BMC Infectious Diseases最新文献

{"title":"Dynamics of respiratory virus transmission in children during and after COVID-19 outbreak control in Baiyin, China.","authors":"Biao Wang, Hui Zhang, Shu Liang, Huan Wei, Miao Wang, Huimin Zhang, Xiaoshu Zhang, Maoxing Dong","doi":"10.1186/s12879-025-11285-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12879-025-11285-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>We aimed to study the changes in respiratory virus detection rates during the control of the COVID-19 outbreak and to elucidate possible epidemiologic disturbances after the lifting of control measures.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) specimens were collected from hospitalized children in Baiyin, China, from 2021 to 2023. We conducted real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) to detect various respiratory viruses, including influenza virus (IFV), human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), human rhinovirus (HRV), human parainfluenza virus (HPIV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), human adenovirus (HADV), enterovirus (EV), and human coronavirus (HCoV). The results were statistically analyzed using SPSS 26.0 software.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1353 nasopharyngeal swab specimens were collected from children with SARI between 2021 and 2023. The male-to-female ratio of 1.49:1, the total virus detection rate of 33.85% (458/1353). Data were analyzed by comparing two distinct periods: before the lifting of the COVID-19 control measures (January 1, 2021 - December 6, 2022) and after the lifting of the control measures (December 7, 2022 - December 31, 2023). During the three-year study period, there was no significant difference in the detection rate of pathogen positivity between the ≤ 1 year (OR: 0.986, 95% CI: 0.960-1.013) and 1-3 years (OR: 1.018, 95% CI: 0.997-1.060) age groups (P > 0.05). However, there were significant differences in pathogen positivity rates between the 3-6 years (OR: 1.097, 95% CI: 1.049-1.146) and > 6 years (OR: 1.099, 95% CI: 1.063-1.138) age groups (P < 0.05). Significant differences in pathogen positivity rates were observed between male (OR: 1.293, 95% CI: 1.156-1.445) and female (OR: 1.354, 95% CI: 1.157-1.583) children (P < 0.05). The positive detection rates for various viruses showed a decreasing trend in January and February 2023; however, IFV showed a significant rebound in 2023. Following the lifting of COVID-19 control measures, the overall positive detection rate for respiratory viruses increased significantly from 27.84 to 45.03% (OR: 1.313, 95% CI: 1.198-1.438) (P < 0.05). Prior to the lifting of control measures, the ranking of positive detection rates for respiratory viruses in children was as follows: HPIV > HRSV > HADV > HRV > HMPV > EV > HCOV > influenza virus (IFV). After the measures were lifted, the order was as follows: EV > IFV > HADV > HCOV > HPIV > HRV > HMPV > HRSV. The peak detection periods for HRV, HMPV, HADV, and EV shifted to later time points compared to those before the measures were lifted. After the lifting of control measures, the positive detection rates of IFV (OR: 1.090, 95% CI: 1.059-1.122), EV (OR: 1.102, 95% CI: 1.064-1.141), HCOV (OR: 1.043, 95% CI: 1.017-1.070), and HADV (OR: 1.028, 95% CI: 0.999-1.059) all significantly increased (P < 0.05); HRV (OR: 1.019, 95% CI: 0.994-1.044) and HMPV (OR: 1.0","PeriodicalId":8981,"journal":{"name":"BMC Infectious Diseases","volume":"25 1","pages":"901"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12235979/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144582904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of invasive fungal infection in critically Ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Mauricio Trelles, José Murillo, Luis Fuenmayor-González, Yunqi Yu-Liu, Harold Alexander-León, Joanna Acebo, Diego Cuicapuza, Marco Morales, Christopher Peña, María Fernanda García-Aguilera","doi":"10.1186/s12879-025-11264-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12879-025-11264-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Invasive fungal infections (IFI) contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality among critically ill patients, particularly in intensive care units (ICUs). Accurate prevalence estimates are essential to inform clinical strategies. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of IFI, and assess regional and methodological variations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Literature from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched for observational studies published between 1999 and 2024. Inclusion criteria targeted studies reporting IFI prevalence in ICU populations. Data extraction and bias assessment were performed independently by two reviewers. A random-effects meta-analysis assessed pooled prevalence and heterogeneity (Cochran's Q and I2 statistics).