Behavioural Brain Research最新文献

{"title":"Does pain location influence heart rate variability? A comparative analysis of patients with neck or low back pain, and healthy controls","authors":"Luis Espejo-Antúnez ,&nbsp;Carlos Fernández-Morales ,&nbsp;Manuel Albornoz-Cabello ,&nbsp;María de los Ángeles Cardero-Durán","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115811","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115811","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background/Objectives</h3><div>Chronic neck pain (CNP) and chronic low back pain (CLBP) are prevalent musculoskeletal disorders linked to autonomic nervous system dysfunction, assessed through heart rate variability (HRV). This study aimed to compare HRV indices among subjects with CNP, CLBP, and healthy controls, examining whether pain location influences autonomic modulation.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>An observational study was conducted involving 93 adults (31 per group: CNP, CLBP, and controls). HRV was measured using a Firstbeat Bodyguard® device, analyzing parameters including mean HR, minimum and maximum HR, rMSSD, SD1, SD2, stress score (SS), and sympathetic/parasympathetic ratio (S:PS). HRV data were analyzed following standard guidelines. Additional analyses included multinomial logistic regression and ROC curves to explore the predictive value of rMSSD.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Both pain groups showed significantly higher sympathetic dominance (higher SS and S:PS ratio) compared to controls (p &lt; 0.001, d = 1.0–1.3). Subjects with CNP exhibited significantly lower parasympathetic indices (rMSSD and SD1) compared to the CLBP group (both p &lt; 0.01, d = 0.8) and healthy controls (p &lt; 0.001, d = 2.2 and d = 2.3). No differences were observed in sympathetic dominance between CNP and CLBP groups. Logistic regression confirmed the predictive value of rMSSD for group classification, and ROC analyses showed high discriminatory capacity, particularly between CNP and healthy subjects (AUC = 0.932).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Significant differences in autonomic modulation were observed between patients with CNP, CLBP, and healthy subjects. CNP was associated with a greater reduction in parasympathetic activity, possibly due to mechanisms related to the anatomical proximity of the vagus nerve to the cervical region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"495 ","pages":"Article 115811"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145038970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement of response learning in male rats with intrastriatal infusions of a BDNF -TrkB agonist, 7,8-dihydroxyflavone","authors":"Robert S. Gardner ,&nbsp;Matthew T. Ambalavanar ,&nbsp;Paul E. Gold ,&nbsp;Donna L. Korol","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115816","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115816","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cognitive and physical activity modulate learning and memory across many different paradigms and contexts. Enhancement of learning and memory by cognitive and physical exercise may be mediated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) acting at tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB). Upregulation of BDNF and systemic administration of a TrkB agonist, 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF), improves cognition in rodents. These actions have largely been shown in studies using drug administration for days to months and models to reverse impairments in learning and memory largely using hippocampus-sensitive tasks. The present study determined whether a single intrastriatal infusion of 7,8-DHF given near the time of training would enhance learning and memory regulated by striatal function in cognitively intact rats. We examined the acute effects of intrastriatal infusions of 7,8-DHF (1, 5, and 10 μg/0.5 μl DMSO) on striatum-sensitive response learning and on phosphorylation of TrkB receptors in male rats. All doses of 7,8 DHF improved learning in the response maze compared to vehicle controls. In untrained rats, intrastriatal infusions of 7,8-DHF phosphorylated TrkB receptors, suggesting that 7,8-DHF acted as a TrkB agonist and BDNF mimic. The findings that a single, intrastriatal infusion of 7,8-DHF 20 min before training enhanced response learning in rats suggest that, in addition to its trophic effects, BDNF modulates cognition through receptor-mediated cell signaling events at the time of learning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"496 ","pages":"Article 115816"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145038943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From mazes to automation: Modernizing working memory research in animal models","authors":"Eghlima Razeghian ,&nbsp;Ehsan Rezayat","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115806","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115806","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Working memory (WM) is a core cognitive mechanism necessary for adaptive behavior. In the last few decades, scientists have studied WM using rodent models through traditional and time-consuming approaches, such as the Radial Arm Maze and the T-Maze. While these traditional tools have presented fundamental understanding, their dependence on manual operations restrains experimental precision and scalability. Here, we refine how emerging automated technologies—such as touchscreens, virtual reality (VR), and artificial intelligence (AI)—are inspiring this field by allowing high-throughput testing with improved precision. Further, we present a new framework to evaluate both classic and modern tasks based on their Scalability, Precision, and Neural Compatibility. This evaluation underlines how automation allows the emergence of modern paradigms, such as the Pulse-Based Accumulation Task and the Trial-Unique Nonmatching-to-Location (TUNL) task, offering more precise assessments of WM. Such technological progressions not only boost data quality and mitigate the efforts involved in data collection but also make way for a more unified understanding of the neural processes that underlie working memory.