Behavioural Brain Research最新文献

{"title":"The relationship between neuropsychiatric disorders and aging: A review on telomere length, oxidative stress, and inflammation","authors":"Tala Solh ,&nbsp;Şule Coşkun Cevher","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115528","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115528","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aging is the group of time-independent changes that occur in an organism and that ultimately end in death. The relationship between aging and neuropsychiatric disorders is complex. Not only does the incidence of several neuropsychiatric disorders rise with age, but also these disorders are linked with premature mortality and are even thought to be syndromes of accelerated biological aging. Oxidative stress, inflammation and telomere length are factors commonly used to assess biological aging. The purpose of this review is to sum up the existing information about the state of those factors in schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder and anxiety disorders, and to summarize the effects of treatment on telomere length in patients with those neuropsychiatric disorders. The main focus, however, is on telomere length seeing the highly controversial study results on this biomarker in neuropsychiatric disorders. There is no scientific consensus on the state of those factors in the mentioned neuropsychiatric disorders or on the effects of treatment on telomere length, thus further research is needed where confounding variables are controlled. Regarding telomere length, it is highly important to explore whether short telomeres lead to the development of neuropsychiatric disorders or vice versa, as it carries huge clinical potential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"485 ","pages":"Article 115528"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143595820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of the neuropeptide S receptor 1 rs324981 polymorphism in modulating emotionality and cognitive flexibility: Insights from a gene-edited mouse model","authors":"Virginie Rappeneau ,&nbsp;Ann-Marie Tobinski ,&nbsp;Leonardo Miguel Caisachana Guevara ,&nbsp;Neele Meyer ,&nbsp;Kay Jüngling ,&nbsp;Chadi Touma","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115530","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115530","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The neuropeptide S (NPS) and its receptor (NPSR1) are involved in various physiological processes, including arousal, sleep, anxiety, memory, and stress responses in rodents. Recent attention has focused on the association between the NPS/NPSR1 system and stress-related disorders, particularly involving a specific single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the <em>NPSR1</em> gene (rs324981). This SNP causes an amino acid change at position 107 in the protein, reducing NPSR1 signalling potency; however, its effects on behavioural, cognitive, and physiological aspects relevant to stress-related disorders remain unclear.</div><div>Addressing this topic, we characterized the behavioural phenotype of a gene-editing mouse model, expressing either the murine/ancestral NPSR1-I107 variant or the human NPSR1-N107 variant. Both, male and female mice underwent a comprehensive behavioural test battery assessing arousal, exploratory and anxiety-related behaviour under varying levels of novelty stress. Moreover, cognitive functions were evaluated with a special focus on cognitive flexibility using the Attentional Set Shifting Task (ASST). Additionally, markers of behavioural and endocrine stress reactivity were assessed as well as changes in body weight and body composition.</div><div>Our results showed that NPSR1-N107 mice displayed increased anxiety-related behaviour compared to NPSR1-I107 mice, with no significant differences in arousal, exploratory behaviour or hormonal stress responses. However, NPSR1-N107 mice also exhibited better rule-reversal learning in the ASST, indicating enhanced cognitive flexibility. These findings provide clear evidence for a role of the NPSR1 rs324981 SNP in regulating emotionality and cognitive flexibility, underscoring the potential of the NPSR1-I107N mouse model for further elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying stress-related disorders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"485 ","pages":"Article 115530"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143596203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"White matter tract involvement in anarchic hand syndrome following stroke: Diffusion tensor imaging study","authors":"Jihee Park ,&nbsp;Woo-Suk Tae ,&nbsp;Sekwang Lee ,&nbsp;Sung-Bom Pyun","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115529","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115529","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Anarchic Hand Syndrome (AHS) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by involuntary, purposeful hand movements. AHS can also result from damage to the corpus callosum (CC), intra-hemispheric tracts, or descending tracts, but its precise causes remain unclear. This study aimed to identify the white matter tracts associated with AHS development using the automated reconstruction of 42 tracts from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI).</div><div>We included three female AHS patients with anterior cerebral arterial (ACA) infarctions. Additionally, we enrolled 20 age-matched control subjects and six patients with ACA infarctions but without AHS symptoms (N-AHS group) for comparison. DTI was conducted in AHS, N-AHS, and control groups. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and volume values were extracted from the DTI datasets of participants using TRActs Constrained by UnderLying Anatomy (TRACULA) technique.