Battery Energy最新文献

{"title":"Hydrogen and Biomass-Based Hybrid Energy Storage Systems Converted Into Battery-Dominant Energy Architectures for Grid Integration and Transportation Electrification","authors":"Monday Augustine Agge,&nbsp;Mohamad Yusof Idroas,&nbsp;Muhamad Azman Miskam,&nbsp;Yew Heng Teoh,&nbsp;Divine Senanu Ametefe","doi":"10.1002/bte2.70156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bte2.70156","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This perspective reframes hydrogen- and biomass-based hybrid energy storage as a battery-dominant architecture for grid integration and transportation electrification. The proposed system integrates biomass gasification or pyrolysis, renewable hydrogen production, compressed hydrogen storage, a battery energy storage system, power conversion equipment, and a supervisory energy management system. Its central argument is that batteries should act as the primary fast-response stabiliser, while hydrogen and biomass supply long-duration storage, dispatchable fuel and resilience during periods of renewable scarcity. Synthesising recent literature on hydrogen storage, biomass-to-hydrogen conversion, battery energy storage, electric-vehicle charging and multi-timescale energy management, the analysis uses scenario-based figures to show how a hybrid hydrogen-biomass-battery system can reduce frequency deviation, smooth daily renewable dispatch and lower annual carbon emissions relative to fossil-dominated and renewable-battery-only baselines. Hybridisation proves technically strongest when each storage technology is assigned to its natural time scale: batteries for milliseconds to hours, hydrogen for hours to seasons, and biomass as a dispatchable renewable feedstock. Successful deployment, in turn, depends on degradation-aware control, cost-optimised electrolysis operation, sustainable biomass sourcing, safety-compliant hydrogen infrastructure, standardised power electronics, and carbon accounting that distinguishes renewable, biomass-derived and grid-connected hydrogen production.</p>","PeriodicalId":8807,"journal":{"name":"Battery Energy","volume":"5 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bte2.70156","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microwave–Matter Interactions in Lithium-Ion Battery Black Mass: Temperature-Dependent Dielectric Properties and Carbothermal Reduction Pathways","authors":"M. Scaglia,&nbsp;A. Zanoletti,&nbsp;M. Gandolfi,&nbsp;F. Bianchi,&nbsp;M. A. Vincenti,&nbsp;Sanad Altarawneh,&nbsp;Jose Rodriguez,&nbsp;Phillip Johnson,&nbsp;Chris Dodds,&nbsp;G. Duran-Jimenez,&nbsp;J. J. Garcia,&nbsp;D. Tonetti,&nbsp;E. Bontempi","doi":"10.1002/bte2.70154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bte2.70154","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Microwave (MW) heating is a promising alternative to conventional pyrometallurgical processes for recovering strategic metals from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the temperature-dependent dielectric behavior of real waste remains poorly understood, limiting the optimization of MW-assisted recycling processes. In this work, the interaction between MW radiation and black mass from LiCoO₂ (LCO) and LiNi₀.₆Co₀.₂Mn₀.₂O₂ (NMC) cathodes was investigated by combining dielectric characterization, thermal analysis, structural identification, and MW experiments. The complex permittivity was measured from room temperature to 900°C at 910 MHz and 2.45 GHz, using the cavity perturbation method, providing frequency-resolved datasets linking dielectric evolution with phase transformation in real industrial LIBs black mass. Thermogravimetric (TGA) identified the main thermal events, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) tracked MW-induced phase transformations. The results showed that dielectric losses increased markedly in the temperature range 500°C–650°C, corresponding to the onset of carbothermal reduction reactions. In this interval, XRD analysis confirms the transformation of layered cathode phases into Li₂CO₃ and transition-metal oxides such as CoO, NiO, and MnO, while TGA reveals the beginning of significant mass loss associated with gas-evolving reactions. At higher temperatures (&gt; 700°C), further reduction leads to the formation of metallic Co and Ni. The comparison between the two frequencies indicates that 910 MHz promotes deeper and more uniform volumetric heating, whereas 2.45 GHz produces more localized surface heating. These findings show that MW absorption evolves with thermochemical transformations of black mass, highlighting the role of dielectric characterization in optimizing MW-assisted carbothermal recycling of LIBs.</p>","PeriodicalId":8807,"journal":{"name":"Battery Energy","volume":"5 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bte2.70154","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149099512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct Integration of Calcium Nitrate Tetrahydrate PCM Into an Oscillating Heat Pipe for Passive Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Management","authors":"Mahyar Kargaran,&nbsp;Seyed Borhan Mousavi,&nbsp;Hamid Reza Goshayeshi,&nbsp;Fahime Soltanpour Khazaei","doi":"10.1002/bte2.70153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bte2.70153","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fast-charging lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) generate substantial Joule heating and electrochemical polarization, causing rapid temperature rise, accelerated degradation, and increased thermal-runaway