’ although ‘daily hassles’ may be converted immediately to “special events”. Despite this aspect, police leadership tends not to differ from other, civil, forms of leadership. A sample of police leaders (n=106) was compared to civil leaders derived from government administration and private enterprise (n=1650). Personal attitudes to and experiences of job relations and characteristics are measured with the JMT three subscales (Inner Drive and Tolerance to stress distress from the main scale Stability together with Enterprise from the main scale Action) all of which provide an indication of the leader’s resourcefulness. Low-level scoring on any of these three attributes is expected to induce negative influences upon subordinates whereas the opposite outcomes may be predicted by high-level scoring. The results indicated that: (i) All-level police chiefs differed markedly from executive leaders in public administration and private enterprise; the former expressed the lowest levels of tolerance to stress, enterprise and Inner drive. (ii) Correlational analyses indicated that there were clear-cut, positive and strong relationships between the three variables, tolerance to stress, enterprise and Inner drive. (iii) there was a marked difference between public and private executive leaders with regard to enterprise and Inner drive to the advantage of the private executive leaders. The present results are discussed in relation to police leadership inadequacy and efforts to overcome the situation.","PeriodicalId":90216,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensics research","volume":" ","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44711982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Black vs. White, Life vs. Death; Using Automatic vs. Controlled Processing as a Framework for Understanding Racial Disparities in the Criminal Justice System","authors":"S. Mannes","doi":"10.4172/2157-7145.1000365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7145.1000365","url":null,"abstract":"An extensive amount of social science research has been conducted on issues related to the criminal justice \u0000 system. From the moment a crime is witnessed until a verdict and sentence have been rendered there exists \u0000 opportunity for the human cognitive system to distort and misinterpret data about a crime, about the suspect, and \u0000 about the process itself. The research presented here describes, in easy to understand terms, some of the empirical \u0000 research that points out disadvantages minorities face within the system, differences in the way in which trial \u0000 information is received and evaluated, and provides a framework that may potentially lend itself to methods for \u0000 mitigating these disadvantages and individual differences.","PeriodicalId":90216,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensics research","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41590005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Seasonal Temperature Variations on the Life Cycle Duration ofForensically Important Calliphorid Fly, Chrysomya saffranea (Bigot, 1877)","authors":"Fahd Mohammed A. Abd-Algalil, Sureshch, R. Zambare, Lubna Akhlaq Khan, K. H. Mali","doi":"10.4172/2157-7145.1000364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7145.1000364","url":null,"abstract":"The present study deals with the effects of variation in temperature and humidity on the different life cycle stages of Calliphoridae fly Chrysomya saffranea. In India for first time, Chrysomya saffranea was recorded apart from Australia as a native place of this fly. \u0000In this study different life cycle stages of Chrysomya saffranea in different seasons were observed. In summer season when the average temperature ranged between 30.5°C and 33.2°C and the average humidity ranged between 12% to 19%, life cycle duration was completed in 220 h (9.17 days) from the depositing of eggs up to the eclosion of adults. But in rainy season when the average temperature ranged between 25.6°C and 28.9°C, and the average humidity ranged between 50% to 65%, life cycle duration was completed in 259 h (10.79 days), while in winter season when the average temperature ranged between 17.8°C and 24.4°C, and the average humidity ranged between 17% to 28%, life cycle duration was completed in 341 h (14.21 days) from eggs up to emergence of the adults. \u0000The temperature and humidity are the most important factors playing role in the larval development, decay and degradation of the cadavers. Therefore, the climatic fluctuations and environmental changes play an important role in the life cycle of Chrysomya saffranea. All these factors must be considered in the Post Mortem Interval determination.","PeriodicalId":90216,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensics research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2157-7145.1000364","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45745403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Catching Liars: Why it can be so Hard","authors":"S. A. Johnston","doi":"10.4172/2157-7145.1000361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7145.1000361","url":null,"abstract":"Considerable research reveals that most people, including mental health and law enforcement professionals, are \u0000 remarkably poor at catching liars, doing no better than chance. Our comparative inability to detect deception poses a \u0000 profound threat to the reliability of forensic psychological and psychiatric evaluations of criminal defendants intended \u0000 to assess such things as current mental status and future dangerousness. In forensic evaluations, where one’s \u0000 personal freedom, even life, can be at stake, some clients, perhaps more than some, will inevitably dissemble. This \u0000 essay provides a brief and non-technical description of the research my students and we have conducted designed \u0000 to better understand the reasons for which detecting deception is so