Bulletin de l'Institut Pasteur最新文献

{"title":"Invasion of mammalian and protozoan cells by Legionella pneumophila","authors":"Y Abu Kwaik,&nbsp;L.-Y. Gao,&nbsp;B.J. Stone,&nbsp;O.S. Harb","doi":"10.1016/S0020-2452(99)80004-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0020-2452(99)80004-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The ability of <em>Legionella pneumophila</em> to cause disease is dependent on its intracellular replication within alveolar cells. In the environment, the bacterium is a parasite of protozoa, which are central to the ecology and pathogenesis of <em>L. pneumophila</em>. This review examines invasion of mammalian and protozoan cells by this bacterium.</p></div><div><p>La capacité pour cette bactérie de provoquer la légionellose est dépendante de sa réplication à l'intérieur des macrophages et des cellules épithéliales. ns l'environnement la bactérie est un parasite des protozoaires. Le pili type IV de <em>L. pneumophila</em> est impliqué dans l'attachement initial aux cellules mammaliennes et aux protozoaires. La pénétration de la bactérie chez ces deux hôtes, si distants sur le plan de l'évolution, se produit à la fois par phagocytose classique et par phagocytose par enroulement. La saisie des bactéries par les macrophages est médiée ou non par le complément. La saisie par les protozoaires est médiée par un récepteur lectine Gal/GalNac, et elle est associée à la déphosphorylation de la tyrosine de la lectine et à celle d'autres protéines du protozoaire-hôte. Après sa pénétration chez les deux types d'hôtes, la bactérie se multiplie à l'intérieur d'un phagosome encerclé par le réticulum endoplasmique rugueux, phagosome dont la maturation est bloquée via la voie endosomique lysosomale, et qui a été qualifié d'EMB (endosomal maturation blocked). Des mutants de <em>L. pneumophila</em> ont été isolés et les locus défectifs ont été regroupés: <em>pmi</em> (protozoa and macrophage infectivity), <em>mil</em> (macrophage-specific infectivity loci), <em>dot</em> (defect in organelle trafficking) et <em>icm</em> (intracellular multiplication). Alors que les mutants <em>pmi</em> sont défectifs à la fois pour les macrophages mammaliens et pour les protozoaires, les mutants <em>mil</em> sont défectifs seulement pour les macrophages. Les mutants <em>pmi</em> et <em>mil</em> ont des destins différents à l'intérieur des macrophages et des cellules épithéliales. Des locus <em>dot</em> et <em>icm</em> codent des protéines semblables aux protéines impliquées dans le transfert d'ADN par conjugaison, et ils sont soupçonnés être impliqués dans l'assemblage d'un appareil secrétoire qui intervient dans la sécrétion de facteurs bactériens qui gouvernent les processus de la cellule-hôte.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":89103,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin de l'Institut Pasteur","volume":"96 4","pages":"Pages 237-247"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0020-2452(99)80004-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55826750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential hazards of probiotic bacteria for immunodeficient patients","authors":"R.D. Wagner ,&nbsp;E. Balish","doi":"10.1016/S0020-2452(98)80011-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0020-2452(98)80011-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Probiotic bacteria provide a variety of health benefits to immunocompetent hosts; however, their use in immunodeficient patients may pose problems. Some probiotics are closely related to bacteria that are opportunistic pathogens and can transfer antibiotic resistance genes. Intestinal bacteria have recently been associated with inflammatory and autoimmune diseases in immunodeficient hosts; similar problems may arise if probiotics are fed to immunodeficient patients. The safety, efficacy, benefits and costs of feeding probiotic bacteria to immunodeficient patients needs to be carefully considered and fully researched to assure they will not cause infectious, inflammatory or autoimmune diseases in these susceptible hosts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":89103,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin de l'Institut Pasteur","volume":"96 3","pages":"Pages 165-170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0020-2452(98)80011-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55826153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular and biological mechanisms in the development of AIDS dementia complex (ADC)","authors":"N.K. Saksena,&nbsp;R. Jozwiak,&nbsp;B. Wang","doi":"10.1016/S0020-2452(98)80012-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0020-2452(98)80012-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A subacute encephalitis, termed AIDS dementia complex (ADC), which involves the infection of the central nervous system and afflicts up to 50% of adult HIV-infected individuals, can culminate in dementia, paralysis and death. Although a number of possible mechanisms for ADC have been proposed, the actual reasons for the pathogenesis of ADC in adults and progressive encephalopathy in infants and children still remain poorly understood. The aim of the present review is to shed some light on the most recent developments which may provide insights into plausible molecular and biological mechanisms involved in neuropathogenesis caused by HIV.