Behavioural Brain Research最新文献

{"title":"Cortical structure of left superior parietal cortex is associated with cognition and dual tasking: A cross-sectional preliminary study between mild cognitive impairment and healthy controls","authors":"Siyun Zhang ,&nbsp;Qunhui Yin ,&nbsp;Yiyi Zheng ,&nbsp;Jiaxuan Zheng ,&nbsp;Qiuhua Yu ,&nbsp;Xue Cheng ,&nbsp;Tingni Li ,&nbsp;Hongjiang Wang ,&nbsp;Fuming Zheng ,&nbsp;Wai Leung Ambrose Lo ,&nbsp;Chuhuai Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115360","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115360","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) exhibit poorer performance in cognition and dual-task paradigm, while the related cortical thickness and surface area alterations remains unclear. Methods: Thirty participants with MCI and thirty healthy controls (HC) were recruited. Magnetic resonance imaging, cognitive assessments and dual-task Timed Up and Go test (DT-TUG) were performed to assess cerebral cortical thickness and surface area, cognitive functions, and dual-task cost (DTC) of the execution time in TUG. Spearman correlations were conducted to assess the relationships between the cognitive, TUG performance with the cortical morphological measures. Results: MCI participants performed worse in the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA), WAIS Digit Span, TMT and the modified Posner peripheral cuing task. Their execution time on the DT-TUG was also prolonged. WAIS Digit Span Backwards was correlated with DT-TUG in HC group. A significant between-group difference was observed in the surface area of the left SPC. The cortical thickness of this brain region was positively correlated with the total scores and attention subdomain of MoCA in HC group. The cortical thickness and the surface area were correlated with the time of DT-TUG in HC group only. Conclusions: Individuals with MCI demonstrated declines in both cognitive function and dual-task walking performance. This study provides further evidence of surface-based structural differences in the left SPC in individuals with and without MCI, and supports the role of the left SPC in cognition and dual-task walking.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"479 ","pages":"Article 115360"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142743025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Donepezil treatment mitigates cholinergic system alterations, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and memory impairment induced by branched-chain amino acid administration in rats.","authors":"Isabela da Silva Lemos, Carolina Giassi Alano, Rafael Orestes Canarim, Ellen De Pieri, Maria Eduarda Mendes Botelho, Catharina de Bem Ribeiro, Pauline Souza Effting, Ricardo Andrez Machado-de-Ávila, Gislaine Zilli Réus, Guilhian Leipnitz, Emilio Luiz Streck","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115359","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115359","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) is an inherited metabolic disorder biochemically characterized by tissue accumulation of leucine, isoleucine, and valine and their derivatives. Patients present with neurological disabilities and treatment is limited. Donepezil, a drug used for neurodegenerative disorders, has been shown to improve memory and counteract oxidative stress and inflammation. In the present study, we investigated whether donepezil administration could improve alterations in the cholinergic system, oxidative stress, inflammation, and behavior changes in rats submitted to a chemical MSUD model based on the administration of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Our results showed a decrease in short- and long-term memory in the object recognition task in rats submitted to BCAA administration. We also verified an increase in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and a decrease in choline acetyltransferase in the cerebral cortex of the BCAA control group. Increased reactive species production, alterations in the antioxidant defenses, and inflammation were further observed. Additionally, we found that donepezil treatment attenuated alterations in AChE activity, reactive species production, lipids oxidative damage, inflammation, and memory. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the pathophysiology of MSUD and suggest that donepezil is a potential pharmacological treatment for this disorder.</p>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":" ","pages":"115359"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142738284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chlorpyrifos intermittent exposure enhances cardiovascular but not behavioural responses to contextual fear conditioning in adult rats: Possible involvement of brain oxidative-nitrosative stress","authors":"Yuri Fernandes Pereira Rosa ,&nbsp;Gabriel Gavazza Noé ,&nbsp;Maria Gabriela Oliveira Merlo ,&nbsp;Raphael Rizzo Calixto ,&nbsp;Anna Paula Perin Vidigal ,&nbsp;Bruna Ferreira da Silva ,&nbsp;Kissylla Brisson da Silva ,&nbsp;Vitória Fosse Coelho ,&nbsp;Vítor Sampaio Minassa ,&nbsp;Karla Nívea Sampaio ,&nbsp;Vanessa Beijamini","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115358","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115358","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exposure to organophosphorus compounds (OPs) may cause psychiatric, neurologic, biochemical, and cardiovascular abnormalities. Neurotoxicity of OP compounds is primarily due to irreversibly inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme both centrally and peripherally. Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a widely used OP classified as moderately toxic. Previously, it has been shown that CPF administration, given every other day to adult rats, impairs spatial memory and prepulse inhibition associated with brain AChE inhibition. Our group also found that intermittent treatment with CPF, simulating occupational exposure, impairs the cardiorespiratory reflexes and causes cardiac hypertrophy. Thereby, we aimed to examine whether subchronic and intermittent administration of CPF would affect the behavioural (freezing) and cardiovascular (mean arterial pressure, MAP; heart rate, HR) responses elicited during contextual fear conditioning (CFC) and extinction. Wistar adult male rats were injected with sublethal and intermittent CPF doses (4 and 7 mg/kg) three times a week for one month. Two days after the last injection, a range of tests were performed to assess depression (sucrose preference), anxiety (elevated plus-maze, EPM), locomotion (open field, OF), and conditioned fear expression and extinction. Separate cohorts of animals were euthanized to measure plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), erythrocyte AChE, brain AChE activity, and markers of oxidative-nitrosative stress. Intermittent CPF treatment did not affect sucrose preference. CPF (4 and 7 mg/kg) reduced open-arms exploration in the EPM, suggesting an anxiogenic effect. The higher dose of CPF decreased the total distance travelled in the OFT, suggesting motor impairment. After a seven-day CPF-free washout period, CPF (7 mg/kg) increased the tachycardic response without affecting freezing behaviour in the CFC extinction session. CPF 7 mg/kg decreased AChE activity in the hippocampus, pre-frontal cortex and brainstem 72 after the last administration whilst transiently increasing oxidative-nitrosative stress specifically in the brainstem. Overall, our results outlined the behavioural, autonomic and biochemical abnormalities caused by an intermittent dosing regimen of CPF that elicits brain AChE inhibition and brain oxidative-nitrosative stress. This paradigm might be valuable in further exploring long-term consequences and mechanisms of OP neurotoxicity as well as comprehensive therapeutic approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"479 ","pages":"Article 115358"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142738283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of physical practice on the duration of motor imagery","authors":"Siobhan M. McAteer,&nbsp;Baptiste M. Waltzing,&nbsp;Elise E. Van Caenegem,&nbsp;Gautier Hamoline,&nbsp;Andrea Denys,&nbsp;Marcos Moreno-Verdú,&nbsp;Robert M. Hardwick","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115354","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115354","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Motor Simulation Theory proposes that imagined actions are produced using the brain’s motor system, and should therefore always be temporally equivalent to physical movements. However, empirical results are not always consistent with this prediction. Studies indicate that the durations of unfamiliar imagined actions are over-estimated, whereas the durations of more familiar actions may be closer to (or even faster than) actual movement execution. We therefore examined the effects of different levels of practice on the durations of both physically performed and imagined actions. Participants (N=31) completed an initial assessment in which the durations of physically performed and imagined finger movement sequences were measured. Participants then completed three days of physical training in which different sequences received either extensive training (150 repetitions/session), minimal training (10 repetitions/session), or no training. In a subsequent assessment session, we found that the time taken to both physically execute and imagine performing sequences decreased with training. However, contrary to the predictions of Motor Simulation theory, imagined movement durations consistently over-estimated those of physically performed movements. While the difference in the timing of imagined and physically executed movements decreased between the initial and final assessment, this effect was not modulated by training. These results extend our understanding of the relationship between motor imagery and physical practice, and highlight a key limitation in the predictions of Motor Simulation Theory.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"479 ","pages":"Article 115354"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142723650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intermittent theta burst stimulation to the left prefrontal cortex enhances extinction learning but not extinction recall","authors":"Lisa M. Cybinski ,&nbsp;Sophia Hüsch ,&nbsp;Georg C. Ziegler ,&nbsp;Andreas Mühlberger ,&nbsp;Martin J. Herrmann","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115357","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115357","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Non-invasive brain stimulation targeting the left ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) has shown potential in enhancing fear extinction. However, optimal stimulation parameters for clinical application remain unclear. Methods: This study investigated the effects of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) on fear extinction using a three-day paradigm. Fifty healthy participants underwent fear acquisition (day 1), extinction learning (day 2), and both a spontaneous recovery and reinstatement test (day 3). Active or sham iTBS was applied before extinction learning to the left posterior PFC (MNI: −56, 2, 40), previously shown to be functionally connected to the vmPFC. Fear responses were measured using skin conductance responses (SCR) during CS+ and CS- presentations, along with arousal, valence, and contingency awareness ratings. Results: A significant time x