</div><div>The AHS group showed lower FA values of the CC body (parietal and temporal section), right arcuate fasciculus (AF), corticospinal tract, extreme capsule, inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF), and superior longitudinal fasciculus than the control group. However, these tracts exhibited no significant difference between N-AHS and control groups. Similarly, the volume value in the genu of CC in the AHS group was lower than controls, but not in other tracts.</div><div>Our results suggests that the extensive CC lesion, especially in the posterior parietal and temporal section of CC body, and damage to intra-hemispheric tracts (AF and ILF), is associated with the development of AHS. These results involved in AHS and underscore the significance of considering a more complex network disruption, involving various white matter tracts beyond CC for understanding this syndrome.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"485 ","pages":"Article 115529"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143595842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Embryonic Zebrafish Irritant-evoked Hyperlocomotion (EZIH) as a high-throughput behavioral model for nociception","authors":"Amelia A. Bunnell ,&nbsp;Erin M. Marshall ,&nbsp;Summer K. Estes ,&nbsp;Monica C. Deadmond ,&nbsp;Sandra Loesgen ,&nbsp;James A. Strother","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115526","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115526","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Behavioral models have served a key role in understanding nociception, the sensory system by which animals detect noxious stimuli in their environment. Developing zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio</em>) are a powerful study organism for examining nociceptive pathways, given the vast array of genetic, developmental, and neuroscience tools available for these animals. However, at present there are few widely-adopted behavioral models for nociception in developing zebrafish. This study examines the locomotor response of hatching-stage zebrafish embryos to dilute solutions of the noxious chemical and TRPA1 agonist allyl isothiocyanate (AITC). At this developmental stage, AITC exposure induces a robust uniphasic hyperlocomotion response. This behavior was thoroughly characterized by determining the effects of pre-treatment with an array of pharmacological agents, including anesthetics, TRPA1 agonists/antagonists, opioids, NSAIDs, benzodiazepines, SSRIs, and SNRIs. Anesthetics suppressed the response to AITC, pre-treatment with TRPA1 agonists induced hyperlocomotion and blunted the response to subsequent AITC exposures, and TRPA1 antagonists and the opioid buprenorphine tended to reduce the response to AITC. The behavioral responses of zebrafish embryos to a noxious chemical were minimally affected by the other pharmacological agents examined. The feasibility of using this behavioral model as a screening platform for drug discovery efforts was then evaluated by assaying a library of natural product mixtures from microbial extracts and fractions. Overall, our results indicate that irritant-evoked locomotion in embryonic zebrafish is a robust behavioral model for nociception with substantial potential for examining the molecular and cellular pathways associated with nociception and for drug discovery efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"485 ","pages":"Article 115526"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143584457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic determinants of longitudinal behavioural trajectories in rare conditions: The case of fragile X syndrome","authors":"Lydia Cartwright ,&nbsp;Gaia Scerif ,&nbsp;Chris Oliver ,&nbsp;Andrew Beggs ,&nbsp;Joanne Stockton ,&nbsp;Lucy Wilde ,&nbsp;Hayley Crawford","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115527","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115527","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite being a monogenic condition, individual variability in the phenotypic profile of fragile X syndrome (FXS) is substantial, with behavioural outcomes differing in severity and frequency. Existing studies have revealed that common variation in 5-HTTLPR (serotonin) and COMT (dopamine) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is associated with behavioural variation in FXS when measured cross-sectionally. However, the associations between SNPs and longitudinal behavioural trajectories in FXS remain unknown. This study explored relationships between three SNPs, selected a priori (5-HTTLPR, COMT and monoamine oxidase A (MAOA)), and trajectories of clinically relevant behaviours in 42 males with FXS. Autistic characteristics, property destruction, aggression, stereotyped behaviour, self-injury, repetitive behaviour, and mood/interest and pleasure were measured at two time points across three years via a series of standardised informant questionnaires. DNA was extracted from saliva samples and a combination of PCR and TaqMan genotyping was performed for genetic confirmation of FXS, and COMT, 5-HTTLPR and MAOA analyses. Results revealed that males with FXS with AA COMT genotype were less likely to display persistent stereotyped behaviour compared to AG or GG genotypes. Participants with the S/S 5-HTTLPR genotype displayed a steeper decline in repetitive and stereotyped behaviours compared to the L/S or L/L genotypes. Participants with the three-repeat MAOA genotype demonstrated a steeper decline in communication skills over three years compared to those with four repeats. This study documents the association between common genetic variation and behavioural trajectories in males with FXS. Results suggest specific SNPs play an important role in longitudinal behavioural patterns in FXS. This work may facilitate an understanding of individual trajectories for people with FXS, and, therefore, support future tailored interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"485 ","pages":"Article 