risk. Conventional active cooling systems consume parasitic power, whereas standalone phase-change materials (PCMs) exhibit poor thermal conductivity, and oscillating heat pipes (OHPs) lack sufficient latent-heat buffering during transient high-rate operation. This study proposes a fully passive battery thermal management system (BTMS) that directly integrates calcium nitrate tetrahydrate (CaNT) PCM as both the latent-heat storage medium and working fluid within a multi-turn closed-loop OHP. The hybrid design combines latent heat absorption with self-sustained two-phase oscillatory heat transport, enabling efficient thermal regulation without external energy input. The system was experimentally evaluated using a four-cell 26980 cylindrical LIB module at 0.5 C, 1 C, and 1.5 C discharge rates, supported by thermal characterization, energy and exergy analyses, and a techno-economic assessment. Compared with a DI-water-filled OHP, the CaNT-PCM system reduced thermal resistance by up to 30% at the highest heat load, while maintaining cell-to-cell temperature differences below the 5°C industry threshold under all operating conditions (maximum 4.2°C). Temperature-drop efficiency relative to an uncooled module reached 10%–14% at 0.5 C and 1 C and 8%–13% at 1.5 C, consistently outperforming the DI-water baseline. Exergy analysis demonstrated lower thermodynamic irreversibility and higher second-law efficiency across all discharge rates. A model-based techno-economic assessment predicted return on investment increasing from 38% to 48.4%, assuming a 10-year service life. These results demonstrate that directly charging CaNT-PCM into an OHP provides an effective, energy-efficient, and economically attractive passive BTMS for high-rate LIB applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":8807,"journal":{"name":"Battery Energy","volume":"5 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bte2.70153","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149099354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bidirectional Ion Transport Enabled by Ionically Open Current Collectors in Dry-Processed Ultrahigh-Mass-Loading Electrodes of Lithium Batteries","authors":"Yuxing Gu,&nbsp;Jiaming Li,&nbsp;Ziwei Wang,&nbsp;Mun Ho Kim,&nbsp;Yair Ein-Eli,&nbsp;Woo Jin Hyun","doi":"10.1002/bte2.70152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bte2.70152","url":null,"abstract":"<p>While dry-processed ultrahigh-mass-loading electrodes are promising for increasing the energy density of lithium batteries, their large thickness imposes severe lithium-ion transport limitations. Here, a bidirectional ion transport (BIT) architecture is introduced by replacing conventional metallic current collectors with ionically open graphene current collectors. Unlike typical unidirectional ion transport, where ions access the electrode from only one surface, the porous graphene current collectors enable lithium-ion transport through both surfaces of the electrode while simultaneously providing efficient electron transport. Consequently, BIT cells exhibit a more than twofold increase in the lithium-ion diffusion coefficient, which mitigates lithium-ion concentration polarization and promotes more uniform lithiation/delithiation behavior throughout thick electrodes, thereby improving cycling stability. Furthermore, the BIT design enables the stacking of ultrahigh-mass-loading electrodes (50 mg cm^–2, 10 mAh cm^–2) in pouch cells with favorable electrochemical performance, providing an effective strategy to overcome lithium-ion transport limitations in thick electrodes for high-energy-density lithium batteries.</p>","PeriodicalId":8807,"journal":{"name":"Battery Energy","volume":"5 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bte2.70152","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148994184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Progress on Conversion of LiFePO4 to Triphylite NaFePO4 Cathode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries","authors":"Ramtin Hessam,&nbsp;Maria Forsyth,&nbsp;Michel Armand,&nbsp;Youssof Shekibi,&nbsp;Montserrat Galcerán,&nbsp;Robert Kerr","doi":"10.1002/bte2.70151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bte2.70151","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sodium iron phosphate (NaFePO₄, or NFP) is an attractive cathode material for sodium-ion batteries due to its combination of excellent stability, good operating voltage (2.9 V) and high theoretical specific capacity (154.2 mAh g⁻¹). NaFePO₄ exists in two polymorphic forms, known as <i>maricite</i> and <i>triphylite</i>. The synthesis of NFP, which can achieve the desired electrochemical performance, is challenging due to conventional synthesis methods leading to the formation of the thermodynamically stable, but electrochemically inactive, <i>maricite</i>-NaFePO₄. To tackle this issue, the use of spent battery-grade LiFePO₄ as a precursor in the synthesis of NaFePO₄ has been suggested as an avenue to the formation of the desired <i>triphylite</i>-NaFePO₄. This study reviews electrochemical and chemical methods reported for the conversion of LiFePO₄ to <i>triphylite</i>-NaFePO₄. Finally, the sodium ion extraction/insertion mechanisms during charge/discharge and the <i>triphylite</i>-NaFePO₄ electrochemical performances reported to date are reviewed in detail.