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":89103,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin de l'Institut Pasteur","volume":"96 3","pages":"Pages 171-187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0020-2452(98)80012-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55826183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging and evolving microbial foodborne pathogens","authors":"J. Meng ,&nbsp;M.P. Doyle","doi":"10.1016/S0020-2452(98)80010-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0020-2452(98)80010-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The epidemiology of foodborne diseases has changed rapidly in the last two decades. Emergence of newly recognized foodborne pathogens has significantly contributed to this change. Several pathogens have newly emerged as, or have the potential to be, important foodborne pathogens, including <em>Escherichia coli</em> O157:H7 and other enterohaemorrhagic <em>E. coli, Salmonella typhimurium</em> Definitive Type 104, <em>Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Arcobacter butzleri</em> and <em>Helicobacter pylori</em>. Others such as <em>Campylobacter jejuni</em> and <em>Listeria monocytogenes</em> have been recognized pathogens for many years but have only in the past two decades been determined to be predominantly foodborne. Although approaches such as hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) programs will significantly improve safety of our food supply, changes in food processing, products, and practices, and human behaviour will influence the emergence of foodborne pathogens into the next century.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":89103,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin de l'Institut Pasteur","volume":"96 3","pages":"Pages 151-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0020-2452(98)80010-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55826138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"β-Lactam antibiotics, β-lactamases and bacterial resistance","authors":"L.P. Kotra,&nbsp;S. Mobashery","doi":"10.1016/S0020-2452(98)80009-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0020-2452(98)80009-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>β-Lactams are the most prescribed antibacterials for the treatment of bacterial infections. Bacteria have developed mechanisms to resist the action of β-lactam drugs, of which the catalytic function of β-lactamase is the most important. These enzymes catalyse hydrolysis of β-lactam antibiotics, whereby the drug is destroyed. This review offers a perspective on the function of these enzymes and their clinical implications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":89103,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin de l'Institut Pasteur","volume":"96 3","pages":"Pages 139-150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0020-2452(98)80009-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55826104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lyme borreliosis (Lyme disease): interactions of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato with human (and other mammalian) hosts","authors":"L.H. Sigal","doi":"10.1016/S0020-2452(98)80013-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0020-2452(98)80013-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the twenty years since its description, Lyme disease has evolved from being a curiosity in three small communities on the east bank of the Connecticut River to the most common vector-borne disease in the U.S. and Germany, and a worldwide concern. In this short time, the aetiologic agent has been identified and grown, the clinical syndromes due to this agent have been delineated, seroconfirmatory tests developed, effective therapeutic regimens determined, a vaccine found safe and effective, and the epidemiology and ecology understood sufficiently to establish avoidance and prevention strategies. However, the mechanisms whereby the aetiologic agent, <em>Borrelia burgdorferi</em> sensu lato actually causes tissue damage/dysfunction remain to be defined. The following represents a review of some proposed immunopathogenic mechanisms with a focus on possible autoimmunity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":89103,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin de l'Institut Pasteur","volume":"96 3","pages":"Pages 189-206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0020-2452(98)80013-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55826205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clathrin-coated vesicles and detergent-resistant rafts in prion biology","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S0020-2452(98)80014-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0020-2452(98)80014-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89103,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin de l'Institut Pasteur","volume":"96 3","pages":"Pages 207-212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0020-2452(98)80014-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55826224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"","authors":"P. Meyer","doi":"10.1016/S0020-2452(98)80008-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0020-2452(98)80008-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89103,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin de l'Institut Pasteur","volume":"96 2","pages":"Pages 135-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0020-2452(98)80008-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55826077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Twin studies for the analysis of heritability of infectious diseases","authors":"A. Jepson","doi":"10.1016/S0020-2452(98)80001-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0020-2452(98)80001-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The important contribution made by twin studies to understanding the mechanisms of complex polygenic disorders is being increasingly recognized. That susceptibility to infectious diseases may have a heritable component is a concept that is gaining wider acceptance: twin studies have provided valuable support for this hypothesis. Recent twin studies have provided insights into mechanisms of disease pathogenesis and are currently also being used for gene mapping.