Biomedicines最新文献

{"title":"Stem Cell Therapy for Myocardial Infarction Recovery: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions.","authors":"Nicholas T Le, Matthew W Dunleavy, William Zhou, Sumrithbir S Bhatia, Rebecca D Kumar, Suyin T Woo, Gonzalo Ramirez-Pulido, Kaushik S Ramakrishnan, Ahmed H El-Hashash","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines13051209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13051209","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of morbidity worldwide, resulting from ischemic damage and necrosis to cardiomyocytes. While the standard treatment regimen for MI can be successful in restoring coronary perfusion, it typically does not resolve myocardial damage, which can leave patients particularly vulnerable to complications such as heart failure or electrical conduction abnormalities. Stem cell therapies offer a promising novel approach aimed at restoring cardiac function and decreasing the incidence of functional complications after an MI. This review used a literature search to evaluate the current landscape of stem cell therapy for post-MI recovery and focuses on the stem cell candidates for MI recovery therapy, delivery methods of such treatment, and their effectiveness. Both preclinical and clinical trials have demonstrated the safety of stem cells, but have struggled with limited cell retention, inconsistent efficacy, and survival. Mechanisms are employed by stem cells to promote regeneration, such as paracrine signaling, angiogenesis, and structural remodeling, in addition to the various stem cell delivery methods, including intracoronary infusion, direct myocardial injection, and intravenous administration. Furthermore, some strategies to combat past challenges in this field are discussed; for instance, extracellular vesicles, bioengineered patches, hydrogels, gene editing, and bioprinting. This article will provide a framework for future research in stem cell therapies and highlight the current progress in the field.</p>","PeriodicalId":8937,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicines","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144156388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resting-State Functional MRI in Dyslexia: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Bruce Martins, Isabel A B Verrone, Mariana M I Sakamoto, Mariana Y Baba, Melissa E Yvata, Katerina Lukasova, Mariana P Nucci","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines13051210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13051210","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> The present review addresses and systematically analyses the most frequently reported neuropsychological and functional connectivity (FC) alterations in individuals with dyslexia compared to controls. By synthesizing extant evidence, this work aims to clarify dyslexic connectivity profiles and provide a foundation for future research and clinical translation. <b>Methods:</b> This systematic review analyzed publications from the last 10 years in two scientific databases, focusing on individuals with dyslexia, without previous injuries, who underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) assessments, comparing them with typical readers. <b>Results:</b> This review revealed that most dyslexia studies on brain FC using rs-fMRI focused on children (92%), underscoring a gap in research on adults and limiting our understanding of brain maturation processes and neuroplasticity across the lifespan. FC alterations primarily involved ipsilateral connections (60%), with reduced connectivity mainly in the left hemisphere (40%), particularly in posterior regions, aligning with the neurobiological hypothesis of phonological and visual-phonological dysfunctions in dyslexia. Conversely, increased connectivity in the right hemisphere (20%) may indicate the engagement of an alternative network and highlight the complexity of neural adaptations in dyslexia. <b>Conclusions:</b> The findings highlight a significant gap in the study of adult dyslexia and suggest that FC alterations predominantly affect the left hemisphere, with possible compensatory mechanisms in the right hemisphere. Reading fluency improvements in dyslexia may be linked to connectivity changes across multiple brain networks rather than the classical reading circuitry alone. Increased and decreased connectivity in various regions related to executive function, language, and salience processing indicate that broader cognitive mechanisms play a key role in reading performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":8937,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicines","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144156497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Collagenase Preconditioning on Partially Incised Rat Tendon Treated with Light-Emitting Diodes and Platelet-Rich Plasma.","authors":"Jihad A M Alzyoud, Abd Al-Rahman Salem Al-Shudiefat, Heba A Ali, Samya A Omoush, Dalal A O Shuqair","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines13051214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13051214","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Tendinopathy is a challenging condition associated with high treatment costs, prolonged dysfunction, and lower quality of life. Current treatment strategies aim to accelerate healing by modulating the healing phases. Phototherapy and growth factor-based modalities have shown promising outcomes in promoting tendon healing. A two-factor experimental design investigates the therapeutic efficacy of conditioning a partially tenotomized rat Achilles tendon model with low concentrations of collagenase, followed by platelet-rich plasma and/or light-emitting diode treatments. <b>Methods:</b> Forty-six adult male Wistar rats (284.8g ± 6.8) were