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"496 ","pages":"Article 115806"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145032548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural dynamics of constraint relaxation and problem representation changes in single-trial insight problem solving: An fNIRS study","authors":"Reiji Ohkuma ,&nbsp;Yuto Kurihara ,&nbsp;Toru Takahashi ,&nbsp;Rieko Osu","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115813","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115813","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Insight problem solving involves overcoming an impasse when a solution seems unreachable, often experienced as an ‘Aha!’ moment. In such solving, shifting from an incorrect representation imposed by constraints to a correct representation through constraint relaxation is critical. Prior research compared brain activity when constraint relaxation and representation change occurred versus when they did not occur, but neural activity before and after such changes within trials has remained underexplored. This study examines neural correlates of problem solving progress, focusing on transitions from impasse—defined by an incorrect, constrained representation—to the state immediately preceding the ‘Aha!’ moment when constraints relax and correct representation emerges. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) monitored brain activity during a slot machine task. Task performance and eye movement data identified the representations adopted by participants and whether constraint relaxation occurred. Participants were categorized into a success group, which reached the solution, and a failure group, which did not. In the success group, the state just before ‘Aha!’ showed increased oxygenated hemoglobin in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and superior temporal gyrus (STG) compared with the impasse state. In contrast, the failure group showed increased activity in the right angular gyrus. These results suggest that right DLPFC activation supports constraint relaxation via executive function and working memory, and right STG activation facilitates the transition to a new representation. Integrating fNIRS measures of right DLPFC/STG activation with eye tracking indices of saccade direction shifts enables detection of constraint relaxation preceding the ‘Aha!’ moment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"495 ","pages":"Article 115813"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145032542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroimaging biomarkers in postpartum depression: A comprehensive review of structural, functional, and metabolic alterations","authors":"Linfeng Yang ,&nbsp;Qingqing Wang ,&nbsp;Rui Yang ,&nbsp;Boyao Chen ,&nbsp;Meng Li ,&nbsp;Lingfei Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115810","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115810","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Postpartum Depression (PPD) is a significant perinatal mood disorder affecting many new mothers in the first postpartum year. It is characterized by emotional, cognitive, and behavioral changes, often leading to delayed diagnosis due to nonspecific symptoms. PPD arises from a complex interplay of neuroendocrine, genetic, and psychosocial factors. Advances in neuroimaging have revealed structural, functional, and metabolic brain alterations associated with PPD. Specifically, structural MRI studies have shown gray matter volume changes in regions such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior insula, as well as white matter integrity changes in tracts like the internal capsule and cingulum. Functional MRI studies have revealed abnormal activity in regions including the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex, with altered functional connectivity within networks such as the default mode network. Metabolic studies using MRS and PET have identified imbalances in neurotransmitters like serotonin, glutamate, and GABA, as well as changes in brain metabolism.This review synthesizes these findings, highlighting potential biomarkers and implications for targeted treatments. Future research should focus on multimodal approaches, larger sample sizes, and longitudinal studies to further elucidate PPD's neurobiological basis and improve diagnosis and treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"496 ","pages":"Article 115810"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145028860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Downregulation of Nrf2 deteriorates cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 mice by inhibiting mitochondrial biogenesis through the PPARγ/PGC1α signaling pathway","authors":"Weigang Luo ,&nbsp;Wei Bu ,&nbsp;Guisong Zhang ,&nbsp;Yujuan Dong ,&nbsp;Yuling Wang ,&nbsp;Jinyang Wang ,&nbsp;Cuicui Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaokai Hu ,&nbsp;Yanan Jia ,&nbsp;Huiling Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115805","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115805","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Mitochondrial dysfunction is considered to be an important pathogenesis of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease(AD). Activation of Nrf2 can improve cognitive impairment in AD mice, but the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. This research aims to investigate the intrinsic molecular mechanism of Nrf2 in mitochondrial biogenesis related to cognitive impairment of AD mice.