Battery Energy最新文献

{"title":"A New Approach for Estimation of Lithium-Ion Battery State of Charge and Health Using Mixed H∞/H2 Control With Sliding Mode Observer","authors":"Chadi Nohra,&nbsp;Jalal Faraj,&nbsp;Bechara Nehme,&nbsp;Mahmoud Khaled,&nbsp;Rachid Outbib","doi":"10.1002/bte2.70072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bte2.70072","url":null,"abstract":"<p>For efficient battery management that ensures lifetime and dependability in applications like electric vehicles, an accurate real-time assessment of the State of Charge (SOC) and State of Health (SOH) of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries is essential. To overcome the difficulties presented by aging, unmodeled dynamics, and temperature fluctuations, this study attempts to create a reliable estimation method that improves the precision and robustness of SoC and SoH assessments. To maximize transient responsiveness and guarantee estimator convergence to the actual battery state, the suggested system combines a H_∞/H₂ controller with pole placement, which is built using Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) techniques. Furthermore, this controller is complemented by a sliding mode estimator to assess SoH, which is a novel combination in battery state estimating techniques. By optimizing the disturbance matrix structure and taking into account changes in internal resistances, capacitances, and actual capacity, the H_∞/H₂ controller is designed to reduce disturbances caused by things like age and temperature fluctuations. To evaluate SoH, the sliding mode estimator makes use of state variables from the H_∞/H₂ controller. The approach is validated under real-world circumstances, including driving schedules like UDDS, US06, and HWFET, using numerical simulations that consider variations in battery internal properties. The accuracy and dependability of SOC and SOH assessments are significantly improved by the combined estimation technique. By lowering estimating errors, the controller improves resilience to disruptions. The resilience of the approach is shown by simulations conducted under a range of driving circumstances, suggesting that battery management systems might use it in practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":8807,"journal":{"name":"Battery Energy","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bte2.70072","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145909244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization Design of a PV System Using a Genetic Algorithm","authors":"Bechara Nehme,&nbsp;Danny Khoury,&nbsp;Nacer KMsirdi,&nbsp;Chady Nohra","doi":"10.1002/bte2.70078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bte2.70078","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Designing a PV system for self-consumption requires knowledge of power and energy demand, solar availability and hours of autonomy. The intended system should reduce electricity bill costs, supply electricity to all loads, and maintain its efficiency. Traditional calculations and designs of solar PV systems rely on one objective and may cause over dimensioning of the system. A design tool is proposed, in this paper, aiming to optimize the design of a grid connected PV systems with Battery Energy Storage System. The proposed approach tries to minimize the initial cost of the system, alleviate the degradation of panels and batteries, reduce blackout hours, reduce power purchase and reduce the wasted generation. The degradation modes in PV panels and battery systems were modeled to expand the design to increase the lifespan of the system. The tool uses a Genetic Algorithm aiming to minimize the cost function described earlier. The proposed approach helped to reduce capital and operational costs by 61.65%.</p>","PeriodicalId":8807,"journal":{"name":"Battery Energy","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bte2.70078","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145904618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lithiation Analysis of Metal Components for Li-Ion Battery Using Ion Beams","authors":"Arturo Galindo,&nbsp;Neubi Xavier,&nbsp;Noelia Maldonado,&nbsp;Jesús Díaz-Sánchez,&nbsp;Carmen Morant,&nbsp;Gastón García,&nbsp;Celia Polop,&nbsp;Qiong Cai,&nbsp;Enrique Vasco","doi":"10.1002/bte2.70076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bte2.70076","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Metal components are extensively used as current collectors, anodes, and interlayers in lithium-ion batteries. Integrating these functions into one component enhances the cell's energy density and simplifies its design. However, this multifunctional component must meet stringent requirements, including high and reversible Li storage capacity, rapid lithiation/delithiation kinetics, mechanical stability, and safety. Six single-atom metals (Mg, Zn, Al, Ag, Sn, and Cu) are screened for lithiation behavior through their interaction with ion beams in electrochemically tested samples subjected to both weak and strong lithiation regimes. These different lithiation regimes allowed us to differentiate between the thermodynamics and kinetic aspects of the lithiation process. Three types of ions are used to determine Li depth profile: H⁺ for nuclear reaction analysis (NRA), He⁺ for Rutherford backscattering (RBS), and Ga⁺ for focused ion beam milling. The study reveals three lithiation behaviors: (i) Zn, Al, Sn form pure alloys with Li; (ii) Mg, Ag create intercalation solid solutions; (iii) Cu acts as a lithiation barrier. NRA and RBS offer direct and quantitative data, providing a more comprehensive understanding of the lithiation process in LIB components. These findings fit well with our ab initio simulation results, establishing a direct correlation between electrochemical features and fundamental thermodynamic parameters.