group interaction was found for iTBS administered before extinction learning, with the active group showing reduced SCR during extinction learning compared to sham. However, no TMS effects were observed during the spontaneous recovery or reinstatement tests. Conclusion: These findings suggest limited therapeutic potential for iTBS targeting the left posterior PFC in enhancing extinction memory consolidation. Further research is needed to determine optimal stimulation parameters for clinical application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"479 ","pages":"Article 115357"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142725332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Classification of motor imagery EEG with ensemble RNCA model","authors":"T. Thenmozhi ,&nbsp;R. Helen ,&nbsp;S. Mythili","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115345","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115345","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Motor Imagery (MI) based brain-computer interface (BCI) systems are used for regaining the motor functions of neurophysiologically affected persons. But the performance of MI tasks is degraded due to the presence of redundant EEG channels. Hence, a novel ensemble regulated neighborhood component analysis (ERNCA) method provides a perfect identification of neural region that stimulate motor movements. Domains of statistical, frequency, spatial and transform-based features narrowed down the misclassification rate. The gradient boosting method selects the relevant features thereby reduces the computational complexity. Finally, Bayesian optimized ensemble classifier finetuned the classification accuracies of 97.22 % and 91.62 % for Datasets IIIa and IVa respectively. This approach is further strengthened by analyzing real-time data with the accuracy of 93.75 %. This method qualifies out of four benchmark methods with significant percent of improvement in accuracy for these three datasets. As per the spatial distribution of refined EEG channels, majority of the brain's motor functions concentrates on frontal and central cortex regions of brain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"479 ","pages":"Article 115345"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142715238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resting-state functional connectivity in gelotophobes: A neuroscientific perspective on the fear of laughter","authors":"Hao Chang ,&nbsp;Yu-Chen Chan ,&nbsp;I-Fei Chen ,&nbsp;Hsueh-Chih Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115355","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115355","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gelotophobia, the fear of being laughed at, is characterized by heightened sensitivity to ridicule and a tendency to perceive laughter in social situations as mocking. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) acquires brain functional connectivity while the individual remains at rest, without engaging in specific tasks. Recent studies have investigated task-based fMRI and white matter in gelotophobes; however, the resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) in this group remains unclear. This study aimed to examine differences in rsFC between gelotophobes and non-gelotophobes, to provide insights into the neural networks underlying gelotophobia. Using a seed-based correlation approach, the present study analyzed rsFC in three key networks: the limbic system, default mode network (DMN), and executive control network (ECN). Compared to non-gelotophobes, gelotophobes exhibited significantly stronger amygdala-putamen connectivity within the limbic system, suggesting heightened sensitivity to social cues and altered processing of fear. Within the DMN, gelotophobes demonstrated stronger precuneus-temporoparietal junction (TPJ) and posterior cingulate cortex-TPJ functional connectivity, implying increased self-awareness and vigilance toward social evaluation. In the ECN, enhanced connectivity between the superior frontal gyrus and supplementary motor area in gelotophobes may reflect heightened attention to social cues. Notably, while individuals with gelotophobia exhibited greater amygdala-putamen functional connectivity, controls showed stronger amygdala-supplementary motor area connectivity. These distinct connectivity patterns across the limbic system, DMN, and ECN provide new insights into the neural basis of gelotophobia and its associated heightened sensitivity to social evaluation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"479 ","pages":"Article 115355"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142705696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological change of striatum and ventral midbrain's glia cell in response to different exercise modalities","authors":"Min Gi Jo ,&nbsp;Junyoung Hong ,&nbsp;Jiyeon Kim ,&nbsp;Seon-Hee Kim ,&nbsp;Bina Lee ,&nbsp;Ha Nyeoung Choi ,&nbsp;So Eun Lee ,&nbsp;Young Jin Kim ,&nbsp;Heejung Park ,&nbsp;Dong-Ho Park ,&nbsp;Gu Seob Roh ,&nbsp;Chang Sun Kim ,&nbsp;Seung Pil Yun","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115342","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115342","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exercise not only regulates neurotransmitters and synapse formation but also enhances the function of multiple brain regions, beyond cortical activation. Prolonged aerobic or resistance exercise modality has been widely applied to reveal the beneficial effects on the brain, but few studies have investigated the direct effects of different exercise modalities and variations in exercise intensity on the neuroinflammatory response in the brain and overall health. Therefore, in this study, we investigated changes in brain