Bioelectromagnetics最新文献

{"title":"Exposure Perception and Symptom Reporting in Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance Attributed to Electromagnetic Fields Using a Co-Designed Provocation Test","authors":"Maryse Ledent,&nbsp;Jimmy Bordarie,&nbsp;Benjamin Vatovez,&nbsp;Maël Dieudonné,&nbsp;Nicolas Prignot,&nbsp;Jacques Vanderstraeten,&nbsp;Catherine Bouland,&nbsp;Eva M. De Clercq","doi":"10.1002/bem.70006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.70006","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance Attributed to Electromagnetic Fields (IEI-EMF) is a syndrome that defines people who report symptoms that they attribute to their exposure to EMF sources, without any identified underlying medical condition to explain these symptoms. To date, provocation protocols have failed to demonstrate a consistent relationship between EMF exposure and reported symptoms, raising questions among some researchers and individuals with IEI-EMF about the relevance of these protocols for studying the syndrome. To address these criticisms, a provocation protocol was co-designed in collaboration with individuals with IEI-EMF. This study presents the results of the tests, with a focus on exposure perception and symptom reporting among IEI-EMF volunteers. A total of 47 IEI-EMF volunteers were enrolled and participated in an open-field habituation session. Of these, 27 completed the first double-blind controlled exposure session, while 26 and 16 volunteers, respectively, participated in three sessions for collective analyses and 12 sessions for individual-level analyses. At the individual level, no consistent association was found between exposure perception certainty level and exposure status, except for one volunteer whose perception was mostly consistent with exposure status. Similarly, symptom reporting did not align with exposure status, except for the same volunteer, whose symptom reporting showed a borderline significant result with exposure status. However, for half of the volunteers, symptom reporting was significantly correlated with exposure perception certainty level, supporting a nocebo hypothesis. At the collective level, no consistency was observed between exposure perception certainty level, symptom reporting, and exposure status. This study discusses the conditions necessary for future provocation protocols to enhance their relevance, acceptability, and potential utility in a possible care-oriented approach. It also considers criticisms of using exposure perception and symptom reporting as outcomes in provocation protocols, despite their central role in how individuals identify themselves as individuals with IEI-EMF.</p>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bem.70006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143840616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploiting Polynomial Chaos Expansion for Rapid Assessment of the Impact of Tissue Property Uncertainties in Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Stimulation","authors":"Kemal Sumser,&nbsp;Rob Mestrom,&nbsp;Yunus Emre Tuysuz,&nbsp;Margarethus Marius Paulides","doi":"10.1002/bem.70004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.70004","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Neuromodulation with low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFUS) holds significant promise for noninvasive treatment of neurological disorders, but its success relies heavily on accurately targeting specific brain regions. Computational model predictions can be used to optimize LIFUS, but uncertain acoustic tissue properties can affect prediction accuracy. The Monte Carlo method is often used to quantify the impact of uncertainties, but many iterations are generally needed for accurate estimates. We studied a surrogate model based on polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) to quantify the uncertainty in the LIFUS acoustic intensity field caused by tissue acoustic property uncertainties. The PCE approach was benchmarked against Monte Carlo method for LIFUS in three different head models. We also investigated the effect of the number of PCE samples on the accuracy of the surrogate model. Our results show that the PCE surrogate model requires only 20 simulation samples to estimate the mean and standard deviation of the acoustic intensity field with high accuracy compared to 100 samples needed for Monte Carlo method. The root mean squared percentage error (RMSPE) in the mean acoustic intensity field was less than 1.5%, with a maximum error of less than 0.5 W/cm² (&lt; 1% of the focus peak intensity in water), while the RMSPE in the standard deviation was less than 9%, with a maximum error of less than 0.3 W/cm². The accuracy of the PCE surrogate model, and the limited number of iterations it requires makes it a promising tool for quantifying the uncertainty in the acoustic intensity field in LIFUS applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bem.70004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143602507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Advances and Future Perspective in Computational Bioelectromagnetics for Exposure Assessments","authors":"Yinliang Diao,&nbsp;Wout Joseph,&nbsp;Dragan Poljak,&nbsp;Luca Giaccone,&nbsp;Sachiko Kodera,&nbsp;Ilkka Laakso,&nbsp;Kenichi Yamazaki,&nbsp;Kun Li,&nbsp;Kensuke Sasaki,&nbsp;Emmeric Tanghe,&nbsp;Mario Cvetković,&nbsp;Walid