randomly assigned to nine groups (G1 (n = 6), G2-G9; n = 5 per group) based on the treatment applied upon a partially incised rat's hind-limb Achilles tendon model for three weeks. On day 21, blood samples were collected for hematological and biochemical analyses and tendon explants were harvested and subjected to histology. <b>Results:</b> Observational findings support the safety and validity of the model with insignificant weight gain. Hematological measures revealed no significant differences, except WBC, which was affected by phototherapy (<i>p</i> = 0.037). Blood biochemical measures of creatinine and AST levels were significantly affected by collagenase, while both treatments significantly influence CPK levels (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Histological scores revealed no significant main or interaction effect of both treatment modalities. Effect size estimates for biochemical variables were strong effects while hematological and histological variables demonstrated weak effects. <b>Conclusions:</b> Preconditioning a partially incised tendon with low collagenase and combined with PRP and/or LED therapy may offer therapeutic benefits by enhancing the remodeling phase of tendon repair. Study results validated the rat model, which could be a reliable model for future research to refine treatment as well as the investigational tools protocols.</p>","PeriodicalId":8937,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicines","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144156394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidence and Predictors of Right Ventricular Reverse Remodeling in Patients with Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy Treated with Tafamidis.","authors":"Nicoleta Nita, Dominik Felbel, Michael Paukovitsch, Felix von Sanden, Elene Walter, Rima Melnic, Wolfgang Rottbauer, Dominik Buckert, Johannes Mörike","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines13051211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13051211","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: In patients with transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM), the effect of tafamidis on right ventricular (RV) dysfunction has been poorly investigated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of tafamidis on RV free wall global longitudinal strain (RV FW-GLS) and right ventricular and pulmonary artery (RV-PA) coupling over 12 months of treatment. <b>Methods</b>: Ninety-three patients with ATTR-CM treated with 61 mg of tafamidis daily who underwent multimodality imaging evaluation at baseline by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) and speckle-tracking echocardiography were retrospectively studied. The 12-month follow-up included an echocardiographic assessment of RV FW-GLS and RV-PA coupling. RV reverse remodeling was defined as a >10% improvement in RV FW-GLS and/or in RV-PA coupling from baseline. RV-PA coupling was assessed using the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion/ pulmonary artery systolic pressure (TAPSE/PASP) ratio. <b>Results</b>: Over 12 months of tafamidis treatment, RV reverse remodeling was documented in 22.6% of patients. In these patients, RV FW-GLS improved significantly from 14.5 ± 2.1% to 17.3 ± 2%, <i>p</i> < 0.001, whereas the TAPSE/PASP ratio improved from 0.42 ± 0.05 mm/mmHg to 0.54 ± 0.07 mm/mmHg, <i>p</i> = 0.001. Patients who experienced RV reverse remodeling were at an earlier stage of disease prior to tafamidis treatment with less dilated RV and less severe RV-PA uncoupling (TAPSE/PASP ratio: 0.43 ± 0.06 mm/mmHg vs. 0.39 ± 0.06 mm/mmHg, <i>p</i> = 0.040). CMR-derived baseline RV end-systolic volume (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.73-0.94, <i>p</i> = 0.005) and NT-proBNP (HR 0.989, 95% CI 0.988-0.999, <i>p</i> = 0.024) were the strongest independent predictors of RV reverse remodeling, followed by PASP (HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.69-0.98, <i>p</i> = 0.030). <b>Conclusions</b>: Patients with ATTR-CM treated with tafamidis at an earlier stage of the disease experienced RV reverse remodeling with significant improvement in RV FW-GLS and RV-PA coupling.</p>","PeriodicalId":8937,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicines","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144156304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeting Aggressive Prostate Carcinoma Cells with Mesothelin-CAR-T Cells.","authors":"Apolline de Testas de Folmont, Angèle Fauvel, Francis Vacherot, Pascale Soyeux, Abdérémane Abdou, Salem Chouaib, Stéphane Terry","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines13051215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13051215","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Advancing chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy for solid tumors remains a major challenge in cancer immunotherapy. Prostate cancer (PCa), particularly in its aggressive forms, may be a suitable target for CAR-T therapy given the range of associated tumor antigens. However, due to the high plasticity and heterogeneity of aggressive PCa and the complexity of the tumor environment, there is a need to broaden the repertoire of targetable antigens and deepen our understanding of CAR-T behavior in stressed microenvironmental conditions. Growing evidence supports mesothelin as a promising cancer-associated marker and a compelling target for CAR-T cell approaches in solid tumors. <b>Objectives and Methods</b>: Here, we employed gene expression datasets to investigate mesothelin expression in both primary and metastatic PCa tumors. Additionally, we evaluated mesothelin expression across various preclinical PCa models and assessed the therapeutic efficacy of second-generation mesothelin-targeted CAR-T (meso-CAR-T) cells