cells and the immune environment of the brain according to exercise modalities. This study was conducted to confirm whether different exercise modalities affect the location and function of dopaminergic neurons, which are responsible for regulating voluntary movement, before utilizing animal models of disease. The results showed that high-intensity interval exercise (HIE) increased the activity of A2-reactive astrocytes in the striatum (STR), which is directly involved in movement control, resulting in neuroprotective effects. Both HIE and combined exercises (CE) increased the expression of dopamine transporter (DAT) in the STR without damaging dopamine neurons in the ventral midbrain (VM). This means that exercise training can help improve and maintain exercise capacity. In conclusion, specific exercise modalities or intensity of exercise may contribute to preventing neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease or enhancing therapeutic effects when combined with medication for patients with neurodegenerative diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"479 ","pages":"Article 115342"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142685689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental enrichment reduces adgrl3.1-Related anxiety and attention deficits but not impulsivity","authors":"Barbara D. Fontana ,&nbsp;William H.J. Norton ,&nbsp;Matthew O. Parker","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115346","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115346","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Environmental factors play a role in the development and severity of neuropsychiatric disorders. Externalizing disorders are characterized by disruptive, impulsive, and often aggressive behaviors, including difficulties with self-control, rule-breaking, and a tendency to act out in ways that may harm oneself or others. Externalizing disorders frequently co-occur with internalizing disorders, such as anxiety. Individuals experiencing both externalizing/internalizing disorders are often among the most likely to seek healthcare services, as this co-occurrence is associated with more severe symptomatology and greater functional impairment. Here, we investigated the impact of environmental enrichment (EE) on <em>adgrl3.1</em>, a gene associated with impulsivity and attention deficits in zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio</em>). This gene encodes a receptor involved in cell adhesion and signaling and has been linked to susceptibility to externalizing disorders. Zebrafish were reared in either standard or enriched environments (from 15 days-post fertilization), and attention, impulsivity, and anxiety-related phenotypes were assessed at adult stages (4 months-post fertilization) using the open field test and a 5-choice serial reaction time task. EE mitigated anxiety-related behaviors in <em>adgrl3.1</em> knockouts<em>,</em> normalizing locomotor patterns and decreasing thigmotaxis. Although attention deficits were reduced in <em>adgrl3.1</em>^<em>-/-</em> fish reared in EE, impulsive behaviors were not. Together, these findings suggest that while environmental enrichment (EE) mitigates externalizing and internalizing symptoms in <em>adgrl3.1</em> mutants, impulsivity remains less responsive to EE used in this study, indicating its distinct resistance to modulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"479 ","pages":"Article 115346"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142685883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scopolamine animal model of memory impairment","authors":"Ieva Poceviciute,&nbsp;Agne Brazaityte,&nbsp;Rokas Buisas,&nbsp;Valentina Vengeliene","doi":"10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115344","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115344","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we reassessed the suitability of a commonly used pharmacological animal model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) – scopolamine-induced memory impairment. The goal of the study was to explore if this animal model induces other behavioral changes associated with AD. One of the key behavioral features of AD, manifesting already during the early stages of the illness, is apathy-like behavior. We also evaluated how behavioral alterations induced by scopolamine compare to those seen in healthy aging animals. To achieve these goals, locomotor activity and short-term memory of young male Wistar rats were tested in the open field, novel object recognition (NOR) and T-maze spontaneous alternation tests before, during and after 21 daily administrations of scopolamine. Three-, ten- and nineteen-month-old male and female rats were used to measure age-related changes in these behaviors. Our data showed that although both scopolamine treatment and aging reduced the number of approaches to the objects and their exploration time during the NOR test, correlation with impaired object recognition memory was only observed in the scopolamine treated animals. Furthermore, treatment with scopolamine significantly increased the locomotor activity, which could be observed even one week after treatment discontinuation. Contrary, locomotor activity in older rats was significantly lower than that of younger rats. These findings demonstrate that the animal model of scopolamine-induced memory impairment fails to incorporate apathy-like symptoms characteristic to the AD and age-related reduction in physical activity of older rats.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8823,"journal":{"name":"Behavioural Brain Research","volume":"479 ","pages":"Article 115344"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142680706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}