El Hajj,&nbsp;Takashi Hikage,&nbsp;Fatih Kaburcuk,&nbsp;Gernot Schmid,&nbsp;Anna Šušnjara Nejašmić,&nbsp;Thomas Tarnaud,&nbsp;Vitas Anderson,&nbsp;Kenneth R. Foster,&nbsp;Theodoros Samaras,&nbsp;Richard A. Tell,&nbsp;Soichi Watanabe,&nbsp;Chung-Kwang Chou,&nbsp;Akimasa Hirata","doi":"10.1002/bem.70002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.70002","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the last few decades, extensive efforts have been dedicated to developing computational methods for modeling the interaction of the human body with electromagnetic fields (EMFs). These studies are crucial for the establishment of exposure limits in international standards and guidelines for human protection from EMF, as well as for advancing personalized dosimetry assessment for medical applications using EMF. To summarize the state-of-the-art knowledge in this field, the IEEE International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety (ICES) held an International Workshop on Computational Bioelectromagnetics in February 2024. This review summarizes the technical presentations and discussions from the workshop and was contributed by multiple authors, encompassing topics such as the tissue dielectric property measurement, low-frequency and radio-frequency bioelectromagnetic modeling methods, stochastic modeling in electromagnetic-thermal dosimetry, intercomparison studies, and computational uncertainties. The insights gained from this workshop will guide future research and aid in the development of more accurate and reliable exposure assessment methods.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143513721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recommendations for the Safe Application of Temporal Interference Stimulation in the Human Brain Part I: Principles of Electrical Neuromodulation and Adverse Effects","authors":"Antonino M. Cassarà,&nbsp;Taylor H. Newton,&nbsp;Katie Zhuang,&nbsp;Sabine J. Regel,&nbsp;Peter Achermann,&nbsp;Alvaro Pascual-Leone,&nbsp;Niels Kuster,&nbsp;Esra Neufeld","doi":"10.1002/bem.22542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.22542","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Temporal interference stimulation (TIS) is a new form of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) that has been proposed as a method for targeted, non-invasive stimulation of deep brain structures. While TIS holds promise for a variety of clinical and non-clinical applications, little data is yet available regarding its effects in humans and its mechanisms of action. In order to inform the design and safe conduct of experiments involving TIS, researchers require quantitative guidance regarding safe exposure limits and other safety considerations. To this end, we undertook a two-part effort to determine frequency-dependent thresholds for applied currents below which TIS is unlikely to pose risk to humans in terms of heating or unwanted stimulation. Part I of this effort, described here, comprises a summary of the current knowledge pertaining to the safety of TIS and related techniques. Specifically, we provide: i) a broad overview of the electrophysiological impacts neurostimulation, ii) a review of the (bio-)physical principles underlying the mechanisms of action of transcranial alternating/direct stimulation (tACS/tDCS), deep brain stimulation (DBS), and TIS, and iii) a comprehensive survey of the adverse effects (AEs) associated with each technique as reported in the scientific literature and regulatory and clinical databases. In Part II, we perform an in silico study to determine field exposure metrics for tDCS/tACS and DBS under normal (safe) operating conditions and infer frequency-dependent current thresholds for TIS that result in equivalent levels of exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bem.22542","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143362341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Microwave Exposure on Cynomolgus Monkeys: EEG and ECG Analysis","authors":"Lizhen Ma,&nbsp;Nan Qiao,&nbsp;Yong Zou,&nbsp;Haoyu Wang,&nbsp;Yuchen Wang,&nbsp;Weijia Zhi,&nbsp;Xuelong Zhao,&nbsp;Xinping Xu,&nbsp;Mingzhao Zhang,&nbsp;Zhongwu Lin,&nbsp;Xiangjun Hu,&nbsp;Lifeng Wang","doi":"10.1002/bem.70000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.70000","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The annual increase of microwave exposure in human environments continues to fuel debates regarding its potential health impacts. This study monitored the EEG and ECG responses of three Cynomolgus monkeys before and at 0, 3, 7, 14, and 30 days after exposure to 50 mW/cm² microwave radiation for 15 min. The findings revealed no significant differences in the power spectral densities (PSDs) of the whole brain, frontal, and temporal lobes across various frequency bands (δ, θ, α, β, low-γ, and high-γ) immediately and up to 30 days postexposure. Notable alterations were observed primarily at 14 days in the PSDs of the parietal lobe, prefrontal cortex, central zone, and occipital lobe, particularly in the θ and α bands. By Day 30, these values returned to normal ranges. ECG alterations were characterized by changes in T-wave shape and amplitude. One monkey exhibited bidirectional spikes at 7 and 14 days that normalized by Day 30. Another showed similar patterns with reduced amplitude, and a third monkey displayed a towering forward wave at 14 days that persisted at 30 days. In conclusion, the administration of L-band microwave radiation at the specified dose did not result in immediate alterations to EEG and ECG, but it induced transient modifications in brain electrical activity and normalized after 30 days, which contributed to evaluate the health implications of microwave exposure in humans.