Winne F. S. M. Silva, Ludovico Migliolo, Patrícia S. Silva, Glaucia M. S. Lima, Maria D. L. Oliveira, Cesar A. S. Andrade
{"title":"Nanosensor based on HP-MAP1 and carbon nanotubes for bacteria detection","authors":"Winne F. S. M. Silva, Ludovico Migliolo, Patrícia S. Silva, Glaucia M. S. Lima, Maria D. L. Oliveira, Cesar A. S. Andrade","doi":"10.1002/btpr.3510","DOIUrl":"10.1002/btpr.3510","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) pose significant challenges to global health due to pathogen complexity and antimicrobial resistance. Biosensors utilizing antimicrobial peptides offer innovative solutions. <i>Hylarana picturata</i> Multiple Active Peptide 1 (Hp-MAP1), derived from Temporin-PTA, exhibits antibacterial properties sourced from the skin secretions of the Malaysian fire-bellied frog. An innovative sensing layer was developed for the electrochemical biorecognition of diverse pathogens: <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy differentiated microorganisms based on distinct electrochemical responses. The sensor layer, composed of functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) associated with Hp-MAP1, exhibited varying levels of charge transfer resistance (<i>R</i><sub>CT</sub>) for different microorganisms. Gram-negative species, especially <i>P. aeruginosa</i>, displayed higher <i>R</i><sub>CT</sub> values, indicating better impedimetric responses. Excellent LODs were observed for <i>P. aeruginosa</i> (0.60), <i>K. pneumoniae</i> (0.42), <i>E. coli</i> (0.67), and <i>S. aureus</i> (0.59), highlighting the efficacy of the MWCNTs/Hp-MAP1 biosensor in microbial identification. The MWCNTs/Hp-MAP1 biosensor platform presents a promising and effective microbial identification strategy with potential healthcare applications to mitigate HAIs and enhance patient care.</p>","PeriodicalId":8856,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology Progress","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142340453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Piyush Agarwal, Chris McCready, Say Kong Ng, Jake Chng Ng, Jeroen van de Laar, Maarten Pennings, Gerben Zijlstra
{"title":"Hybrid modeling for in silico optimization of a dynamic perfusion cell culture process","authors":"Piyush Agarwal, Chris McCready, Say Kong Ng, Jake Chng Ng, Jeroen van de Laar, Maarten Pennings, Gerben Zijlstra","doi":"10.1002/btpr.3503","DOIUrl":"10.1002/btpr.3503","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The bio-pharmaceutical industry heavily relies on mammalian cells for the production of bio-therapeutic proteins. The complexity of implementing and high cost-of-goods of these processes are currently limiting more widespread patient access. This is driving efforts to enhance cell culture productivity and cost reduction. Upstream process intensification (PI), using perfusion approaches in the seed train and/or the main bioreactor, has shown substantial promise to enhance productivity. However, developing optimal process conditions for perfusion-based processes remain challenging due to resource and time constraints. Model-based optimization offers a solution by systematically screening process parameters like temperature, pH, and culture media to find the optimum conditions in silico. To our knowledge, this is the first experimentally validated model to explain the perfusion dynamics under different operating conditions and scales for process optimization. The hybrid model accurately describes Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture growth dynamics and a neural network model explains the production of mAb, allowing for optimization of media exchange rates. Results from six perfusion runs in Ambr® 250 demonstrated high accuracy, confirming the model's utility. Further, the implementation of dynamic media exchange rate schedule determined through model-based optimization resulted in 50% increase in volumetric productivity. Additionally, two 5 L-scale experiments validated the model's reliable extrapolation capabilities to large bioreactors. This approach could reduce the number of wet lab experiments needed for culture process optimization, offering a promising avenue for improving productivity, cost-of-goods in bio-pharmaceutical manufacturing, in turn improving patient access to pivotal medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":8856,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology Progress","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/btpr.3503","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cristina A. T. Silva, Amine A. Kamen, Olivier Henry