</p>","PeriodicalId":8807,"journal":{"name":"Battery Energy","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bte2.70076","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145887769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Robust Multi-Agent Based Hierarchical Control Strategy for SoC Balancing and Power Management in DC Shipboard Microgrids","authors":"Rashid Iqbal,&nbsp;Yancheng Liu,&nbsp;Almas Arshad,&nbsp;Adil Ali Raja,&nbsp;A. K. Aljahdali,&nbsp;Noor Aziz,&nbsp;Qinjin Zhang","doi":"10.1002/bte2.70075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bte2.70075","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper proposes a novel State of Charge (SoC)-based hierarchical control strategy to ensure accurate and rapid current sharing, effective power flow management, and stable bus voltage regulation in DC shipboard microgrids (DC SMGs). The proposed control architecture introduces a multi-layered scheme encompassing energy storage units (ESUs), photovoltaic (PV) generation, and load-side coordination to achieve power balance and facilitate autonomous microgrid operation. At its core, the adaptive SoC-based current sharing (ASCS) layer ensures SoC balancing, precise load current distribution, and mitigation of line impedance effects. Complementing this, the average voltage drop restoration (AVDR) layer maintains stable and reasonable bus voltage restoration. To enhance coordination while minimizing communication overhead, a multi-agent consensus (MAC) algorithm is integrated, enabling distributed evaluation of global variables. The hierarchical framework accelerates SoC convergence, addresses balancing challenges, and improves system resilience. A comprehensive stability analysis is conducted to validate the robustness of the proposed method. Additionally, the control strategy is rigorously tested through MATLAB/Simulink simulations and validated on a Star Sim-based hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) platform, demonstrating the scheme's effectiveness, scalability, and suitability for advanced shipboard power systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":8807,"journal":{"name":"Battery Energy","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bte2.70075","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145887770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Power System Flexibility Using AI-Based Forecasting Techniques: A Comparative Study","authors":"Saad Hayat,&nbsp;Aamir Nawaz,&nbsp;Aftab Ahmed Almani,&nbsp;Ehtasham Mustafa,&nbsp;Zahid Javid,&nbsp;William Holderbaum","doi":"10.1002/bte2.70079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bte2.70079","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;This paper compares seven forecasting models for hourly electricity consumption in a commercial office building using data spanning 2024–2025. Models include XGBoost, LSTM, GRU, 1D-CNN, SARIMA, Prophet, and Seasonal Naive baseline. Features encompass temporal indicators (hour, day of week, month), autoregressive lags (1, 2, 24, 168 h), and rolling statistics. Evaluation uses Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) on a 14-day test set (336 samples) with rigorous hyperparameter tuning via GridSearchCV and TimeSeriesSplit cross-validation. XGBoost achieves superior performance (MAE 6.29 kW, 3.5% MAPE) compared to GRU (10.95 kW), 1D-CNN (11.86 kW), LSTM (14.98 kW), Seasonal Naive (16.15 kW), Prophet (35.72 kW), and SARIMA (48.16 kW). Paired t-tests confirm statistical significance: XGBoost versus GRU (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;18.73&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;&lt;&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;0001&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; $t=18.73,plt .0001$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;) and versus Seasonal Naive (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;t&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;13.47&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;&lt;&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;0001&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; $t=13.47,plt .0001$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;). Surprisingly, deep learning models underperformed gradient boosting despite theoretical sequence-modeling advantages, attributed to modest sample size (17,016), rich feature engineering capturing 69.5% of variance through autoregressive features, and single-hour forecasting horizon. Classical statistical models exhibited catastrophic failures, reflecting inadequate modeling of non-stationary, non-linear building consumption with multiple seasonal patterns. Results demonstrate that for structured tabular time series with comprehensive feature engineering, gradient boosting substantially outperforms sequential neural architectures and classical statistical methods. The findings enable high-confidence building energy management decisions (HVAC pre-conditioning, demand response) with ±6.3 kW prediction accuracy. Code and reproducibility