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143248899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of 60 Hz Non- Uniform Electromagnetic Fields on Tomato (cv L-05) Seed Germination, Photosynthesis and Seedling Growth Under Salt Stress Conditions","authors":"Elizabeth Isaac Alemán,&nbsp;Rangel Sierra Díaz,&nbsp;Albys Ferrer Dubois,&nbsp;Yilan Fung Boix,&nbsp;Jorge González Aguilera,&nbsp;Alan Mario Zuffo,&nbsp;Fábio Steiner","doi":"10.1002/bem.22537","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bem.22537","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Effects of 60 Hz non-uniform electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on the tomato (cv. L-05) seed germination, photosynthesis, and seedling growth under salt stress and laboratory conditions were investigated. A previous trial investigated the impact of salt stress levels (0, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mM NaCl) on tomato seeds, and the 100 mM NaCl level was selected to study the effects of EMFs in attenuating salinity stress on germination, physiology, and growth of tomato seedlings. In the second experiment, untreated seeds and seeds treated with nonuniform EMFs of 2, 4 and 6 mT for 9 min were exposed to a 100 mM NaCl saline solution (SS). The results of the first bioassay showed that the addition of SS drastically reduced the germination percentage (67%), mean germination time (54%), mean germination speed (69%), germination rate index (39%), and germination vigor (78%) of tomato seeds when compared to the control treatment. In the second experimental trial, the effect of pretreatment of tomato seeds with EMFs of 2 or 4 mT for 9 min exposed to SS stress revealed a significant increase in the germination percentage (224%–226%) and germination rate (128%–151%). Salinity stress drastically reduced the tomato seed germination while 60 Hz nonuniform EMFs induced a mitigating response of tomato seeds under salinity stress to improve the germination, photosynthesis, and seedling growth. The 60 Hz nonuniform EMFs of 4mT for 9 min showed the best biological responses under salinity stress. Applied EMFs to tomato seeds protect tomato plants under salinity stress. Bioelectromagnetics. 00:00–00, 2024. © 2024 Bioelectromagnetics Society.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143057887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progressive Approaches in Oncological Diagnosis and Surveillance: Real-Time Impedance-Based Techniques and Advanced Algorithms","authors":"Viswambari Devi Ramaswamy,&nbsp;Michael Keidar","doi":"10.1002/bem.22540","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bem.22540","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cancer remains a formidable global health challenge, necessitating the development of innovative diagnostic techniques capable of early detection and differentiation of tumor/cancerous cells from their healthy counterparts. This review focuses on the confluence of advanced computational algorithms with noninvasive, label-free impedance-based biophysical methodologies—techniques that assess biological processes directly without the need for external markers or dyes. This review elucidates a diverse array of state-of-the-art impedance-based technologies, illuminating distinct electrical signatures inherent to cancer vs healthy tissues. Additionally, the study probes the transformative potential of these diagnostic modalities in recalibrating personalized cancer treatment paradigms. These modalities offer real-time insights into tumor dynamics, paving the way for precision-guided therapeutic interventions. By emphasizing the quest for continuous in vivo monitoring, these techniques herald a pivotal advancement in the overarching endeavor to combat cancer globally.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143045385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating Human Fat and Muscle Conductivity From 100 Hz to 1 MHz Using Measurements and Modelling","authors":"Otto Kangasmaa,&nbsp;Ilkka Laakso,&nbsp;Gernot Schmid","doi":"10.1002/bem.22541","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bem.22541","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The electrical conductivity of human tissues is a major source of uncertainty when modelling the interactions between electromagnetic fields and the human body. The aim of this study is to estimate human tissue conductivities in vivo over the low-frequency range, from 30 Hz to 1 MHz. Noninvasive impedance measurements, medical imaging, and 3D surface scanning were performed on the forearms of ten volunteer test subjects. This data set was used to create subject-specific forearm models, numerically solve an electrostatic forward problem, after which the tissue conductivities could be estimated by solving a probabilistic inverse problem. The electrical conductivity of skeletal muscle was found to be highly anisotropic at frequencies below 10 kHz, with conductivities of 0.13 (95% credible interval (CrI): 0.10–0.16) S/m