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 2838 screened articles, 34 studies comprising 655,169 critically ill patients met inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of IFI was 5% (95% CI: 3-7%). Aspergillus spp. accounted for 10% and Candida spp. for 3%. Regional prevalence ranged from 3% in high-income countries to 21% in lower-middle-income countries. Diagnostic and methodological heterogeneity were notable contributors to variability.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>IFIs represent a significant burden in ICUs, particularly in resource-limited settings. Standardized diagnostic criteria and region-specific strategies are crucial to improving patient outcomes.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>PROSPERO ID CRD42023472191.</p>","PeriodicalId":8981,"journal":{"name":"BMC Infectious Diseases","volume":"25 1","pages":"896"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12228309/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144564332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunogenicity and safety of the domestic and imported live-attenuated varicella vaccine in healthy Chinese populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Yemin Yuan, Tong Wang, Yiqi Xia, Zhenyu Shi, Ping He","doi":"10.1186/s12879-025-11275-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12879-025-11275-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to synthesize existing evidence to compare the immunogenicity and safety of domestic and imported live-attenuated varicella vaccine (VarV) in healthy Chinese populations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI), Wan Fang Database, and Chinese Biomedical Literature Service System (SinoMed) using predefined search terms to identify relevant studies. Retrieve all language articles up to March 15, 2024. Articles reported varicella vaccination in healthy Chinese populations were included. We calculated the pooled rates of seroconversions and adverse events using the random effects model and assessed the quality of each study using the modified Jadad Scale and Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS). Publication bias was evaluated using Egger's regression test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In our immunogenicity analysis, which included 16,655 Chinese individuals from 21 studies, the pooled seroconversion rate was 89% (95%CI: 86-91%) for domestic VarV and 93% (95%CI: 88-98%) for imported Varv, with no statistically significant difference. In our safety analysis, which included 29,696 Chinese individuals from 25 studies, the pooled rate of systemic reactions was higher for domestic Varv (11%, 95%CI: 10-13%) than for imported Varv (8%, 95%CI: 6-10%; P < 0.001), while the results for local reactions were the opposite (domestic Varv: 3%, 95%CI: 2-3%; imported Varv: 7%, 95%CI: 3-10%; P = 0.020). The results are based on pooled proportions rather than direct comparison. Egger's test suggested that publication bias was not negligible.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Both domestic and imported varicella vaccines appear to be generally immunogenic and safe in healthy Chinese populations. However, due to limited and heterogeneous data on imported vaccines, further high-quality studies are needed to validate these comparative findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":8981,"journal":{"name":"BMC Infectious Diseases","volume":"25 1","pages":"897"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12228345/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144567034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Creation of a pandemic memory by tracing COVID-19 infections and immunity in Luxembourg (CON-VINCE).","authors":"Olena Tsurkalenko, Dmitry Bulaev, Marc Paul O'Sullivan, Chantal Snoeck, Soumyabrata Ghosh, Alexey Kolodkin, Basile Rommes, Piotr Gawron, Carlos Vega Moreno, Clarissa P C Gomes, Anne Kaysen, Jochen Ohnmacht, Valerie E Schröder, Lukas Pavelka, Guilherme Ramos Meyers, Laure Pauly, Claire Pauly, Anne-Marie Hanff, Max Meyrath, Anja Leist, Estelle Sandt, Gloria A Aguayo, Magali Perquin, Manon Gantenbein, Tamir Abdelrahman, Jochen Klucken, Venkata Satagopam, Christiane Hilger, Jonathan Turner, Michel Vaillant, Joëlle V Fritz, Markus Ollert, Rejko Krüger","doi":"10.1186/s12879-025-11160-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12879-025-11160-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8981,"journal":{"name":"BMC Infectious Diseases","volume":"25 1","pages":"892"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12225121/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144558939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the effect of serum gasdermin d levels on clinical course and mortality in patients with covid-19.","authors":"Merve Turker Isik, Kubra Demir Onder, Yesim Cekin","doi":"10.1186/s12879-025-11277-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12879-025-11277-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8981,"journal":{"name":"BMC Infectious Diseases","volume":"25 