{"title":"Fed-batch strategies for intensified rVSV vector production in high cell density cultures of suspension HEK293 cells","authors":"Cristina A. T. Silva, Amine A. Kamen, Olivier Henry","doi":"10.1002/btpr.3506","DOIUrl":"10.1002/btpr.3506","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) has been increasingly demonstrated as a promising viral vector platform. As the interest over this modality for vaccine and gene therapy applications increases, the need for intensified processes to produce these vectors emerge. In this study, we develop fed-batch-based operations to intensify the production of a recombinant VSV-based vaccine candidate (rVSV-SARS-CoV-2) in suspension cultures of HEK293 cells. A feeding strategy, in which a commercial concentrated medium was added to cultures based on cell growth through a fixed cell specific feeding rate (CSFR), was applied for the development of two different processes using Ambr250 modular bioreactors. Cultures operated in hybrid fed-batch/perfusion (FB/P) or fed-batch (FB) were able to sustain infections performed at 8.0 × 10<sup>6</sup> cells/mL, respectively resulting in 3.9 and 5.0-fold increase in total yield (<i>Y</i><sub>T</sub>) and 1.7 and 5.6-fold increase in volumetric productivity (VP) when compared with a batch reference. A maximum viral titer of 4.5 × 10<sup>10</sup> TCID<sub>50</sub>/mL was reached, which is comparable or higher than other processes for VSV production in different cell lines. Overall, our study reports efficient fed-batch options to intensify the production of a rVSV-based vaccine candidate in suspension HEK293 cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":8856,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology Progress","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/btpr.3506","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Victor Pasquier, Kevin Botelho Ferreira, Morgane Lergenmuller, Alexis Tottoli, Arnaud Perilleux, Jonathan Souquet, Jean-Marc Bielser
{"title":"Assessment of membrane-based downstream purification processes as a replacement to traditional resin bead for monoclonal antibody purification","authors":"Victor Pasquier, Kevin Botelho Ferreira, Morgane Lergenmuller, Alexis Tottoli, Arnaud Perilleux, Jonathan Souquet, Jean-Marc Bielser","doi":"10.1002/btpr.3508","DOIUrl":"10.1002/btpr.3508","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Membrane chromatography devices are a viable alternative to packed-bed resins and enable highly productive purification cascades for monoclonal antibodies and Fc-fusion proteins. In this study, ion exchange and protein A membrane chromatography performances were assessed and compared with their resin counterparts. Protein A dynamic binding capacities were higher than 50 g/L for two of the tested membranes and with a residence time of 0.2 min. For polishing, it was observed that aggregate clearance was generally less performant with membrane separation when compared to resins with similar ligands. However, the comparable yield and increased productivity of membranes could be enough to consider their implementation. In addition, lifetime studies demonstrated that the performance of membranes remained robust over cycles. One hundred cycles were reached for most of the tested membranes with no impact on the process performance nor product quality. Finally, purification cascades were fully operated with membranes, from capture to polishing, reaching good levels of host cells proteins (less than 50 ppm) and aggregates (equal to or less than 1%). The outcome of this study demonstrated that resin chromatography could be fully replaced by membranes for monoclonal antibody and Fc-fusion protein purification processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":8856,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology Progress","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142280026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vaibhav Srivastava, Aditya P. Sarnaik, Pramod P. Wangikar
{"title":"Metabolic engineering of rapidly growing Synechococcus elongatus strains for phototrophic production of alkanes","authors":"Vaibhav Srivastava, Aditya P. Sarnaik, Pramod P. Wangikar","doi":"10.1002/btpr.3509","DOIUrl":"10.1002/btpr.3509","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Alkanes are high-energy hydrocarbons that are foreseen as next generation biofuels. Cyanobacteria are known to naturally synthesize C15–C19 alkanes; however, the titers are too low to make this a commercially viable process. Therefore, to leverage these photosynthetic platforms for improved alkane production, here we engineered three novel isolates of <i>Synechococcus elongatus</i> PCC 11801, PCC 11802, and IITB6. The two gene AAR-ADO alkane biosynthesis pathway was constructed by cloning the genes for acyl-ACP reductase (<i>aar</i>) and aldehyde deformylating oxygenase (<i>ado</i>) from <i>S. elongatus</i> PCC 7942 under the regulation of <i>P</i><sub><i>rbcL</i></sub> promoter from PCC 7942 and native promoters from PCC 11801 such as <i>P</i><sub><i>cpcB300</i></sub>, <i>P</i><sub><i>psbAI</i></sub>, and <i>P</i><sub><i>psbAIII</i></sub>. The genes were separately cloned under two different promoters, creating a library of the engineered strains. The results indicated that the engineered strains of novel <i>S. elongatus</i> isolates produced significantly higher amounts of alkanes than the model strain PCC 7942. The highest alkane yield achieved was 4.1 mg/gDCW in BG-11, while the highest titer was 31.5 mg/L in 5X BG-11, with an engineered IITB6 strain (<i>P</i><sub><i>cpcB300</i></sub>:<i>aar</i>:<i>T</i><sub><i>rrnB</i></sub>::<i>P</i><sub><i>rbcL</i></sub>:<i>ado</i>:<i>T</i><sub><i>Lac</i></sub>). Overall, the study highlights the potential of newly isolated <i>S. elongatus</i> strains as efficient alkane production platforms.