documentation are a","PeriodicalId":8807,"journal":{"name":"Battery Energy","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bte2.70079","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145887532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 3.2 V Coin Cell Supercapacitor With Ultra-High Energy Density Using NiCu2O4 Nanoparticles as Anodic Material","authors":"Insha Fatima,&nbsp;Aamir Ahmed,&nbsp;Manasvi Langeh,&nbsp;Anoop Singh,&nbsp;Volodymyr Kotsiubynskyi,&nbsp;Vinay Gupta,&nbsp;Sandeep Arya","doi":"10.1002/bte2.20250066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bte2.20250066","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, NiCu₂O₄ nanoparticles were synthesized via the co-precipitation method and, for the first time, employed as an electrode material for supercapacitor (SC) applications. The synthesized material was analyzed for its morphology, elemental composition, and other properties using standard characterization techniques. The nanoparticles exhibited a cubic structure with uniform distribution, high purity, and an average crystallite size of 72.25 nm. Electrodes were fabricated on a nickel foam (NF) substrate, and electrochemical measurements were conducted in a 6 M KOH electrolyte under ambient conditions. The electrode demonstrated 917.95 F/g of specific capacitance at 10 A/g and only 38.15% reduction in capacitance as the current density increased. Additionally, the electrode retained 87% of its capacitance over 7000 galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) cycles. An SC device was also fabricated, exhibiting a specific capacitance of 171.82 F/g at 1 A/g and an energy density of 61.09 Wh/kg. The device achieved a high-power density of 1.08 kW/kg with 30.15 Wh/kg energy density. A coin cell SC fabricated using this material successfully powered a digital watch, red, and green LEDs for varying durations, demonstrating its potential for practical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":8807,"journal":{"name":"Battery Energy","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bte2.20250066","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145887530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of ZnSO₄ and Zn(CF₃SO₃)₂ Electrolytes on HER, Corrosion, Dendrite Formation, and Electrochemical Performance in Aqueous Zn-Ion Batteries","authors":"Basil Chacko,&nbsp;W. Madhuri","doi":"10.1002/bte2.20250083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bte2.20250083","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) have garnered attention as a promising energy storage technology due to its low cost and improved safety. However, their practical application is hindered by challenges such as hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), zinc corrosion, and dendrite formation during repeated Zn plating/stripping cycles, which significantly affect cycling stability and electrochemical performance. Herein, investigations on the impact of ZnSO₄ and Zn(CF₃SO₃)₂ electrolytes at varying molar concentrations (1 M, 2 M, and 3 M) on these limiting factors are reported. Our results indicate that higher electrolyte concentrations are more effective in suppressing HER and corrosion while enhancing ionic conductivity. Notably, Zn(CF₃SO₃)₂ demonstrated superior electrochemical performance compared to ZnSO₄, attributed to the bulky CF₃SO₃⁻ anions, which reduce the coordination between Zn²⁺ and water molecules, thereby facilitating faster ion transport. Hydrothermally synthesized α-MnO₂ was utilized as the cathode in complete cell systems. Electrochemical tests demonstrated that a 3 M Zn(CF₃SO₃)₂ electrolyte enabled an impressive initial discharge capacity of 252 mAh g⁻¹. Additionally, the cell exhibited outstanding cycling durability and capacity preservation over repeated cycles. This enhanced electrochemical performance can be attributed to the distinctive characteristics of the Zn(CF₃SO₃)₂ electrolyte, which effectively suppresses harmful side reactions while facilitating superior charge storage and transport processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":8807,"journal":{"name":"Battery Energy","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bte2.20250083","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145846036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating Chemical Engineering Principles Into Battery Management Systems for Enhanced Safety and Reliability in Energy Storage","authors":"Ahmad Helaley,&nbsp;Muhammad Kashif Khan,&nbsp;Zaman Sajid","doi":"10.1002/bte2.70067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bte2.70067","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The rapid expansion of battery technologies in electric vehicles, renewable energy storage, and consumer electronics demands comprehensive safety strategies across all system levels. This review assesses the safety aspects of battery management systems (BMS), with a focus on lithium-ion batteries, while also addressing emerging concerns in sodium-ion, lead-acid, and nickel-based chemistries. Thermal runaway, a primary hazard in rechargeable batteries, is examined through electrochemical degradation, thermal abuse, and mechanical failure modes. The effectiveness of passive thermal management, utilizing phase change materials (PCMs) and composite PCM structures, is evaluated against active air cooling under high-power and overuse scenarios. Results show that passive protection can reduce