1","pages":"893"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12224347/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144558943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of postoperative antifungal therapy on the recurrence of Aspergillus infection after pulmonary aspergilloma resection: a prospective, randomized, controlled, single-center, 24-month, open-label, parallel group trial.","authors":"Jian Yang, Chan Liu, Jianxiong Li, Xianqiu Chen, Beibei Wang, Jing Zhang, Haifeng Wang, Deping Zhao, Yiming Zhou, Haomin Cai, Jin-Fu Xu, Shuo Liang","doi":"10.1186/s12879-025-11267-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12879-025-11267-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Surgical resection is considered the most effective therapeutic method for pulmonary aspergilloma (PA), while the necessity of postoperative antifungal therapy remains controversial. Previous studies have several shortcomings such as retrospective design and inadequate follow-up durations. In this study, we aim to address these evidence gaps by evaluating the effects of postoperative antifungal therapy on both Aspergillus infection recurrence and drug-related side effects.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a prospective, randomized, controlled, single-center clinical trial. Eligible patients with PA who underwent surgical resection at our institute were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive either a 3-month course of voriconazole (VRZ) tablet postoperatively or symptomatic treatment alone. Participants were evaluated for Aspergillus infection recurrence and drug-related side effects every 3 months for 2 years. Ultimately, 36 patients in the VRZ group and 14 patients in the control group were included in the analysis, with balanced baseline characteristics between groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After a median follow-up of 27 months, no recurrence of Aspergillus infection was observed in either group. Symptomatic improvements (e.g., hemoptysis and white sputum) were comparable between groups. Although serum IgG level significantly increased by 2.22 g/L after VRZ treatment (p < 0.001), other parameters indicating immune activity (CD4⁺%, CD8⁺%, CD4⁺/CD8⁺ ratio, IgA, IgM and Aspergillus-specific IgG) and pulmonary function showed no significant intergroup differences at the final follow-up. Regarding safety, VRZ intervention was associated with a significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase level (20.9 ± 6.2 U/L to 26.5 ± 7.8 U/L, p = 0.023). Hypokalemia incidence was numerically higher in the VRZ group (21.4% vs. 0, p = 0.530), though not statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings demonstrated that postoperative antifungal therapy did not reduce Aspergillus recurrence rate but posed potential safety risks. For immunocompetent patients undergoing complete resection without intraoperative fungal spillage, routine postoperative antifungal agents are not recommended.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>Chinese Clinical Trial Registry Number: ChiCTR1800019990, registration date: December 11th, 2018.</p>","PeriodicalId":8981,"journal":{"name":"BMC Infectious Diseases","volume":"25 1","pages":"895"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12231691/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144558940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genotyping and transmission analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a pediatric population in Czech Republic and Slovakia.","authors":"Simona Mäsiarová, Věra Dvořáková, Michaela Hromádková, Anders Norman, Peter Kunč, Jaroslav Fábry, Jarmila Hnilicová, Igor Porvazník, Ivan Solovič, Erik M Rasmussen, Juraj Mokrý, Karolína Doležalová, Matúš Dohál","doi":"10.1186/s12879-025-11284-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12879-025-11284-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tuberculosis remains a global health concern, with rising pediatric and adolescent cases. The advancement of diagnostic strategies is crucial for effective control, with whole-genome sequencing emerging as a promising tool. This study explores using whole-genome sequencing in pediatric Tuberculosis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from pediatric patients and their contacts were collected between January 2023 and June 2024 in Slovakia and the Czech Republic. The isolates were subjected to WGS to characterize the resistance patterns and transmission.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 37 patients in total-30 pediatric cases and 7 adult index cases-with a single M. tuberculosis isolate collected per patient. The phylogenetic analysis results revealed that 32 out of 37 (86.5%) isolates belonged to the Euro-American lineage. Five isolates (13.5%) belonged to the East-Asian lineage. Genotypic resistance to at least one drug was confirmed in 6 patients (16%). 