</p>","PeriodicalId":8856,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology Progress","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142280027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimizing cryopreservation strategies for scalable cell therapies: A comprehensive review with insights from iPSC-derived therapies","authors":"Michael Dobruskin, Geoffrey Toner, Ronald Kander","doi":"10.1002/btpr.3504","DOIUrl":"10.1002/btpr.3504","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Off-the-shelf cell therapies hold significant curative potential for conditions, such as Parkinson's disease and heart failure. However, these therapies face unique cryopreservation challenges, especially when novel routes of administration, such as intracerebral or epicardial injection, require cryopreservation media that are safe for direct post-thaw administration. Current practices often involve post-thaw washing to remove dimethyl sulfoxide (Me<sub>2</sub>SO), a cytotoxic cryoprotective agent, which complicates the development and clinical translation of off-the-shelf therapies. To overcome these obstacles, there is a critical need to explore Me<sub>2</sub>SO-free cryopreservation methods. While such methods typically yield suboptimal post-thaw viability with conventional slow-freeze protocols, optimizing freezing profiles offers a promising strategy to enhance their performance. This comprehensive review examines the latest advancements in cryopreservation techniques across various cell therapy platforms, with a specific case study of iPSC-derived therapies used to illustrate the scalability challenges. By identifying key thermodynamic and biochemical phenomena that occur during freezing, this review aims to identify cell-type independent approaches to improve the efficiency and efficacy of cryopreservation strategies, thereby supporting the widespread adoption and clinical success of off-the-shelf cell therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":8856,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology Progress","volume":"40 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/btpr.3504","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142266026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A new method to immobilize urease in silk fibroin membrane by unidirectional nanopore dehydration","authors":"Meng Zhang, Hai-Yan Wang, Yu-Qing Zhang","doi":"10.1002/btpr.3502","DOIUrl":"10.1002/btpr.3502","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The immobilization of free enzymes is crucial for enhancing their stability in different environments, enabling reusability, and expanding their applications. However, the development of a straightforward immobilization method that offers stability, high efficiency, biocompatibility, and modifiability remains a significant challenge. Silk fibroin (SF) is a good carrier for immobilized enzymes and drugs. Here, we employed urease as a model enzyme and utilized our developed technology called unidirectional nanopore dehydration (UND) to efficiently dehydrate a regenerated SF solution containing urease in a single step, resulting in the preparation of a highly functionalized SF membrane immobilizing urease (UI-SFM). The preparation process of UI-SFM is based on an all-water system, which is mild, green and able to efficiently and stably immobilize urease in the membranes, maintaining 92.7% and 82.8% relative enzyme activity after 30 days of storage in dry and hydrated states, respectively. Additionally, we performed additional post-treatments, including stretching and cross-linking with polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDE), to obtain two more robust immobilized urease membranes (UI-SFMs and UI-SFMc). The thermal and storage stability of these two membranes were significantly improved, and the recovery ratio of enzyme activity reached more than 90%. After 10 repetitions of the enzymatic reaction, the activity recovery of UI-SFMs and UI-SFMc remained at 92% and 88%, respectively. The results suggest that both UND-based and post-treatment-developed membranes exhibit excellent urease immobilization capabilities. Furthermore, the enzyme immobilization method offers a straightforward and versatile approach for efficient and stable enzyme immobilization, while its flexible modifiability caters to diverse application requirements.</p>","PeriodicalId":8856,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology Progress","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142139204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tangential flow filtration-facilitated purification of human red blood cell membrane fragments and its preferential use in removing unencapsulated material from resealed red blood cell ghosts compared to centrifugation","authors":"Xiangming Gu, Andre F. Palmer","doi":"10.1002/btpr.3501","DOIUrl":"10.1002/btpr.3501","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The biodistribution of many therapeutics is controlled by the immune system. In addition, some molecules are cytotoxic when not encapsulated inside of larger cellular structures, such as hemoglobin (Hb) encapsulation inside of red blood cells (RBCs). To counter immune system recognition and cytotoxicity, drug delivery systems based on red blood cell membrane fragments (RBCMFs) have been proposed as a strategy for creating immunoprivileged therapeutics. However, the use of RBCMFs for drug delivery applications requires purification of RBCMFs at large scale from lysed RBCs free of their intracellular components. In this study, we were able to