115527"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143578004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental enrichment reverses cognitive impairments and hippocampus tissue loss without altering the redox state in rats exposed to severe chronic hyperhomocysteinemia","authors":"E.F. Sanches ,&nbsp;T.M. dos Santos ,&nbsp;M.B. do Carmo ,&nbsp;A.V.S. Carvalho ,&nbsp;O.V. Ramires Junior ,&nbsp;S.V. Sizonenko ,&nbsp;C.A. Netto ,&nbsp;A.T.S. Wyse","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115522","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115522","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Classical homocystinuria is a genetic disease caused by partial or total deficiency of cystathionine-β synthase (CβS) enzyme activity, ultimately leading to brain alterations and early atherosclerotic disease. Currently, there is no cure for the disease and the treatments consist in reducing homocysteine levels through diet, however not all patients respond to therapy. Due to its ability to increase neurotrophins production and decrease oxidative stress in the brain, environmental enrichment (EE) has been used with success as an adjuvant non-pharmacological therapy for CNS disorders. Here, we investigated the effects of 4 weeks enriched environment in a severe chronic chemically-induced model of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHCY) in Wistar rats.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Animals of both sexes were subjected to homocysteine administration subcutaneously (12 h intervals) from day 6 of life (P6) to P28. After this period, animals were continuously exposed to the enriched environment (or standard cages) for 30 days. Animals were tested for cognition and locomotor abilities and hippocampi were collected for the assessment of oxidative stress and histological damage.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Animals in the HHCY group showed impaired learning in the reference memory assessment in the Morris water maze with no effects in the novel objects recognition test. HHCY did not impair locomotion in the open field nor in the horizontal ladder task. HHCY rats presented decreased hippocampal volume reversed by EE. Enrichment was also able to reverse cognitive impairments in the spatial memory, improve coordination in the ladder walking and recognition memory in the NOR test. HHCY altered redox balance, with no protective effects of EE.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Due to its benefits and no side effects reported in literature, EE can be suggested as potential complimentary therapy to improve memory and motricity impairments in homocystinuric patients, however the mechanisms involved in this neuroprotection needs further investigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"485 ","pages":"Article 115522"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143584459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-encoding stress and spatial memory consolidation: No significant associations with cortisol and DHEA reactivity","authors":"Sara Garces-Arilla ,&nbsp;Vanesa Hidalgo ,&nbsp;Camino Fidalgo ,&nbsp;Alicia Salvador ,&nbsp;M.-Carmen Juan ,&nbsp;Magdalena Mendez-Lopez","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115525","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115525","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Memory consolidation is enhanced by post-encoding stress via cortisol, although the role of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) remains uncertain. This study investigated the effect of the Maastricht Acute Stress Test (MAST) on psychological and hormonal (salivary cortisol and DHEA) responses and performance on a virtual reality object-location memory (OLM) task. The association between hormonal reactivity and OLM task performance was also investigated. Fifty-four participants aged 18–23 were randomly assigned to a stress group (<em>n</em> = 30) and a control group (<em>n</em> = 24). Participants completed an encoding trial of the OLM task and the MAST/control procedure in an acquisition session. A retrieval session 24 h later included verbal object and visual location recognition tests, as well as an object-context binding (OCB) trial. Results showed that the stress group reported significantly higher state anxiety and negative affect after the MAST, perceived as more stressful, painful, and unpleasant. This group also exhibited a significant increase in cortisol and DHEA levels in response to the MAST. Controlling for age, participants in the stress condition made fewer errors in recognising semantically unrelated objects and tended to complete the OCB trial in a shorter time. In addition, no associations were found between cortisol or DHEA reactivity and memory performance in either the stress group or the control group. Our data indicate that post-encoding stress enhances consolidation; however, no association was found between hormonal reactivity and this process, suggesting that these endocrine responses do not directly support the observed improvement in memory consolidation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"485 ","pages":"Article 115525"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143549789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An appetitive olfactory learning paradigm for zebrafish in their home tanks","authors":"Jillian M. Doyle ,&nbsp;Alan Fine ,&nbsp;Roger P. Croll","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115512","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115512","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Olfaction is a subject of increasing interest in fish biology, but there are few learning paradigms available to investigate olfactory behaviour. In the present study, groups of zebrafish were trained in their home tanks retrofitted for automated conditioning with a microprocessor-controlled syringe pump and feeder