under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions, with hypoxia as a representative tumor-associated stress condition. <b>Results</b>: Our results revealed a significant enrichment of mesothelin in 3-10% of metastatic prostate tumors, contrasting with its minimal expression in primary tumors. In line with these findings, we observed increased mesothelin expression in an aggressive variant of the 22Rv1 cell line, which displayed an epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP) phenotype. Meso-CAR-T cells demonstrated potent cytotoxicity and remarkable selectivity toward these carcinoma cells under both severe hypoxia (1% O₂) or normoxia (21% O₂), highlighting their ability to withstand metabolic stress within the tumor microenvironment. <b>Conclusions</b>: Our study underscores the potential of meso-CAR-T cells as a promising strategy for targeting specific subtypes of metastatic prostate cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":8937,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicines","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144156480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Melatonin in Glaucoma: Integrative Mechanisms of Intraocular Pressure Control and Neuroprotection.","authors":"Xinyu Hou, Yingzi Pan","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines13051213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13051213","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible visual loss worldwide, characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration and optic nerve damage. Current therapies mainly focus on lowering intraocular pressure (IOP), yet fail to address pressure-independent neurodegenerative mechanisms. Melatonin, an endogenously produced indoleamine, has gained attention for its potential in modulating both IOP and neurodegeneration through diverse cellular pathways. This review evaluates the therapeutic relevance of melatonin in glaucoma by examining its mechanistic actions and emerging delivery approaches. <b>Methods</b>: A comprehensive literature search was conducted via PubMed and Medline to identify studies published between 2000 and 2025 on melatonin's roles in glaucoma. Included articles discussed its effects on IOP regulation, RGC survival, oxidative stress, mitochondrial integrity, and inflammation. <b>Results</b>: Evidence supports melatonin's involvement in IOP reduction via MT receptor activation and its synergism with adrenergic and enzymatic regulators. Moreover, it protects RGCs by mitigating oxidative stress, preventing mitochondrial dysfunction, and inhibiting apoptotic and inflammatory cascades. Recent advances in ocular drug delivery systems enhance its bioavailability and therapeutic potential. <b>Conclusions</b>: Melatonin represents a multi-target candidate for glaucoma treatment. Further clinical studies are necessary to establish optimal dosing strategies, delivery methods, and long-term safety in patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":8937,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicines","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144156185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MicroRNAs in Systemic Sclerosis: Involvement in Disease Pathogenesis and Potential Use as Diagnostic Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets.","authors":"Russka Shumnalieva, Simeon Monov, Tsvetelina Velikova","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines13051216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13051216","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic autoimmune connective tissue disorder characterized by three main pathological features: microangiopathy, immunological alterations, and excessive synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, leading to fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. Although the etiology of SSc is still unknown, recent studies have revealed the potential role of genetic and epigenetic factors in disease pathogenesis. They are involved in the regulation of cell metabolism, cell hyperactivity, and the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins. Short endogenous noncoding RNA molecules (microRNAs; miRNAs) negatively regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level and play a significant role in disease pathogenesis. Altered miRNA expression in circulation and disease-specific tissues could serve as biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets in SSc.</p>","PeriodicalId":8937,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicines","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144156285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Implementation on Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation in Cardiac Surgery.","authors":"Romain Niessen, Valentina Rancati, Mario Verdugo-Marchese, Ziyad Gunga, Anna Nowacka, Valentine Melly, Christophe Abellan, Karima Alouazen, Tamila Abdurashidova, Caroline Botteau, Matthias Kirsch, Zied Ltaief","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines13051212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13051212","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is the most frequent arrhythmic complication following cardiac surgery and is associated with increased morbidity and prolonged recovery. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of an enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) program on the incidence of POAF and broader perioperative outcomes. <b>Methods</b>: In this monocentric, observational cohort study, we compared a retrospective pre-ERAS cohort (<i>n</i> = 162) with a prospective ERAS cohort (<i>n</i> = 321). The primary outcome was the incidence of POAF, assessed using two definitions: (1) the American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS) 2014 clinical definition, identifying POAF as atrial fibrillation requiring treatment; and (2) the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) 2024 definition, describing new-onset atrial fibrillation occurring immediately after surgery. Secondary outcomes included compliance with POAF prophylaxis measures, length of hospital stay, and the occurrence of postoperative complications. Statistical analyses included propensity score matching and multivariate logistic regression to identify independent predictors of POAF. <b>Results</b>: ERAS implementation was associated with a significant reduction in POAF incidence across both definitions. According to the AATS 2014 definition, POAF occurred in 20% of ERAS patients vs. 39% in the pre-ERAS group (<i>p</i> = 0.001), and 23% vs. 39% in the matched cohort (<i>p</i> = 0.004). Using the ESC 2024 definition, POAF was observed in 21% vs. 37% (<i>p</i> = 0.001) in unmatched and 20% vs. 36% (<i>p</i> = 0.005) in matched populations. Compliance with POAF prophylaxis improved markedly in the ERAS group (70% vs. 21%, <i>p</i> = 0.001). ERAS patients also experienced shorter hospital stays and fewer postoperative complications (26% vs. 38% in the matched cohort, <i>p</i> = 0.033). <b>Conclusions</b>: The implementation of a structured ERAS protocol significantly reduced POAF incidence, improved compliance with preventive strategies, and enhanced key aspects of postoperative recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":8937,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicines","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144156374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the Genetic Links Between Immune Cell Profiles and Bladder Cancer: A Multidisciplinary Bioinformatics Approach.","authors":"Jin Zhang, Zhongji Jiang, Jiali Jin, Gaohaer Kadeerhan, Hong Guo, Dongwen Wang","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines13051203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13051203","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Bladder cancer (BC) is a common malignancy in the urinary system, with an increasing incidence rate. Immune cell infiltration within the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in BC progression and treatment response. However, the immune cell composition of the TME presents a significant challenge to the effectiveness of current therapeutic strategies. <b>Methods</b>: We performed bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to investigate the impact of immune cells on BC risk. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to immune cells were annotated, and candidate genes associated with BC risk were identified. Differential expression analysis identified immune-related differentially expressed genes (iDEGs), and a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network along with functional enrichment analysis were conducted to explore their roles in tumor development. Machine learning-based feature selection was applied to identify potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. <b>Results</b>: MR analysis revealed eight immune cell subtypes significantly associated with BC. Using SNPs linked to these immune cells, 129 candidate genes were identified through the SNPense tool and cross-referenced with differentially expressed genes in BC, resulting in identification of 28 iDEGs. Machine learning identified five potential diagnostic biomarkers (<i>COLEC12</i>, <i>TMCC1</i>, <i>CEP55</i>, <i>KLK3</i>, <i>COL4A1</i>) with an AUC of 0.903, which are implicated in immune modulation and cancer progression. <b>Conclusions</b>: This study provides new insights into immune mechanisms in BC and identifies promising biomarkers for early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":8937,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicines","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144156430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytokines Meet Phages: A Revolutionary Pathway to Modulating Immunity and Microbial Balance.","authors":"Rossella Cianci, Mario Caldarelli, Paola Brani, Annalisa Bosi, Alessandra Ponti, Cristina Giaroni, Andreina Baj","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines13051202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13051202","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacteriophages are a unique and fascinating group of viruses, known for their highly specific ability to infect and replicate within bacterial cells. While their potential as antibacterial agents has been recognized for decades, recent research has revealed complex interactions between phages and the human immune system, offering new insights into their role in immune modulation. New evidence reveals a dynamic and intricate relationship between phages and cytokines, suggesting their ability to regulate inflammation, immune tolerance, and host-pathogen interaction. Herein, we review how phages affect the production of cytokines and the behavior of immune cells indirectly by lysis of bacterium or directly on mammalian cells. Phages have been shown to induce both pro- and anti-inflammatory responses and recently, they have been explored in personalized immunotherapy, cancer immunotherapy, and microbiome modulation, which are the focus of this review. Several challenges remain despite significant progress, including practical obstructions related to endotoxins along with host microbiome variability and regulatory issues. Nevertheless, the potential of bacteriophages to modulate immune responses makes them attractive candidates for the future of precision medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":8937,"journal":{"name":"Biomedicines","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144156116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}