{"title":"Advancing Electric Vehicles Through Nanotechnology: Overcoming Challenges in Battery Performance, Energy Efficiency, and Sustainability","authors":"Veeraraghavan Sakthimurugan, Yuvarajan Devarajan, Ritesh Prathap Singh","doi":"10.1002/bte2.70069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bte2.70069","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Nanotechnology is emerging as a transformative force in the electric vehicle (EV) industry, offering sustainable, renewable and innovative solutions to longstanding challenges in battery performance, energy efficiency, material weight, and environmental sustainability. This review synthesizes recent advancements in nanomaterials and their integration into EV technologies. Nanostructured silicon anodes demonstrate energy densities up to 4200 mAh/gnearly ten times higher than conventional graphite anodeswhile graphene-enhanced supercapacitors deliver power densities in the range of 10–100 kW/kg, enabling rapid energy delivery. Lightweight nanocomposites reduce overall vehicle mass by 20%–30%, translating to a 10%–15% improvement in energy efficiency. Thermoelectric nanomaterials can recover 5%–10% of waste heat, and high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (25%–28%) offer auxiliary power solutions, potentially extending vehicle range by 10%–15%. Additionally, nanotechnology facilitates closed-loop recycling systems capable of recovering up to 95% of critical raw materials, while enhancing battery lifespan by approximately 30%, thus mitigating environmental impact. However, key barriers such as high production costs (e.g., graphene at $100–$1000 per gram) and limited cycle life (300–500 cycles) remain. Future innovations aim to reduce production costs by 50%–70% and significantly improve durability. Projections suggest that by 2030, nanotechnology could increase EV range by 30%–50%, reduce charging times by up to 50%, and lower manufacturing costs by 20%–30%, contributing to a 30%–50% reduction in transportation-related greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.</p>","PeriodicalId":8807,"journal":{"name":"Battery Energy","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bte2.70069","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145739582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Battery EnergyPub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1002/bte2.20250068
Margit Lenninger, Noemí Aguiló-Aguayo, Doris E. Braun, Tung Pham, Thomas Bechtold
{"title":"Vanadium Recovery From Redox Flow Cell Waste Electrolytes via Precipitation With Quaternary Ammonium Salts","authors":"Margit Lenninger, Noemí Aguiló-Aguayo, Doris E. Braun, Tung Pham, Thomas Bechtold","doi":"10.1002/bte2.20250068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bte2.20250068","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Vanadium is classified as a “critical metal”; therefore, the recycling of vanadium-containing wastes–such as electrolytes from redox flow cells–represents a valuable contribution towards the more sustainable use of this element. Among various methods for processing concentrated vanadium-containing leachates, the precipitation of NH<sub>4</sub>VO<sub>3</sub> is particularly favourable, as pure V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> can be obtained through thermal treatment of the resulting precipitate. In a novel approach, N-cetyl-N,N,N, trimethylammonium bromide (CTABr), a representative of larger quaternary organic ammonium ions, was investigated for precipitation of V(V) from a diluted, neutral V(V) solution. These ions decompose upon incineration, releasing V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> from the collected precipitate. CTABr was added to a waste electrolyte containing 2,076 mg L<sup>−1</sup> (40.76 mM) of vanadium, and the V-containing precipitate was collected. Using a CTABr:V molar ratio of 1.23:1 the vanadium concentration in the filtrate was reduced to 14 mg L<sup>−1</sup> V, corresponding to over 94% removal of the initial vanadium content. Elemental analysis and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the incinerated residue indicated a V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> content of 66 wt.%, without further optimisation. This new method demonstrates a general approach for the efficient recovery of vanadium from diluted waste electrolytes and vanadium-containing leachates.</p>","PeriodicalId":8807,"journal":{"name":"Battery Energy","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bte2.20250068","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145686324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Battery EnergyPub Date : 2025-11-30DOI: 10.1002/bte2.20240067
C. Zaleski, J. Nasterski, A. Garcia-Cruz, J. D. Tinkler, N. Martin-Fabiani, V. Ostanin, E. Piletska, S. Piletsky, S. K. Ghosh