difficult. In this regard, and consistent with \u0000 much previous research, we discovered that in assessing the verbal content of other persons’ statements, it is \u0000 possible with a good degree of reliability to differentiate between true and deceptive statements of criminal \u0000 defendants. We also found that the “truth” is itself a multidimensional concept and that truthful versus false \u0000 statements differ with regard to both the quantity and quality of information contained in a statement. While multiple \u0000 challenges exist to accurately detect deception, our data strongly suggested that it may be so difficult to catch liars \u0000 because it requires more cognitive work to identify false rather than true statements. Indeed, the data indicate that \u0000 determining a statement is true appears to involve a one-step cognitive process while determining a statement is \u0000 false appears to involve a two-step cognitive process, whereby a false statement is recognized as lacking attributes \u0000 of truthfulness while simultaneously manifesting attributes of deception. That it would be more difficult to recognize \u0000 falsehoods and require more cognitive work does not seem surprising considering that the identification of a lie \u0000 forces us to look below and reject the surface meaning of a statement concluding that the statement is not simply \u0000 inaccurate but actually intended to deceive or mislead us. On a more positive note, even though deception is \u0000 ubiquitous in human relationships and a significant number of dangerous liars will be successful, the accuracy of \u0000 deception detection can be improved by the application of the findings from verbal content analysis identifying those \u0000 statement attributes characteristic of truthfulness versus deception. It would seem especially important for forensic \u0000 psychologists and psychiatrists to be aware of research capable of assisting them in assessing the veracity of \u0000 criminal defendants participating in court-ordered evaluations.","PeriodicalId":90216,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensics research","volume":" ","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45141116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Homicide of United States Marine Corps Colonel, James E. Sabow: AForensic Analysis Submitted to the United States Congress","authors":"B. Burnett","doi":"10.4172/2157-7145.1000362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7145.1000362","url":null,"abstract":"The official position of the United States Government is Marine Corps Colonel James E. Sabow committed \u0000 suicide. He allegedly died by an intraoral shotgun discharge in the backyard of his quarters on the El Toro Marine \u0000 Corps Air Station, Orange County, California, USA in 1991. However, questions have persisted since the Colonel’s \u0000 death whether he died by homicide. The two scenarios on the manner of death, suicide and homicide, were evaluated \u0000 as to the gunshot residue (GSR) and back spatter residue (BSR) on the Colonel’s clothing, the bloodstains on and \u0000 off the body and the position of the body at the death scene. The shotgun, when test fired, was shown to leak GSR \u0000 from its breech and trigger housing. Samples from the Colonel’s clothing were analysed by scanning electron \u0000 microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray analysis show there are no concentrations of GSR or BSR on the clothing that \u0000 should be present if the Colonel committed suicide. Bloodstains on and away from the body and the position of the \u0000 body do not support the suicide scenario, The Colonel’s body was staged to appear he committed suicide. There is \u0000 no evidence of suicide. The Colonel’s death was a homicide.","PeriodicalId":90216,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensics research","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42715178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Postmortem Redistribution of Lidocaine after Epidural Anesthesia AccidentalDeath","authors":"Zhi-wen Wei, J. Yu, Chao Zhang, J. Jia, Jie Cao, Yujin Wang, Cairong Gao, Ying-yuan Wang, K. Yun","doi":"10.4172/2157-7145.1000363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7145.1000363","url":null,"abstract":"Epidural anesthesia is often used form in Chinese primary hospitals and lidocaine is the most favorite anesthetic. \u0000 Fatalities due to epidural anesthesia accident and lidocaine overdose are often happened, but there still have not \u0000 obvious evidence to indicate the real reason of death according to the concentration of lidocaine in postmortem \u0000 blood because the postmortem redistribution (PMR). An animal models using dogs has been developed, whereby \u0000 the dogs received an intravenous, subarachnoid, and epidural injection of lidocaine (75 mg/kg body weight). The \u0000 dogs were placed at room temperature after sacrifice. The cardiac blood, inferior vena cava blood, liver and \u0000 cerebrum samples were collected at 0 h, 1 h, 4 h, 8 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h postmortem with the same animal’s \u0000 corpse. The lidocaine is easier diffusion from canalisvertebralis to cardiac blood in subarachnoid administration. The \u0000 level commonly has a great change from 48 h after death in cardiac blood, from 35.7 mg/L to 1421.9 mg/L, and then \u0000 decreasing 50% at 72 h. The inferior vena cava blood concentration was stabilized in postmortem time. The \u0000 cerebrum concentration of subarachnoid administration decreased by 50% and was observed at 72 h after death. \u0000 The changes were observed in cardiac blood in intravenous and epidural administration groups, but no changes \u0000 were observed in cerebrum. Lidocaine concentrations did not change significantly in the liver in any of the three \u0000 groups. This study can assist toxicologists to determine which specimens should be the most appropriately