</p></div><div><p>Le siècle après les observations originales de Galton, a vu publier de nombreuses études et observations sur les jumeaux, mais relativement peu ont examiné le rôle des gènes de l'hôte dans la détermination de la susceptibilité aux maladies infectieuses. Dans cette revue, les principes de base des méthodes classiques de l'étude des jumeaux sont décrits, et les méthodes statistiques pour les analyses qualitative et quantitative des donnés obtenues sur les jumeaux sont passées en revue.</p><p>La valeur de ce type d'études pour la recherche sur la susceptibilité génétique aux maladies infectieuses, réside dans le fait que les jumeaux sont non seulement du même âge mais qu'ils ont vraisemblablement partagé le même environnement: de telles études peuvent permettre de distinguer les contributions relatives des facteurs génétiques et des facteurs de l'environnement. Les avancées dans les techniques de cartographie génétique rendront possible l'identification des génes même, grâce à des analyses plus détaillées de l'allèle commun aux membres de paires dizygotes.</p><p>Les études citées dans cette revue ont été menées au cours des 60 dernières années. Nombre d'entre elles portent sur de petits effectifs et certaines sont biaisées, qui nécessitent de la vigilance: l'importance des registres nationaux des jumeaux est essentielle. Néanmoins les études concernent des infections bactériennes, virales et parasitaires humaines variées: beaucoup démontrent que les facteurs héréditaires sont des déterminants significatifs de l'ensemble des maladies cliniques (ex: lèpre, poliomyélite ou tuberculose) ou des processus immunologiques qui peuvent soutendre le phénotype clinique apparent (ex: paludisme ou infection par le VIH). Les études sur les jumeaux ont permis de montrer que les réponses individuelles en cytokines (facteur nécrosant tumoral, interleukine 10…) peuvent subir une régulation génétique, ce qui fournit un support supplémentaire aux observations cliniques.</p><p>Les études sur les animaux ont déjà permis d'établir la cartographie des locus génétiques qui régulent la réponse de l'hôte à l'infection, et la connaissance des génes humains a fait ses premiers pas; c'est là, précisément, qu'interviennent les études sur les jumeaux.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":89103,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin de l'Institut Pasteur","volume":"96 2","pages":"Pages 71-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0020-2452(98)80001-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55825980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacterial interactions in periodontal diseases","authors":"D. Mayrand ,&nbsp;D. Grenier","doi":"10.1016/S0020-2452(98)80006-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0020-2452(98)80006-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The oral cavity comprises a vast number of different bacterial populations which constitute a perfect example of microbial ecology. Bacterial species present in the various oral sites normally coexist harmoniously. However, under specific conditions which favour some species with pathogenic potential over the other members of the community, periodontal diseases are initiated. On the one hand, bacterial interactions both positive (mutualism, commensalism and synergism) and negative (competition and antagonism) may play a significant role in these mixed infections by ultimately favouring the periodontopathogenic species. On the other hand, certain types of bacterial interactions may help maintain a healthy state by preventing colonization of subgingival sites by pathogenic species. This review will focus on positive and negative bacterial interactions involving the principal periodontopathogens: <em>Porphyromonas gingivalis</em>, <em>Treponema denticola</em>, <em>Bacteroides forsythus</em> and <em>Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans</em>.</p></div><div><p>La cavité buccale regroupe un très grand nombre de populations bactériennes différentes, constituant ainsi un exemple de choix pour l'étude de l'écologie microbienne. En général, les espèces bactériennes présentes dans les sites sous-gingivaux cohabitent normalement en harmonie. Cependant, lorsque certaines conditions favorisent l'émergence d'une espèce potentiellement pathogène au détriment des autres membres de la communauté, les maladies parodontales font leur apparition. Les interactions bactériennes tant positives (mutualisme, commensalisme et synergie) que négatives (compétition et antagonisme) jouent probablement un rôle clé dans ces infections que l'on considère de type mixte. D'une part, les interactions bactériennes peuvent conduire à l'apparition d'une maladie parodontale en favorisant la multiplication des espèces parodontopathogènes. D'autre part, certaines interactions bactériennes peuvent plutôt jouer un rôle dans le maintien d'un état sain en prévenant la colonisation des sites sous-gingivaux par les espèces pathogènes. Cette revue a pour but de faire le point sur les interactions bactériennes, tant positives que négatives, qui concernent les principales bactéries parodontopathogènes: <em>Porphyromonas gingivalis</em>, <em>Treponema denticola</em>, <em>Bacteroides forsythus</em> et <em>Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":89103,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin de l'Institut Pasteur","volume":"96 2","pages":"Pages 125-133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0020-2452(98)80006-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"55826060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}