to deliver odourant and food, respectively, and responses recorded remotely to minimize researcher interference. Fish were presented with phenylethyl alcohol (PEA), and a food reward was given 15 seconds later for experimental groups or at a variably delayed interval for controls. This schedule continued for 48 trials over four days. Both groups showed initial attraction to PEA, but by the end of Day 2 all fish exhibited reduced interest in the odourant. Further experiments with different fish indicated that this attraction was dependent upon high food motivation, as starved animals reacted more than non-starved animals to the novel stimulus. On Day 3, experimental fish began once again to show attraction associated with the odourant, thus indicating that they formed an association between the PEA and food reward, which increased by the end of Day 4. Conversely, control fish showed little or no response to the odourant on Days 3 and 4. When exposed to a water-only trial, trained fish largely ignored the cue, indicating that odour and not turbulence was the main stimulus for learning. This experiment demonstrated that an appetitive learning paradigm, using olfactory cues presented in home tanks, is both feasible and cost-effective for testing olfactory behaviour in zebrafish.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"485 ","pages":"Article 115512"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143571938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of strategic motor behavior during value-guided actions across adolescence and adulthood: An ERP investigation","authors":"Youngbin Kwak ,&nbsp;Xing-Jie Chen ,&nbsp;Berry van den Berg","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115519","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115519","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Successful navigation of real-life environment requires flexible titration of effort based on the possible rewards. Here, we investigate how the flexibility of effort allocation develops throughout adolescence by studying the neural underpinnings of reward-maximizing strategies during a value-guided action. Our main hypothesis is that when faced with an environment with varying rewards and their expectancy, adolescents will use qualitatively different strategies to overcome the cognitive immaturity. Alternatively, adolescents may use an adult-like strategy, but in a lesser degree. Using EEG with a novel analytic technique that separately quantifies motor preparation and execution efforts from the ERP component lateralized readiness potential (LRP), we demonstrate evidence for our main hypothesis. When responding to an unexpected target, adults (21 years and above) showed a greater executional effort for a large than small reward. Such a pattern was somewhat reversed in pre-adolescents’ (10–13 years). Meanwhile, adolescents (14–20 years) allocated motor efforts more equally regardless of the reward levels and their expectancy. These manifested differences represent distinct reward-maximizing strategies across development that are shaped by cognitive maturity, which reflects an individual’s endeavor to maximize adaptive fit in the dynamics of real-life environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"485 ","pages":"Article 115519"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143565998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of spatial abilities: The role of sex, female hormonal status and emotional context in visualizing 2D cross sections of 3D objects","authors":"Rimantė Gaižauskaitė,&nbsp;Ingrida Zelionkaitė,&nbsp;Ramunė Grikšienė","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115520","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115520","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Our study aimed to elucidate the relationships between both biological and sociocultural factors on the ability to visualize cross sections, with a particular focus on sex and hormonal status, as well as emotional context and gender roles. While it is recognized that sex hormones play a role in shaping spatial abilities, the mechanisms remain unclear, and the effects of hormonal contraceptives, such as oral contraceptives (OCs) and intrauterine devices (IUDs), are largely unexplored. We recruited males (n = 35) and females across different menstrual cycle phases (early follicular (NCF, n = 34); mid-luteal (NCL, n = 36)) and contraceptive methods (users of OCs, n = 27; users of hormonal IUDs, n = 31). Participants’ ability to identify two-dimensional (2D) cross sections of three-dimensional (3D) solids was assessed using the Cross Section Task (CST). CST was performed after an emotion regulation task involving negative and highly negative pictures. Males outperformed NCF, NCL, and OC users, while IUD users showed comparable performance to males, suggesting a potential mitigating effect. Moreover, a multiple linear regression model for females showed that IUD users performed significantly better on the CST task than OC and NCL females, and marginally better than NCF females, after adjusting for age, emotional arousal, femininity, masculinity, and testosterone. Emotional arousal, especially following the emotion regulation task, associated with females' CST accuracy and partly mediated sex differences in the ability to visualize cross sections. Our findings advocate for further exploration of spatial performance advantages in IUD users, as the data suggest that hormonal IUD use may be related to the systemic changes in women’s bodies, including the brain, potentially influencing spatial abilities. Moreover, our results highlight the importance of considering emotional factors in understanding sex differences in spatial tasks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"485 ","pages":"Article 115520"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143549788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}