{"title":"Amine-Based Chloroaluminate Ionic Liquids as Electrolytes for Aluminium Batteries: A Synthesis and Evaluation Study","authors":"C. Zaleski, J. Nasterski, A. Garcia-Cruz, J. D. Tinkler, N. Martin-Fabiani, V. Ostanin, E. Piletska, S. Piletsky, S. K. Ghosh","doi":"10.1002/bte2.20240067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bte2.20240067","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Amine-based chloroaluminate electrolytes were developed and assessed in this initial feasibility study, the first investigation of this family for aluminium batteries. Primary, secondary, and tertiary amines with different aliphatic chain lengths were evaluated as precursors. Electrochemical performance was measured by potentiometry, real time viscosity changes were probed with a quartz crystal resonator, and aluminium deposit morphology was characterised by optical and atomic force microscopy. Two systems emerged as promising. Triethylamine/AlCl₃ remained solid without additives up to 313 K. Under polarisation, quartz crystal resonator measurements showed a sharp, reversible decrease in effective viscosity near the electrode, consistent with a localised potential induced solid to liquid transition reported in ionic liquids, and an associated increase in ionic transport. Dodecylamine, AlCl₃ displayed an electrochemical stability window of approximately 1.5 V, comparable to electrolytes already explored for charge storage devices. Both electrolytes exhibited high Faradaic efficiency and redox reversibility, and produced smooth, uniform aluminium deposits. The distinctive features observed here motivate mechanistic studies, long term stability testing, and a systematic survey of amines to develop an optimal solid-state aluminium electrolyte for future devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":8807,"journal":{"name":"Battery Energy","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bte2.20240067","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145626780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Battery EnergyPub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1002/bte2.20250073
Md Amir Sohel, Sungwoo Kim, Seunguk Cheon, Jun Heo, Sung Oh Cho
{"title":"Performance Enhancement of HDPE-Al2O3 Nanowire Composite Separator Using Boehmite Coating and Electron Irradiation","authors":"Md Amir Sohel, Sungwoo Kim, Seunguk Cheon, Jun Heo, Sung Oh Cho","doi":"10.1002/bte2.20250073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bte2.20250073","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Separators play a critical role in ensuring the performance and, most importantly, the safety of Li-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, a novel HDPE-based separator with exceptional performance and safety features is developed through a comprehensive and multifaceted method, including Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanowires as reinforcing filler to enhance mechanical strength, boehmite (AlOOH) nanoparticle coating to improve dimensional stability, and electron irradiation to enhance the binding efficiency of PVDF binder through crosslinking. The resultant separator has mechanical strength 2.57 times that of a bare HDPE separator and thermal shrinkage of only 3.22% in contrast to 90% for bare HDPE at 150°C. The ionic conductivity and battery performance, including rate capability and cycling performance, underscore the superiority of the resultant separator over the bare HDPE separator. This innovative approach provides a promising pathway for developing high-performance separators, addressing critical challenges in advanced LIB applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":8807,"journal":{"name":"Battery Energy","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bte2.20250073","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145686251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Battery EnergyPub Date : 2025-11-14DOI: 10.1002/bte2.20250065
Peter Joseph Chimtali, Olalekan Sanmi Ifayefunmi, Fangren Qian, Asante Obed Frimpong, Zeinab Mohamed, Luyao Wen, Dengfeng Cao, Shuangming Chen, Xiaojun Wu, Changda Wang, Li Song
{"title":"Bio-Based Green and Sustainable Electrolyte Additive for Durable Zinc Anodes","authors":"Peter Joseph Chimtali, Olalekan Sanmi Ifayefunmi, Fangren Qian, Asante Obed Frimpong, Zeinab Mohamed, Luyao Wen, Dengfeng Cao, Shuangming Chen, Xiaojun Wu, Changda Wang, Li Song","doi":"10.1002/bte2.20250065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bte2.20250065","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the quest for cost-effective and safe aqueous zinc ion batteries for specific applications, resourceful biomaterials have garnered significant attention due to their diverse surface chemistry, structural diversity, biocompatibility, and environmental friendliness. Herein, we mitigate water activity and the proliferation of zinc dendrites by integrating fresh ginger, which contains the main component (5S)-5-hydroxy-1-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)decan-3-one (denoted as 6G), into the aqueous ZnSO<sub>4</sub> electrolyte (ZSO). This straightforward method demonstrates that the 6G electrolyte additive not only alters the initial hydrogen bond but also creates an extraordinary Zn<sup>2+</sup> solvation shell. In situ optical microscopy further validates the homogeneous and dense deposition of zinc, attributed to the adsorption of 6G on the zinc slab. The innovative ZSO+6G electrolyte provides Zn||Zn symmetric cells with exceptional cycle stability for 1550 h at a current density of 0.2 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>. Meanwhile, the Zn||Cu asymmetric cell attains an impressive average Coulombic efficiency of 99.26% at 1 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>. This study introduces an appealing method for optimizing electrolytes using bio-materials to adjust coordination chemistry for the enhancement of durable zinc anodes.</p>","PeriodicalId":8807,"journal":{"name":"Battery Energy","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bte2.20250065","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145695500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Battery EnergyPub Date : 2025-11-14DOI: 10.1002/bte2.20250061