24 patients were divided into 9 clusters (65%), leaving 13 unclustered (35%). Moreover, the concordance between the identification of source case by WGS and epidemiological anamnesis was confirmed in 60% of patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Epidemiological data may not always provide accurate insights into the transmission of TB. Consequently, integrating molecular methods, such as WGS, is essential to enhance the reliability and precision of epidemiological analyses.</p>","PeriodicalId":8981,"journal":{"name":"BMC Infectious Diseases","volume":"25 1","pages":"891"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12225057/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144558941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunoinformatics-Based development of a Multi-Epitope vaccine candidate targeting coinfection by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii.","authors":"Gul Afshan, Namrah Yaseen, Syed H Ali, Asad U Khan","doi":"10.1186/s12879-025-11242-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12879-025-11242-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens in clinical settings underscores the urgent need for effective therapeutic strategies. Among these, ESKAPE pathogens such as Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae are particularly concerning due to their ability to cause severe co-infections with high resistance profiles.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study utilized an immunoinformatics-driven approach to design a novel multi-epitope vaccine targeting surface proteins of these pathogens through reverse vaccinology. Computational analyses employed bioinformatics tools, including NetCTLpan 1.1, IEDB T-cell epitope prediction tool, BCPREDS, ExPASy ProtParam, Rosetta, GalaxyRefine, HADDOCK, Disulfide by Design 2, and JCAT.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Six cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), six helper T lymphocyte (HTL), and six B-cell epitopes were identified as non-allergenic, non-toxic, and highly antigenic. These epitopes were linked using GPGPG and EAAAK linkers to enhance structural flexibility and immunogenicity. The vaccine's tertiary structure was refined, and the most stable model, selected based on a Z-score of -4.11, was further analysed. Molecular docking revealed strong binding affinities between the vaccine construct and immune receptors, with binding free energies of -13.5 kcal/mol for Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) and - 13.1 kcal/mol for HLA-A*11:01, confirming stable molecular interactions. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the vaccine-TLR4 complex predicted a net binding energy of -508.0 kJ/mol, indicating high stability. Structural stabilization was enhanced by introducing four cysteine residues, forming two disulfide bonds to reduce conformational flexibility. Codon optimization (CAI: 0.58, GC content: 62.5%) indicated efficient expression in E. coli. Immune simulation demonstrated a strong Th1/Th2-skewed immune response, with significant secretion of cytokines IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-4, supporting its efficacy in bacterial clearance.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These computational findings highlight the vaccine's potential, though experimental validation remains necessary to confirm immunogenicity and therapeutic viability.</p>","PeriodicalId":8981,"journal":{"name":"BMC Infectious Diseases","volume":"25 1","pages":"894"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12224634/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144558942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A clinico-epidemiological study, assessing possible predictors of mortality and health-related quality of life for people living with visceral leishmaniasis - human immune virus (VL-HIV) co-infection in a high burden kala-azar endemic state of India: a descriptive cross-sectional study.","authors":"Niyamat Ali Siddiqui, Dhruv Kumar Pandey, Ashish Kumar Singh, Sanjay Kumar Sinha, Mohd Zahid Ansari, Rishikesh Kumar, Biplab Pal, Vidya Nand Rabi Das, Rajatashuvra Adhikary, Saurabh Jain, Krishna Pandey","doi":"10.1186/s12879-025-10768-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12879-025-10768-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Visceral leishmaniasis-human immunodeficiency virus (VL-HIV) co-infection has emerged as a serious concern, which could adversely affect the VL elimination efforts of the country. These patients have a poor VL therapeutic success rate, more drug-related toxicity, and relapses resulting in high mortality. Despite the emerging pattern of VL-HIV co-infection, there have been limited studies analyzing the presentation of VL-HIV co-infection in Bihar, India. The present study investigated the clinico-epidemiological features, predictors of mortality, and quality of life for people living with VL-HIV co-infection.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted, using retrospective data on VL-HIV cases from 2018 to 2020. A semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Data analysis was done, using the IBM SPSS statistics v22.