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>APP/PS1 mice were used as AD model mice, and Nrf2 down-regulated mouse model was established by injecting lentivirus into hippocampus. Morris water maze test was used to evaluate the learning and memory ability of mice. The biochemical assays were used to detect the expression of Nrf2, mitochondrial biogenesis-related genes, and Aβ protein.Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the number of mitochondria and synaptic structure in neurons. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to observe the binding of Nrf2 protein to the PGC1α promoter; Co-Immunoprecipitation was used to observe the interaction between PPARγ protein and PGC1α protein.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Downregulation of Nrf2 reduced mitochondrial biogenesis, aggravated Aβ protein deposition and synaptic damage, and in turn aggravated cognitive impairment in mice. Compared with control mice, AD model mice had reduced levels of Nrf2, PPARγ, PGC1α, NRF1, TFAM protein, mitochondrial number and MAP2, increased Aβ protein deposition, and worsened synaptic damage and cognitive impairment. Lentivirus-induced Nrf2 downregulation downregulates PPARγ, PGC1α, NRF1, and TFAM protein expression, reduces mitochondrial number and MAP2 levels, and aggravates Aβ protein deposition, synaptic damage, and cognitive impairment. Nrf2 protein bound to the PGC1α gene promoter, and PPARγ protein interacted with PGC1α protein.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Nrf2 can directly regulate PGC1α transcription, and can also regulate PPARγ followed by binding to the PGC1α protein, thereby modulating mitochondrial biogenesis.Nrf2 downregulation reduces the expression of PPARγ and PGC1α proteins, thereby reducing their interaction. This suppression impairs mitochondrial biogenesis, exacerbates mitochondrial dysfunction, intensifies Aβ deposition and synaptic damage, and ultimately worsens cognitive impairment in AD mice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"495 ","pages":"Article 115805"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gratitude increases the sharing willingness to micro-charity information: An fNIRS study","authors":"Xianling Su ,&nbsp;Qi Gao ,&nbsp;Mingzhu Fu ,&nbsp;Changfeng Wang ,&nbsp;Weihao Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115807","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115807","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Micro-charity, with its ease of dissemination, is an effective way to support public welfare. Gratitude has been shown to promote prosocial behavior. However, its specific role in driving micro-charity sharing, particularly the underlying neural correlates, remains unclear. To address this, the present study used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to explore the neural correlates underlying gratitude on micro-charity sharing in Chinese college students (<em>N</em> = 27). A modified charitable decision task was used to measure sharing willingness under control and gratitude conditions. Specifically, the participants were asked to indicate their willingness to share the viewed micro-charity appeals on their personal social media platforms. Gratitude was induced using an established essay-writing paradigm. Self-report results showed that gratitude increased willingness to share micro-charity information on social media platforms. Under the gratitude condition, fNIRS findings revealed enhanced activity in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and frontopolar cortex (FPC), potentially reflecting reward processing during decision evaluation. Gratitude also strengthened functional connectivity among the main regions of interest (ROIs: bilateral DLPFC, FPC and MTG). In addition, activation in regions associated with mentalizing (right middle temporal gyrus, right MTG) was positively correlated with sharing willingness. Taken together, our findings elucidate gratitude’s positive impact on micro-charity sharing and reveal its underlying neural mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"495 ","pages":"Article 115807"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145013787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of multimodal distractors on sign-trackers and goal-trackers attention","authors":"Noémie Thériault,&nbsp;Mathieu J. Bourque,&nbsp;Frédéric Huppé-Gourgues","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115800","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115800","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During Pavlovian conditioning, Sign-Tracker (ST), Goal-Tracker (GT), and Intermediate (IN) phenotypes emerge, as characterized by the degree to which an individual attributes incentive salience to reward-associated cues. These operationally defined phenotypes differ in other respects: In human studies, STs tend to favor bottom-up attention, while GTs tend to favor top-down attention. There is some limited evidence that rats exhibit similar patterns during Pavlovian conditioning. To substantiate this model, we tested the hypothesis that introducing light and auditory distractors would