propagation temperatures by more than 60°C and delay or prevent thermal events in adjacent cells, while smart BMS algorithms improve the State of Health (SoH) by up to 20% compared to conventional protocols. This study also explores innovative BMS architectures that integrate real-time monitoring, predictive diagnostics, and embedded control systems. Particular attention is given to the estimation and use of SoH, which quantifies battery degradation based on capacity loss, resistance growth, and electrochemical response. While lithium-ion systems remain the primary focus, the review highlights how BMS approaches must adapt to the unique failure mechanisms, thermal behavior, and design constraints of sodium-ion, lead-acid, and nickel-based batteries. This comprehensive assessment offers insight into developing scalable, chemistry-specific safety solutions that are critical for next-generation energy storage technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":8807,"journal":{"name":"Battery Energy","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bte2.70067","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145845981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tailoring MXene/Nickel Cobalt Phosphate Composite for Enhanced Electrochromic and Supercapacitor Applications","authors":"Muhammad Norhaffis Mustafa,&nbsp;Muhammad Amirul Aizat Mohd Abdah,&nbsp;Norshahirah Mohamad Saidi,&nbsp;Arshid Numan,&nbsp;Yusran Sulaiman,&nbsp;Rashmi Walvekar,&nbsp;Mohammad Khalid","doi":"10.1002/bte2.70070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bte2.70070","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Electrochromic materials that simultaneously enable optical modulation and charge storage offer a promising route toward multifunctional energy systems. Herein, we report a scalable synthesis of a nickel cobalt phosphate–MXene (NCP/Ti₃C₂) composite engineered to couple fast ion transport with structural robustness. Using microwave-assisted deposition followed by spin coating, we constructed a conductive Ti₃C₂ network that intimately overlays the NCP matrix, forming an architecture that overcomes the transport limitations and instability typically observed in MXene–phosphate hybrids. The optimized NCP/Ti₃C₂ film delivered a high coloration efficiency (~140 cm²/C) and retained over 75% of its optical contrast after 1000 switching cycles. It further exhibits an exceptional specific capacitance (~2300 F/g at 1 mV/s), reflecting markedly enhanced charge-storage kinetics. Assembled into an asymmetric electrochromic supercapacitor with activated carbon, the device achieved an energy density of ~15 Wh/kg at a power density of ~1600 W/kg and maintained ~85% capacitance retention over 5000 cycles. These combined optical and electrochemical performances position the NCP/Ti₃C₂//AC system as a compelling platform for next-generation wearable and multifunctional energy-storage technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":8807,"journal":{"name":"Battery Energy","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bte2.70070","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145824498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FeMnOx-Graphene Composites as High-Performance Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Rechargeable Zinc-Air Batteries","authors":"Francisco J. Pérez-Alonso,&nbsp;Alejandra García-Gómez,&nbsp;Elisa Peña,&nbsp;Sara Ruiz-Martinez-Alcocer,&nbsp;Aroa R. Mainar,&nbsp;J. Alberto Blázquez,&nbsp;E. Iruin,&nbsp;Álvaro García,&nbsp;María Retuerto,&nbsp;Sergio Rojas","doi":"10.1002/bte2.20250051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bte2.20250051","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The development of efficient, stable, and cost-effective bifunctional electrocatalysts, particularly those based on earth-abundant elements, is essential for the advancement and large-scale deployment of rechargeable zinc–air batteries (ZABs). In this study, we report the synthesis and electrochemical evaluation of FeMnOx–graphene composites as bifunctional catalysts for the oxygen reduction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reactions (OER). Three catalysts were prepared using a patented process by Gnanomat SL with different graphene nanoplatelets of different physicochemical properties and characterized through XRD, TEM, STEM-EDS, XPS, TGA, and BET analyses. All samples exhibited poor crystallinity and, according to XPS analysis, showed similar surface phases attributed to Fe₂O₃ or Fe³⁺ oxyhydroxide species and Mn₃O₄. Meanwhile, the graphene support influenced the final surface area and oxide dispersion of the composite. Electrochemical testing using a three-electrode system revealed that FeMn-graphene composites, synthesized with high-surface-area graphene, exhibit promising bifunctional activity for both the ORR and OER. Full-cell ZAB testing confirmed improved charge-discharge performance and excellent cycling stability over 500 h at 10 mA cm⁻². These findings highlight the potential of FeMnOx–graphene composites as sustainable and efficient bifunctional air electrodes, providing an attractive alternative to bifunctional catalysts based on critical elements like Co.</p>","PeriodicalId":8807,"journal":{"name":"Battery Energy","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bte2.20250051","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145739735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}