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our study included a large sample of 222 VL-HIV cases, of these one-fifth of the patients (47; 21%) had died. A highly statistically significant difference (P < 0.0001) in mortality was observed between males (38; 80.9%) and females (9; 19.1%). The death occurred rapidly within a mean duration of 6.7 months (95% CI: 5.4-8.1) after VL diagnosis. A highly statistically significant difference (P < 0.0001) was observed between individuals who had stopped anti-retroviral therapy (ART) (36; 76.6%) and those who were taking ART regularly (11; 23.4%) in terms of mortality. The primary predisposing factor observed was heterosexual behavior, which accounted for 113 cases (88.3%). In most of the cases (95.3%), the diagnosis was done at tertiary care centers and not in their home district. The majority of VL cases (101; 78.9%) were treated with multiple doses of liposomal amphotericin B. Out of 128 VL-HIV cases, 120 (93.7%) were declared cured of VL after completing treatment. Approximately 47 cases (36.7%) experienced more than two VL relapses. A significant difference was observed for gender and income per month in the environmental health domain specifically.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The present study documents a time gap between the initiation and cessation of ART, as well as the duration from VL treatment to death. It suggests that regular adherence to ART may have a significant impact on reducing mortality and relapses. Therefore, a comprehensive people-centric approach for specific groups must be adopted for VL-HIV patients. Additional epidemiological studies on VL-HIV co-infection are warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":8981,"journal":{"name":"BMC Infectious Diseases","volume":"25 1","pages":"887"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12219027/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144551866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiological trends of hand, foot, and mouth disease in children under age 10, Jiangning District, Jiangsu, China (2009-2023).","authors":"Baiqun Wu, Xiangnan Zhang, Minhui Fu, Xiaoming Ji","doi":"10.1186/s12879-025-11281-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12879-025-11281-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to analyse the epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) among children under age 10 in Jiangning District, Jiangsu Province, from 2009 to 2023, explore its changing trends, and provide a scientific basis for optimizing public health prevention and control strategies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>HFMD case data were obtained from the \"Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting Information Management System\". Descriptive statistical analysis was used to assess HFMD incidence, joinpoint regression analysis was applied to analyse long-term trends, and wavelet analysis was used to explore seasonality and periodicity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 50,645 HFMD cases in children under 10 years of age were reported during the study period, with an average annual incidence rate of 3,136.01 per 100,000 people. The annual incidence rate fluctuated between 544.39 per 100,000 (in 2022) and 6,260.63 per 100,000 (in 2018), showing an initial steady increase, followed by a sharp decline and a rapid rebound. HFMD showed a pronounced incidence peak during summer and autumn, with periodic fluctuations at intervals of 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months. Boys had a higher incidence rate, with an average annual rate of 3588.07 per 100,000, compared with 2646.00 per 100,000 in girls. Children aged 1 and 3 years had the highest incidence rates. The dominant serotypes shifted, with an overall decline in the proportions of EV-A71 and CVA16, whereas CVA6 emerged as the predominant circulating serotype. Moreover, the proportion of severe cases has continued to decrease.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The incidence of HFMD among children under age 10 in Jiangning District remains high, and the predominant serotypes have changed in recent years. The decline in incidence during the COVID-19 pandemic and its subsequent recovery may be linked to non-pharmacological interventions and the \"immune debt\" phenomenon, a relationship that warrants further validation. The EV-A71 vaccine and improved public health interventions have contributed to a steady decline in the severity rate. Strengthening surveillance, developing vaccines targeting predominant serotypes, and optimizing prevention and control strategies are essential for the precise prevention and control of HFMD in children.</p>","PeriodicalId":8981,"journal":{"name":"BMC Infectious Diseases","volume":"25 1","pages":"886"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12220131/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144551868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}