{"title":"Does ammonia production by Klebsiella contribute to pathogenesis?","authors":"D. Kleiner, A. Traglauer, S. Domm","doi":"10.1016/S0020-2452(99)80006-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0020-2452(99)80006-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>High ammonia levels in mammalian tissues, especially blood (as well as in urine), are toxic, causing severe metabolic disorders. The underlying pathogenic principles are for the most part poorly understood. In this review we discuss 1) possible mechanisms of ammonia toxicity, 2) general mechanisms of bacterial ammonia production and 3) <em>Klebsiella</em> virulence. Special reference is made to possible effects of nitrogen fixation, ureolysis, proteolysis and amino acid ammonification.</p></div><div><p>Dans de nombreux tissus mammaliens, les protéines et autres composés azotés sont dégradés en ammoniaque, laquelle est transportée par le sang jusqu'au foie pour détoxication. Des concentrations élevées d'ammoniaque, survenant lors d'une diminution de la capacité de détoxication (par ex. lors d'une cirrhose) ou produites localement par des bactéries infectantes, sont toxiques et peuvent perturber gravement le métabolisme, particulièrement quand elles atteignent le cerveau. Les causes fondamentales de la toxicité de l'ammoniaque sont mal comprises dans bien des cas. En tant que résultat d'activités uréolytiques (hydrolyse de l'urée), la production d'ammoniaque bactérienne est assez bien comprise puisqu'elle peut conduire à la formation de calculs d'origine infectieuse dans le tractus urinaire ou constituer des conditions préalables à la colonisation de la muqueuse gastrique par <em>Helicobacter</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":89103,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin de l'Institut Pasteur","volume":"96 4","pages":"Pages 257-265"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0020-2452(99)80006-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55826955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The epidemiology and pathogenesis of candidiasis: Applications in prevention and treatment","authors":"R. Matthews, J. Burnie","doi":"10.1016/S0020-2452(99)80005-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0020-2452(99)80005-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this review we show how the application of molecular biology has improved our understanding of the epidemiology of candidiasis and the role of certain virulence factors in the pathogenesis of this important infection, opening up new approaches to prevention and treatment.</p></div><div><p>La candidose est actuellement une des causes les plus banales d'infection systémique pouvant engager le pronostic vital, et, parallèlement, la compréhension de son épidémiologie et de sa pathogenèse est en progression, pour une grande part gr^ace à l'application des techniques de la biologie moléculaire.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":89103,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin de l'Institut Pasteur","volume":"96 4","pages":"Pages 249-256"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0020-2452(99)80005-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55826883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D.M. Ojcius (Editor-in-chief), F. Rougeon (Director of Research and Training)
{"title":"Editorial note","authors":"D.M. Ojcius (Editor-in-chief), F. Rougeon (Director of Research and Training)","doi":"10.1016/S0020-2452(98)80017-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-2452(98)80017-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89103,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin de l'Institut Pasteur","volume":"96 4","pages":"Page 215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0020-2452(98)80017-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137225859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cholera epidemiology in Latin America and perspectives for eradication","authors":"J. Kumate , J. Sepúlveda , G. Gutiérrez","doi":"10.1016/S0020-2452(99)80002-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0020-2452(99)80002-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An explosive cholera outbreak with <em>Vibrio cholerae</em> O1, Inaba, El Tor began in Peru in January 1991 and extended to all the Latin American countries except Uruguay and the Caribbean. The number of cases diminished from 396,363 in 1991 to 17,260 in 1997, while the fatality rate remained around 1%. The source and features of the epidemic and the prospects for the eradication of cholera in Latin America are discussed.</p></div><div><p>En janvier 1991, après un siècle d'absence, le choléra réapparut en Amérique Latine. Au Pérou, la poussée épidémique se répandit très rapidement tout au long des 2.000 km de côte et se propagea dans les pays voisins: l'Equateur, le Chili, la Bolivie ð le Brésil. La contagion toucha, à la fin de l'année, la Colombie, le Mexique et l'Amérique Centrale et, en 1992, le Belize et le Costa Rica furent atteints. En 1998, l'Uruguay et les Caraïbes sont encore indemnes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":89103,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin de l'Institut Pasteur","volume":"96 4","pages":"Pages 217-226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0020-2452(99)80002-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55826705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B virus infection","authors":"M.A. Feitelson","doi":"10.1016/S0020-2452(99)80003-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0020-2452(99)80003-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>There are more than 300 million carriers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) worldwide at high risk for the development of hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although the pathogenesis of chronic infection is essentially immune-mediated, its variability and underlying mechanisms remain major obstacles to the development of effective treatments. This review outlines some of the aspects of HBV-associated chronic liver diseases in the hope that the knowledge obtained will be central to the development of new therapeutic approaches.</p></div><div><p>La destruction hépatocellulaire majeure se produisant au cours des infections par le virus de l'hépatite B est probablement due à l'intervention des mécanismes immunitaires. Il est possible que les variations observées dans la pathogenèse de ces infections soient en partie la conséquence de plusieurs facteurs de l'hôte et du virus. Les facteurs de l'hôte incluent son haplotype HLA, sa capacité de reconnaître l'antigène viral sur les cellules infectées et de recevoir les signaux de costimulation appropriés de façon opportune au cours de l'infection. Les facteurs viraux incluent la variation génétique, les effets cytopathologiques directs et l'altération des hépathocytes infectés via les cytokines cytotoxiques. L'absence de procédé de culture tissulaire adéquat et de modèle animal limite la compréhension des phénomènes de la pathogenèse et constitue une invite aux développements futurs de ces moyens de sorte que les bases des atteintes hépathocytaires puissent être élucidées et les recherches d'interventions thérapeutiques puissent être menées à bien.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":89103,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin de l'Institut Pasteur","volume":"96 4","pages":"Pages 227-236"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0020-2452(99)80003-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55826726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}