perpendicular and 0.56 (CrI: 0.52–0.60) S/m parallel to the muscle fibre direction. This anisotropy decreased with increasing frequency with these values being 0.65 (CrI: 0.48–1.00) S/m and 0.78 (CrI: 0.72–0.85) S/m at 1 MHz. The conductivity of subcutaneous fat was found to be almost constant across the considered frequency range, with values of 0.21 (CrI: 0.12–0.31) S/m and 0.22 (CrI: 0.07–0.37) S/m at 10 kHz and 1 MHz, respectively. Our study provides robust uncertainty bounds for human tissue conductivity values, which are crucial in the computational assessment of human electromagnetic field exposure. Additionally, our findings are applicable to other fields of modelling such as medical stimulation or measurement technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11742663/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142999532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward Safety Protocols for Peripheral Nerve Stimulation (PNS): A Computational and Experimental Approach","authors":"Jinze Du,&nbsp;Andres Morales,&nbsp;Pragya Kosta,&nbsp;Gema Martinez-Navarrete,&nbsp;David J. Warren,&nbsp;Eduardo Fernandez,&nbsp;Jean-Marie C. Bouteiller,&nbsp;Douglas C. McCreery,&nbsp;Gianluca Lazzi","doi":"10.1002/bem.22533","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bem.22533","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As the clinical applicability of peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) expands, the need for PNS-specific safety criteria becomes pressing. This study addresses this need, utilizing a novel machine learning and computational bio-electromagnetics modeling platform to establish a safety criterion that captures the effects of fields and currents induced on axons. Our approach is comprised of three steps: experimentation, model creation, and predictive simulation. We collected high-resolution images of control and stimulated rat sciatic nerve samples at varying stimulation intensities and performed high-resolution image segmentation. These segmented images were used to train machine learning tools for the automatic classification of morphological properties of control and stimulated PNS nerves. Concurrently, we utilized our quasi-static Admittance Method-NEURON (AM-NEURON) computational platform to create realistic nerve models and calculate induced currents and charges, both critical elements of nerve safety criteria. These steps culminate in a cellular-level correlation between morphological changes and electrical stimulation parameters. This correlation informs the determination of thresholds of electrical parameters that are found to be associated with damage, such as maximum cell charge density. The proposed methodology and resulting criteria combine experimental findings with computational modeling to generate a safety threshold curve that captures the relationship between stimulation current and the potential for axonal damage. Although focused on a specific exposure condition, the approach presented here marks a step towards developing context-specific safety criteria in PNS neurostimulation, encouraging similar analyses across varied neurostimulation scenarios. Bioelectromagnetics.</p>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142999533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Development of a Reverberation Chamber for the Assessment of Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Energy Absorption in Mice","authors":"Steve Iskra,&nbsp;Robert L. McIntosh,&nbsp;Raymond J. McKenzie,&nbsp;John V. Frankland,&nbsp;Chao Deng,&nbsp;Emma Sylvester,&nbsp;Andrew W. Wood,&nbsp;Rodney J. Croft","doi":"10.1002/bem.22539","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bem.22539","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this paper, we present the design, RF-EMF performance, and a comprehensive uncertainty analysis of the reverberation chamber (RC) exposure systems that have been developed for the use of researchers at the University of Wollongong Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Australia, for the purpose of investigating the biological effects of RF-EMF in rodents. Initial studies, at 1950 MHz, have focused on investigating thermophysiological effects of RF exposure, and replication studies related to RF-EMF exposure and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in mice predisposed to AD. The RC exposure system was chosen as it allows relatively unconstrained movement of animals during exposures which can have the beneficial effect of minimizing stress-related, non-RF-induced biological and behavioral changes in the animals. The performance of the RCs was evaluated in terms of the uniformity of the Whole-Body Average-Specific Absorption Rate (WBA-SAR) in mice for a given RF input power level. The expanded uncertainty in WBA-SAR estimates was found to be 3.89 dB. Validation of WBA-SAR estimates based on a selected number of temperature measurements in phantom mice found that the maximum ratio of the temperature-derived WBA-SAR to the computed WBA-SAR was 1.1 dB, suggesting that actual WBA-SAR is likely to be well within the expanded uncertainties.</p>","PeriodicalId":8956,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectromagnetics","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11734383/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142982559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}