</p>","PeriodicalId":8807,"journal":{"name":"Battery Energy","volume":"5 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bte2.70151","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148993972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Critical Role of Binder pH in Determining the Stability of Si–Gr Composite Anodes","authors":"Killian Stokes-Rodriguez,&nbsp;Eibar Flores,&nbsp;Le Thuy Truong,&nbsp;Wilhelm R. Glomm,&nbsp;Julie Cathrine Guldahl,&nbsp;Lukas Neidhart,&nbsp;Annett Thøgersen,&nbsp;Benedicte Eikeland Nilssen,&nbsp;Peter P. Molesworth,&nbsp;Nils Peter Wagner","doi":"10.1002/bte2.70148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bte2.70148","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Binder selection strongly influences silicon–graphite (Si–Gr) anode performance, yet the relationship between slurry processing, electrode structure, and electrochemical behaviour remains unclear. Here, we systematically investigate the influence of binder chemistry and binder pH on Si–Gr composite anodes using unmodified poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), lithiated PAA (LiPAA) at pH 5–7, and a conventional carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) binder. Rheological, adhesion, zeta potential and microscopy analysis reveal that binder pH strongly governs slurry processability, binder–component interactions, and the resulting electrode structure. These differences were found to directly influence electrochemical performance in full cells versus NMC532. Among the binders studied, partially neutralised LiPAA at pH5 exhibited the most stable cycling performance, combining the favourable binder interactions associated with free acid PAA with the improved slurry processability required for practical electrode manufacturing. In contrast, unmodified PAA showed favourable electrochemical behaviour but poor rheological stability, while increasing binder pH resulted in progressively poorer electrode integrity, increased polarisation, and accelerated capacity fade. Differential capacity and electrochemical impedance analyses further revealed substantial differences in the electrochemical response and interfacial stability of the electrodes, while post-mortem cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy showed preservation of the electrode structure at pH 5 and severe structural degradation at pH 7 after 50 cycles. Overall, these results highlight the critical role of binder-controlled processing in determining the stability of Si–Gr composite anodes by demonstrating how binder pH influences slurry interactions, electrode structure, and the subsequent electrochemical behaviour during cycling.</p>","PeriodicalId":8807,"journal":{"name":"Battery Energy","volume":"5 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bte2.70148","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in Alloy‑Based Anode Materials for Magnesium Rechargeable Batteries","authors":"Xize Chen,&nbsp;Tilo Söhnel,&nbsp;John Kennedy,&nbsp;Shanghai Wei","doi":"10.1002/bte2.70150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bte2.70150","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Magnesium rechargeable batteries (MRBs) have attracted significant attention due to their inherent safety and cost advantages in recent years. The utilization of commercially pure magnesium metal as an anode material is predominant in MRBs, attributed to its cost-effectiveness and substantial theoretical capacity. However, the further development of MRBs is impeded by the poor reversibility of Mg plating/stripping and Mg-storage reactions. The formation of a passivation film on the surface of a magnesium metal anode blocks Mg ion diffusion when interfaced with conventional electrolytes. To address this challenge, inspired by breakthroughs in graphite-based anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, replacing Mg metal anodes with alloy-based anode materials has been proposed. This approach can improve reversibility and electrolyte compatibility, although the higher operating potential of many alloy anodes relative to Mg/Mg²⁺ may reduce the voltage of practical full cells. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advancements in alloy anodes based on the type of elements and discusses their theoretical assessments, achievable capacities, synthesis methodologies, battery performance, electrochemical behaviors, and intrinsic reaction mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":8807,"journal":{"name":"Battery Energy","volume":"5 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bte2.70150","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148942424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prognostic Approaches for Early Detection of Thermal Runaway in Lithium-Ion Batteries","authors":"Sahithi Maddipatla,&nbsp;Byoungchul Kwon,&nbsp;Judith Jeevarajan,&nbsp;Michael Pecht","doi":"10.1002/bte2.70149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bte2.70149","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Thermal runaway in a lithium-ion cell is an uncontrollable self-heating process, which can result in a fire, smoke, or in some cases, an explosion. Since thermal runaway cannot always be prevented, there is interest in detecting it prior to its onset. This paper reviews experimental and modeling studies focused on the early detection of thermal runaway, including methodologies that incorporate voltage, current, impedance, state of charge, temperature, force, strain, pressure, acoustic, and gas-emission indicators. The paper then compares the methodologies based on their capability to detect thermal runaway triggered by different types of causes (electrical, mechanical, and thermal), the extent of advance warning provided for effective mitigation or evacuation, detection accuracy (minimizing false positives and false negatives), compatibility with different cell chemistries and form factors, implementation complexity, and system-level practicality. Beyond detection, the paper reviews safety intervention strategies to deploy after anomalies are identified, including battery management system (BMS)-based protective actions, active cooling approaches, thermal propagation mitigation techniques, and fire-suppression methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":8807,"journal":{"name":"Battery Energy","volume":"5 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bte2.70149","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148848825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Dual-Conductive and Robust Binder With Cross-Linked Network for Enhanced Sulfur Cathode","authors":"Lulu Ren,&nbsp;Ying Guo,&nbsp;Justin Zhong,&nbsp;Jin Liu,&nbsp;Wei-Hong Zhong","doi":"10.1002/bte2.70147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bte2.70147","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The sulfur (S) cathode of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries is limited by poor electrical conductivity, polysulfide dissolution, sluggish conversion kinetics, and large volume variation during cycling. These issues are closely coupled with inadequate electronic/ionic transport and insufficient mechanical integrity of the cathode architecture—factors in which the binder plays a critical role. Herein, a dual-conductive and mechanically robust cross-linked binder, composed of polyacrylic acid, graphene and polyvinyl alcohol (c-PGP), is designed to simultaneously regulate sulfur redox chemistry and electrode integrity. The cross-linked polymer network provides strong mechanical stability to accommodate sulfur volume expansion, while graphene incorporation establishes continuous electronic pathways. Meanwhile, abundant polar functional groups enable strong chemical immobilization of soluble polysulfides, suppressing their diffusion and mitigating the shuttle effect. As a result, the S cathode with the c-PGP binder exhibits improved electrolyte wettability, reduced interfacial resistance, accelerated Li⁺ diffusion, and promoted Li₂S nucleation/decomposition. Li–S cells with the c-PGP binder demonstrate lower polarization, enhanced rate capability and stable cycling performance over 600 cycles at 0.5 A/g. This work highlights the critical role of multifunctional binder design in advancing high-performance S cathode.</p>","PeriodicalId":8807,"journal":{"name":"Battery Energy","volume":"5 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bte2.70147","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148753486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Humins-Derived Hard Carbon as a Low-Cost Material for Sodium-Ion Battery Anodes","authors":"Ravindra K. Bhardwaj,&nbsp;Adarsh Kumar,&nbsp;Steven M. Rowland,&nbsp;Abhijit Dutta,&nbsp;Ashutosh Mittal,&nbsp;Bertrand J. Tremolet de Villers","doi":"10.1002/bte2.70144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bte2.70144","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;The growing demand for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) in grid storage underscores the need for electrode materials that balance performance and cost, including sustainable and robust carbon sources. The equitable and abundant distribution of materials for SIBs, along with their superior low-temperature performance, safety, and fast-charging capability, further distinguishes them from lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Hard carbon (HC) is the state-of-the-art anode for SIBs, but current commercial HC production is localized mostly to one region of the world, raising concerns about supply chain vulnerability, critical material dependency, and environmental aspects. Here, the first demonstration of humins, an abundant biorefinery byproduct, as a precursor for HC anodes for sodium-ion storage is reported. Humins were carbonized at &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;110&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;∘&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mstyle&gt;\u0000 &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;C–&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mstyle&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;130&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;∘&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; $110{0}^{circ },text{Cunicode{x02013}},130{0}^{circ }$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;C, and the resulting materials were subjected to comprehensive materials and electrochemical characterization. Among the temperatures studied, humins-derived hard carbon synthesized at &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;120&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;∘&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; $120{0}^{circ }$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;C delivers an initial reversible capacity &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;270&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;\u0000 &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;mA h&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt; &lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;","PeriodicalId":8807,"journal":{"name":"Battery Energy","volume":"5 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bte2.70144","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148753446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}