Ritu Malik, Vijay K. Tomer, Denise Byrne, Mohini Sain
{"title":"Multifunctional Carbon Fiber–Nanotube Frameworks for Safe, Recyclable, High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries","authors":"Ritu Malik, Vijay K. Tomer, Denise Byrne, Mohini Sain","doi":"10.1002/bte2.20250061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bte2.20250061","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study introduces a multifunctional carbon fiber–carbon nanotube (CFCNT) architecture as a lightweight, thermally stable, and recyclable current collector for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Compatible with both graphite anodes and LiFePO<sub>4</sub> cathodes, the CFCNT platform reduces collector mass to 4.4 mg/cm<sup>2</sup>—substantially lower than conventional copper (10.1 mg/cm<sup>2</sup>) and aluminum (5.1 mg/cm<sup>2</sup>) while enhancing electrical conductivity and interfacial stability. Full pouch cells employing CFCNT collectors achieve an initial capacity of 153 mAh/g and retain 126 mAh/g after 150 cycles (0.11% fade per cycle), with > 91% coulombic efficiency. Safety testing reveals minimal thermal response (< 2°C rise) during nail penetration, underscoring robust mechanical and electrochemical resilience. Critically, the architecture enables direct recovery and reuse of electrodes and current collectors, supporting a closed-loop recycling strategy. These results position CFCNT collectors as a viable pathway toward safer, high-performance, and circular energy storage technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":8807,"journal":{"name":"Battery Energy","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bte2.20250061","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145686263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Battery EnergyPub Date : 2025-11-11DOI: 10.1002/bte2.20250060
Jon Otegi, Javier Carrasco, Hegoi Manzano
{"title":"The Influence of the Electrolyte on Lithium Transport Through the DAAQ-TFP-COF Structure: A Molecular Dynamics Study","authors":"Jon Otegi, Javier Carrasco, Hegoi Manzano","doi":"10.1002/bte2.20250060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bte2.20250060","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as promising electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their tunable redox-active properties and environmental benefits. However, the influence of electrolytes on COF-based battery performance remains poorly understood at the molecular level. In this study, we employ molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the interaction between terephthalaldehyde and 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene COF (DAAQ-TFP-COF) and two organic electrolytes: lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) in tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME) and LiPF<sub>6</sub> in a mixture of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate (EC/DEC). Our simulations reveal different lithium coordination environments: while LiTFSI in TEGDME shows better salt dissociation, LiPF<sub>6</sub> in EC/DEC exhibits higher lithium self-diffusion coefficients, despite greater coordination to the COF structure. We identify that lithium transport is primarily mediated by the organic solvent, with COF coordination sites hindering mobility. These findings highlight the importance of electrolyte selection in optimizing COF-based electrodes for LIBs and provide novel insights into the interplay between structural properties and ionic dynamics in porous frameworks.</p>","PeriodicalId":8807,"journal":{"name":"Battery Energy","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bte2.20250060","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145695358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Battery EnergyPub Date : 2025-11-02DOI: 10.1002/bte2.20250052
Mohammad Rajabzadeh, Pezhman Ghadimi, Vincent Hargaden, Nikolaos Papakostas
{"title":"A Hybrid Exponential Smoothing and LSTM Approach With Double Lightning Search for Enhanced Prediction of Lithium-Ion Battery Remaining Useful Life","authors":"Mohammad Rajabzadeh, Pezhman Ghadimi, Vincent Hargaden, Nikolaos Papakostas","doi":"10.1002/bte2.20250052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bte2.20250052","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Lithium-ion batteries are essential in modern energy systems, supplying electricity to many consumer products that require dependable operation. This study introduces a novel method for predicting the remaining useful life (RUL) and end-of-life (EoL) of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) using the long short-term memory (LSTM) model. The process includes getting the data ready, using exponential smoothing (ES), making a sequence, using the double lightning search algorithm (DLSA) to find the best hyperparameters, and doing iterative LSTM modeling. ES is utilized to preprocess data, reduce noise, and improve input quality for the subsequent model phases, while the iterative integration of LSTM modeling and DLSA hyperparameter optimization enhances capacity estimates across the entire battery lifecycle. The model performance is assessed using basic statistical measures, indicating consistent accuracy in predicting the state of health (SOH) and RUL. The way the time series is set up lets the LSTM accurately find important time-based relationships, even when there is much noise. Adaptive hyperparameter selection through DLSA safeguards against