{"title":"“Reality check”: physiological relevance of using in vitro systems for studying bacterial invasion","authors":"Priscilla B. Wyrick","doi":"10.1016/S0020-2452(97)81371-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0020-2452(97)81371-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89103,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin de l'Institut Pasteur","volume":"95 3","pages":"Pages 179-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0020-2452(97)81371-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55824194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Commentary by G.I. Byrne","authors":"Gerald I. Byrne","doi":"10.1016/S0020-2452(97)81372-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0020-2452(97)81372-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89103,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin de l'Institut Pasteur","volume":"95 3","pages":"Pages 180-181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0020-2452(97)81372-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55824280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Typhoid fever: continuing challenges from a resilient bacterial foe","authors":"B. Ivanoff , M.M. Levine","doi":"10.1016/S0020-2452(97)81367-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0020-2452(97)81367-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Diarrhoeal diseases are still responsible for 3 million deaths each year, of which an estimated 600,000 deaths are caused by typhoid fever. Prevention of enteric diseases comprises basic sanitary and hygiene measures including purifying water supplies, improving water delivery and sewage control, supplying handwashing facilities, latrines, boiling water and supervising foodhandlers. Most of the time, however, it is difficult to apply these recommendations properly, and the problems are compounded by the emergence of drug-resistant strains of <em>Salmonella typhi</em>. Efforts to develop effective treatments and vaccines against these diseases are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":89103,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin de l'Institut Pasteur","volume":"95 3","pages":"Pages 129-142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0020-2452(97)81367-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55824048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Commentary by E. Kihlström","authors":"Erick Kihlström","doi":"10.1016/S0020-2452(97)81375-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0020-2452(97)81375-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89103,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin de l'Institut Pasteur","volume":"95 3","pages":"Pages 182-183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0020-2452(97)81375-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55824571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Commentary by J. Pearce","authors":"John Pearce","doi":"10.1016/S0020-2452(97)81374-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-2452(97)81374-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89103,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin de l'Institut Pasteur","volume":"95 3","pages":"Page 182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0020-2452(97)81374-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137089796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Commentary by A. Rodolakis","authors":"Annie Rodolakis","doi":"10.1016/S0020-2452(97)81373-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0020-2452(97)81373-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89103,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin de l'Institut Pasteur","volume":"95 3","pages":"Page 181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0020-2452(97)81373-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55824467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Modulation of leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions by infectious agents","authors":"K.A. Kelly","doi":"10.1016/S0020-2452(97)81369-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0020-2452(97)81369-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The ability of leukocytes, the principal mobile players in host defence, to reach the sites where infectious processes occur is pivotal for interrupting these processes and restoring initial steady-state conditions of the tissues. Numerous factors are responsible for regulating leukocyte trafficking, including the expression of adhesion molecules on both endothelial cells and leukocytes, as well as the unique blend of local cytokines and chemokines induced directly or indirectly within the pathogen-loaded sites. Recently, pathogens have been shown to directly intervene and modify these factors, thus influencing the subsequent immune response. This review will discuss mechanisms whereby pathogens can influence the recruitment of leukocytes to sites of infection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":89103,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin de l'Institut Pasteur","volume":"95 3","pages":"Pages 147-159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0020-2452(97)81369-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55824085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Commentary by E. Vretou","authors":"Evangelia Vretou","doi":"10.1016/S0020-2452(97)81376-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0020-2452(97)81376-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89103,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin de l'Institut Pasteur","volume":"95 3","pages":"Pages 