disproportionately impair the signal detection performance of ST rats, given their propensity for bottom-up attention processing, as opposed to GT rats, who rely more on top-down strategies. To this end, we assessed detection performance in 86 Long-Evans rats by introducing both visual and auditory distractors of varying intensities. This approach aimed to investigate the limits of attentional control among ST, GT, and IN rats across six variants of a sustained attention task. Although distractors impaired performance, contrary to initial expectations, the extent of this impairment varied across phenotypes and tasks, indicating a more nuanced relationship between attentional mechanisms and susceptibility to distractions than previously posited. The present results suggest the occurrence of a complex interplay of attentional mechanisms that may not align completely with the ST/GT dichotomy as traditionally presented. These findings have potential implications for understanding individual differences in attentional control and susceptibility to distractions, which could relate to addiction vulnerability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"495 ","pages":"Article 115800"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145013799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dose optimization of NMDA for rat model of infantile spasms: Approach using EEG, behavior (Seizure) and histopathology","authors":"Muskan Uniyal ,&nbsp;Arushi Sandhu ,&nbsp;Aniket Gupta ,&nbsp;Kajal Rawat,&nbsp;Anil Kumar,&nbsp;Sakshi Singh,&nbsp;Lekha Saha","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115808","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115808","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Infantile Epileptic Spasms Syndrome (IESS), also referred to as West syndrome, is a severe epileptic disorder that emerges during early childhood. It is marked by characteristic epileptic spasms, developmental stagnation or regression, and a distinctive electroencephalogram (EEG) pattern known as hypsarrhythmia. To better understand the underlying mechanisms of IESS, various genetic and chemically induced animal models have been developed. Among these, the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) induced model is widely used, although it is often associated with high toxicity and mortality. In the study, we optimized the NMDA dose to reduce toxicity while maintaining the pathological features of IS. The validity of the model was assessed through EEG recordings, behavioural assessments, and brain histopathology. EEG analysis in the NMDA treated group revealed prominent abnormalities, including irregular wave patterns and elevated interictal activity. Histological examination showed signs of neuronal damage, such as nuclear pyknosis, in the model group. Behavioural tests assessing locomotion, memory, stereotypic activity, and anxiety like behaviour did not show significant differences between control and NMDA exposed rats. These findings demonstrate that a reduced and optimised dose of NMDA can reliably induce IS-like features in rats, offering a safer and effective model for future preclinical research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"495 ","pages":"Article 115808"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145003780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glutamate modulation of physiological and behavioral responses to restraint stress: Participation of supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus","authors":"Silvana Lopes-Azevedo ,&nbsp;Gabriela Marie Ferreira Suzuki ,&nbsp;Cristiane Busnardo ,&nbsp;América Augusto Scopinho ,&nbsp;Melina Matthiesen ,&nbsp;José Antunes-Rodrigues ,&nbsp;Fernando Morgan Aguiar Corrêa","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115802","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115802","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aims</h3><div>Acute restraint stress (RS) has been reported to activate the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SON). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the SON on autonomic [mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and tail cutaneous temperature], neuroendocrine (plasma levels of corticosterone, oxytocin, and vasopressin), and behavioral responses to RS.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Male Wistar rats with bilateral SON cannulas received microinjections of NMDA or non-NMDA receptor antagonists or vehicle before restraint stress, and the effects on cardiovascular, tail temperature, hormonal, and behavioral responses were evaluated</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Microinjection of DL-AP7 or NBQX into the SON reduced MAP increases and tail temperature decreases induced by RS. Also, NBQX enhanced RS-evoked tachycardia. SON treatment with DL-AP7 or NBQX reduced RS-induced increases in oxytocin, without affecting vasopressin plasma levels. Morever, NBQX enhanced RS-induced increases in plasma corticosterone level. DL-AP7 inhibited the RS-caused delayed anxiogenic-like effect.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>NMDA and non-NMDA glutamate receptors in the SON facilitate pressor response and oxytocin release during RS. In addition, non-NMDA receptors exert an inhibitory influence RS-induced increases in heart rate and corticosterone release, whereas NMDA receptors contribute to the delayed expression of anxiety-like behaviors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"495 ","pages":"Article 115802"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145003779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}