fluctuating degradation rates, yielding an average error of under ±0.002 ampere-hours in capacity prediction. Systematic sampling and normalization make calculations faster without changing the quality of the data. Data from the NASA Prognostics Center of Excellence on LIB performance and degradation are used to validate the model. This predictive modeling approach shows how data smoothing, deep learning, and intelligent search algorithms can improve RUL and EoL forecasts for real-time battery health monitoring and operational safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":8807,"journal":{"name":"Battery Energy","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bte2.20250052","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145686075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Battery EnergyPub Date : 2025-11-02DOI: 10.1002/bte2.20250055
Matteo Milanesi, Alessandro Piovano, Hamideh Darjazi, Xu Liu, Claudio Gerbaldi, Giuseppe A. Elia
{"title":"A Comparative Study of Agarose and Sodium Alginate-Based Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Zn-Based Batteries With CaV6O16·3H2O Cathode","authors":"Matteo Milanesi, Alessandro Piovano, Hamideh Darjazi, Xu Liu, Claudio Gerbaldi, Giuseppe A. Elia","doi":"10.1002/bte2.20250055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bte2.20250055","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Aqueous zinc-based batteries (ZIBs) are considered promising energy storage solutions, particularly targeting low-cost applications needed for levelling electricity production from renewable energy sources. However, numerous challenges need to be overcome to bring the technology to the market, chiefly including cathode dissolution, dendrite formation, hydrogen evolution reaction, and zinc corrosion. The optimisation of the electrolyte, particularly the use of gel-polymer electrolytes (GPEs), is demonstrated as a viable approach to solve or mitigate such issues. In this respect, a comparative study of two GPEs based on biopolymers, agarose and sodium alginate, is presented here. Despite the fast and facile preparation procedure, the GPEs demonstrate to be strongly effective in suppressing dendrite and byproduct formation on zinc metal anodes, due to the abundant ─OH groups along the chains in polymeric matrices. The electrochemical behaviour of GPEs is evaluated in terms of galvanostatic cycling in laboratory-scale zinc metal cells with a CaV<sub>6</sub>O<sub>16</sub>·3H<sub>2</sub>O cathode at low and high active material loadings of 2.5 and 5 mg cm<sup>−</sup><sup>2</sup>, respectively. Resulting cycling performances in terms of specific capacity and rate capability are comparable (low loading electrodes) and even outperform (high loading electrodes) those obtained with a standard liquid electrolyte (2M ZnSO<sub>4</sub>) laboratory-scale cell, thus accounting for the promising prospects of the bio-polymer GPEs as an alternative green, sustainable electrolyte for next-generation Zn-based batteries.</p>","PeriodicalId":8807,"journal":{"name":"Battery Energy","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bte2.20250055","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145686074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Battery EnergyPub Date : 2025-11-02DOI: 10.1002/bte2.20250057
Berta Pérez-Román, M. Alejandra Mazo, Laura Pascual, József Sándor Pap, Csaba Balázsi, Sara Ruiz-Martínez-Alcocer, Alejandra García-Gómez, Jesús López-Sánchez, Fernando Rubio-Marcos
{"title":"Electrochemical Performance of Nitrogen-Doped Carbons: From Fundamental Studies to Practical Pouch Device","authors":"Berta Pérez-Román, M. Alejandra Mazo, Laura Pascual, József Sándor Pap, Csaba Balázsi, Sara Ruiz-Martínez-Alcocer, Alejandra García-Gómez, Jesús López-Sánchez, Fernando Rubio-Marcos","doi":"10.1002/bte2.20250057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/bte2.20250057","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Nitrogen-doped carbide-derived carbons (N-CDCs) are promising materials for energy storage due to their tunable structure and chemistry. Here, we design a molecular architecture strategy to promote nitrogen incorporation and microstructural control during the synthesis of N-CDCs. By varying polymerization and pyrolysis conditions, we obtain materials with hierarchical porosity and high specific surface area (<i>S</i><sub>BET</sub> > 2000 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>−1</sup>) and nitrogen content between 1.8 and 6.4 wt.%. Electrochemical evaluation in aqueous 6 M KOH using both three- and two-electrode configurations, identifies nitrogen doping, defect density, and hierarchical porosity as key contributors to performance. The optimized N-CDC delivers a specific capacitance of 210 F g<sup>−1</sup> at 1 A g<sup>−1</sup>, with high retention at elevated current densities. A proof-of-concept pouch cell shows 100 F g<sup>−1</sup> at 0.5 A g<sup>−1</sup> and stable cycling over 5000 cycles, resulting in superior coulombic efficiency. The practical applicability is demonstrated with two pouch cells connected in series to power an electronic watch (1.5 V). These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of molecular-level control in the design of high-performance carbon-based supercapacitor electrodes.</p>","PeriodicalId":8807,"journal":{"name":"Battery Energy","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bte2.20250057","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145695260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}