183-184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0020-2452(97)81376-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55824627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The role of international law in the control of emerging infectious diseases","authors":"D.P. Fidler","doi":"10.1016/S0020-2452(97)83914-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0020-2452(97)83914-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This review article provides a historical and contemporary overview of the role of international law in the control of infectious diseases. Particular emphasis is given to the current challenges for international law posed by emerging infectious diseases. The article stresses not only the need for international law in the control of emerging infectious diseases but also the limitations of international law as an instrument to help in global infectious disease control.</p></div><div><p>Le but de cette revue est de stimuler la discussion entre les experts des maladies infectieuses et les juristes du droit international, à l'aide d'une vue d'ensemble du rôle du droit international dans le contrôle des EIDs (emerging infectious diseases). Le droit international est nécessaíre aux fins de contrôle des maladies infectieuses étant donné que (1) le monde est fragmenté en états souverains qui interagissent à travers le droit international, et (2) les EIDs posent un problème global qui va bien au-delà de la capacité de n'importe quel état d'agir sans coopération internationale.</p><p>Le développement historique du droit international concernant le contrôle des maladies infectieuses depuis la première conférence sanitaire internationale en 1851 jusqu'aux actuels IHR (international health regulations) est discuté. L'auteur évalue le droit international existant sur le contrôle des maladies infectieuses en analysant les différents domaines concernés: accords internationaux, droit coutumier international, principes généraux du droit, décisions judiciaires, rapports des experts du droit public international, et droit ≪ soft ≫. Pour montrer l'incidence du droit international dans le contrôle des EIDs, l'auteur explore les rapports entre celui-ci et le droit international — commercial, droits de l'homme et de l'environnement —, et aussi les contrôles internationaux des armes biologiques. Pour finir, cette revue souligne quelques exemples actuels du droit international et de la diplomatie en relation avec les EIDs dont la menace devient consciente.</p><p>L'auteur conclut en nous rappelant que le droit international n'a de rôle que celui donné par les états. Paraphrasant Edmund Burke, l'auteur nous avertit que le droit international pour le contrôle des maladies infectieuses restera lettre morte en l'absence d'une intime détermination d'améliorer la santé de l'humanité.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":89103,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin de l'Institut Pasteur","volume":"95 2","pages":"Pages 57-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0020-2452(97)83914-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55825227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ebola virus","authors":"B. Le Guenno, J. Galabru","doi":"10.1016/S0020-2452(97)83915-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-2452(97)83915-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>After 15 years of silence in Africa, Ebola virus has been in the limelight six times in two years. This emergence, its 88% case fatality rate, plus the mystery that surrounds its natural cycle make this virus a prototype of the so-called “emergent viruses”. The authors describe the history, epidemiology and infection cycle of this poorly understood virus.</p></div><div><p>Le virus Ebola a été à la une de l'actualité six fois en deux ans. Découvert il y a vingt ans, il ne s'était plus manifesté en Afrique depuis 1979. Ce retour apparent (non identification de son réservoir) semble en faire un prototype des virus émergents. S'il présente une morphologie très particulière, il appartient en fait à un ordre viral bien connu qui regroupe des virus comme celui de la rage ou de la rougeole. Le principal mécanisme de l'épidémie est la transmission nosocomiale lorsque les mesures de protection les plus simples ne peuvent plus être appliquées. Le risque infectieux est très élevé, mais n'existe que lors du contact avec des malades. Son potentiel épidemique est donc limité et facilement contrôlable par des mesures d'hygiène et une reconnaissance précoce des cas. Le comportement humain joue un grand rôle dans l'apparition mais également dans l'arrêt des épidémies. Ce virus pantrope ne provoque pas de lésions massives qui puissent expliquer facilement sa létalité. Son diagnostic ne présente pas de difficulté particulière mais ne se justifie que chez les patients à la phase clinique. La principale question que pose ce virus est son cycle naturel: la mise à jour en Côte d'Ivoire d'une nouvelle souche responsable de deux épidémies chez une troupe de chimpanzés a permis de limiter dans le temps et l'espace les captures à effectuer pour le découvrir. Si le risque d'importation existe, celui d'une épidémie dans un pays développé est difficilement concevable.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":89103,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin de l'Institut Pasteur","volume":"95 2","pages":"Pages 73-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0020-2452(97)83915-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137224092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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