successfully use tangential flow filtration (TFF) to remove >99% of cell-free Hb from lysed RBCs at high concentrations (30%–40% v/v), producing RBCMFs that were 2.68 ± 0.17 μm in diameter. We were also able to characterize the RBCMFs more thoroughly than prior work, including measurement of particle zeta potential, along with individual TFF diacycle data on the cell-free Hb concentration in solution and time per diacycle, as well as concentration and size of the RBCMFs. In addition to purifying RBCMFs from lysed RBCs, we utilized a hypertonic solution to reseal purified RBCMFs encapsulating a model protein (Hb) to yield resealed Hb-encapsulated RBC ghosts (Hb-RBCGs). TFF was then compared against centrifugation as an alternative method for removing unencapsulated Hb from Hb-RBCGs, and the effects that each washing method on the resulting Hb-RBCG biophysical properties was assessed.</p>","PeriodicalId":8856,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology Progress","volume":"40 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/btpr.3501","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141791802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amna Abdalbaqi, Ahmad Yahya, Krianthan Govender, Carlos Muñoz, Gala Sanchez Van Moer, Daniela Lucas, Pedro Cabrales, Andre F. Palmer
{"title":"Tangential flow filtration facilitated fractionation of polymerized human serum albumin: Insights into the effects of molecular size on biophysical properties","authors":"Amna Abdalbaqi, Ahmad Yahya, Krianthan Govender, Carlos Muñoz, Gala Sanchez Van Moer, Daniela Lucas, Pedro Cabrales, Andre F. Palmer","doi":"10.1002/btpr.3500","DOIUrl":"10.1002/btpr.3500","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Human serum albumin (HSA) is currently used as a plasma expander (PE) to increase blood volume during hypovolemic conditions, such as blood loss. However, its effectiveness is suboptimal in septic shock and burn patients due to their enhanced endothelial permeability, resulting in HSA extravasation into the tissue space leading to edema, and deposition of toxic HSA-bound metabolites. Hence, to expand HSA's applicability toward treating patients with compromised endothelial permeability, HSA has been previously polymerized to increase its molecular size thus compartmentalizing the polymerized HSA (PolyHSA) molecules in the vascular space. Previous studies bracketed PolyHSA between 100 kDa and 0.2 μm. In this research, PolyHSA was synthesized at two cross-link densities 43:1 and 60:1 (i.e., molar ratios of glutaraldehyde to HSA) and subsequently fractionated via tangential flow filtration (TFF) into two narrower brackets: bracket A (500 kDa and 0.2 μm) and bracket B (50–500 kDa). PolyHSA within the same size bracket at different cross-link densities exhibited similar solution viscosity, zeta potential, and osmolality but differed in hydrodynamic diameter. At the same cross-link density, the PolyHSA A bracket showed higher viscosity, lowered zeta potential, and a larger hydrodynamic diameter compared with the PolyHSA B bracket while maintaining osmolality. Interestingly, PolyHSA 43:1 B, PolyHSA 60:1 A, and PolyHSA 60:1 B brackets exhibited colloid osmotic pressure similar to HSA, indicating their potential to serve as PEs.</p>","PeriodicalId":8856,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology Progress","volume":"40 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/btpr.3500","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141787175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Non-sterile cultivation of Yarrowia lipolytica in fed-batch mode for the production of lipids and biomass","authors":"Atith V. Chitnis, Abhishek S. Dhoble","doi":"10.1002/btpr.3498","DOIUrl":"10.1002/btpr.3498","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A reduction in the cost of production and energy requirement is necessary for developing sustainable commercial bioprocesses. Bypassing sterilization, which is an energy and cost-intensive part of bioprocesses could be a way to achieve this. In this study, nonsterile cultivation of <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i> was done on a synthetic medium containing acetic acid as the sole carbon source using two different strategies in the fed-batch mode. The contamination percentages throughout the process were measured using flow cytometry and complemented using brightfield microscopy. Maximum biomass and lipid yields of 0.57 (g biomass/g substrate) and 0.17 (g lipids/g substrate), respectively, and maximum biomass and lipid productivities of 0.085 and 0.023 g/L/h, respectively, were obtained in different fed-batch strategies. Feeding at the point of stationary phase resulted in better biomass yield and productivity with less than 2% contamination till 48 h. Feeding to maintain a minimum acetic level resulted in better lipid yield and productivity with less than 2% contamination during the complete process. The results of this study demonstrate the potential for cultivating <i>Y. lipolytica</i> in nonsterile conditions and monitoring the contamination throughout the process using flow cytometry.</p>","PeriodicalId":8856,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnology Progress","volume":"40 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141787174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}