during \u0000 the interpretation of lidocaine concentrations in epidural accidents.","PeriodicalId":90216,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensics research","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42450254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extrapolation of Three Hourly Post-Mortem Interval using Some VitreousChemistry Parameters","authors":"Agoro Es, Okoye Fbc, Onyenekwe Cc, O. Azuonwu, Ebiere Ne","doi":"10.4172/2157-7145.1000360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7145.1000360","url":null,"abstract":"Background Study: Vitreous humor is an inert, transparent, jelly like substance that fills the posterior four fifths \u0000 of the cavity of the eyeball. It is the choice sample in post-mortem investigation and analysis. \u0000Objective of study: To determine vitreous biochemical parameters suitable for postmortem interval (PMI) \u0000 extrapolation. \u0000Material and Methods: Vitreous humors were collected from the eyes of 50 dead bodies (28 males and 22 \u0000 females) at the Federal Medical Center Yenagoa morgue employing Coe method. The vitreous was extracted, \u0000 centrifuged and the resultant supernatant used for the biochemical analysis. The supernatants were analyzed for \u0000 glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, urea and creatinine using WHO \u0000 approved methods. \u0000Results: The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS. The results indicated that there was strong correlation \u0000 (R-0.88) between vitreous potassium and PMI. Other parameter showed either weak or negligible correlation. The \u0000 staged-three -hourly mean potassium showed a gradual increase using student t-test. \u0000Conclusion: Death within 15 hours can be extrapolated from potassium concentrations.","PeriodicalId":90216,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensics research","volume":"2017 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41777125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contribution of Forensic Odontology Face of the Shortcomings of DNA Identification: The Effect of the Dental Morphology","authors":"H. Nemsi","doi":"10.4172/2157-7145.1000402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7145.1000402","url":null,"abstract":"The advent of genomic and mitochondrial DNA procedures has not displaced the practical use of dental identification after mass disasters or when bone DNA extraction is impossible. Sometimes the ethical aspect is the basic aim of the identification. In this forensic case the purpose of identification was to give psychological comfort to the mother that she has doubted about the identity of the remains of his presumed son. The forensic odontologist occupying a crucial role in the identification of human remains. Without being able to identify the presence of the #18 not the #17 and especially the #47 not the #46 identity would be improperly excluded.","PeriodicalId":90216,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensics research","volume":"115 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2157-7145.1000402","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70355071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decipherment of Latent Handwritten Impressions â A Case Study","authors":"Ankit Srivastava, M. Mahajan, Kriti Nigam","doi":"10.4172/2157-7145.1000392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7145.1000392","url":null,"abstract":"The present work is based on a case received in the State Forensic Science Laboratory, Junga, Himachal Pradesh, India. The laboratory was asked to fix the identity of the deceased by examining the latent impressions present on an identity card found at the crime scene, near the corpse. The writing on the identity card was completely washed out due to weathering, leaving behind only some latent impressions made by the writing instrument in place of writing. The laboratory successfully deciphered the identity of deceased by carefully examining these latent impressions even after a time lapse of about a year. A number of techniques were applied but stereomicroscope again emerges out as a versatile tool for surface examination and gave the best results.","PeriodicalId":90216,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensics research","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70354909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of DNA and mtDNA Degradation in Sperm Cells Collected by Laser Micro-dissection","authors":"S. Costa, G. Lima, Correia de-Sa, M. Porto, L. Cainé","doi":"10.4172/2157-7145.1000393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7145.1000393","url":null,"abstract":"Sexual assault samples are among the most frequently analyzed in a forensic laboratory. These accounts for almost half of all samples processed routinely and a large portion of these cases remain unsolved. These samples often pose problems to traditional analytic methods of identification because they consist most frequently of cell mixtures from at least two contributors: the victim (usually female) and the perpetrator (usually male). In this study we prepared simulated sexual assault samples and conducted amplification and DNA genotyping from sperm cells collected with laser microdissection at different time intervals to assess the DNA degradation at those intervals. Furthermore, we then investigated the possibility of recovering mtDNA from the collected sperm cells, particularly in cases where autosomal DNA was not suitably amplified. With this work we determined that it becomes possible to extend the timeframe for performing an analysis, by researching other sources of DNA, namely mtDNA.","PeriodicalId":90216,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forensics research","volume":"36 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2157-7145.1000393","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70355027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}