East African journal of public health最新文献

{"title":"Hypertension control and other cardiovascular risk factors among diabetic patients at Muhimbili National Hospital, Tanzania.","authors":"J C Mwita,&nbsp;F Mugusi,&nbsp;J Lwakatare,&nbsp;F Chiwanga","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hypertension among diabetics is a well recognized cardiovascular risk factor. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of hypertension, its control and the prevalence of other cardiovascular risk factors among diabetic patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We consecutively enrolled 150 adult diabetics. Their age, sex weight, height, blood pressure, fasting capillary blood glucose, lipid and renal profiles, hypertension and diabetes therapy were ascertained.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Hypertension prevalence was 54.7%. Treatment and control rates of hypertension were 81.7% and 34% respectively. Hypertensive patients were older, more overweight/obese, had a longer duration of diabetes and elevated serum creatinine. The prevalence of Dyslipidemia, overweight and obesity were 88%, 48.7% and 18.7% respectively. Poor diabetes control was observed in 76.7% of patients. Cigarette smoking was uncommon.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Hypertension, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and obesity are prevalent among our diabetic patients. Both hypertension and glycemia were poorly controlled. Addressing individuals' global cardiovascular risk profiles is vital in diabetics.</p>","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"9 2","pages":"70-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31039748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploration of knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of street children on the prevention of HIV and AIDS in the Huye district, Rwanda.","authors":"S Mthembu,&nbsp;I Ndateba","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Unlabelled: </strong>HIV and AIDS is a pandemic that continues to ravage humanity worldwide, especially among the youth. Street children are victims of society and are up to 10-25 times more affected by HIV and AIDS than their counterparts who live with their families.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The purpose of the study was to explore the knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of street children with regard to the prevention of HIV and AIDS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross sectional study with a quantitative approach was carried out in two street children centres in the Huye district, which is situated in the Southern Province of Rwanda. Non probability convenience sampling was used and 83 participants between the ages of 10 and 18 years old were invited to participate. These comprised of 43 females (51.8%) and 40 males (48.2%), A questionnaire, which was translated into Kinyarwanda, was used to collect data from the participants.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The findings indicated that the knowledge level of the participants was moderate at 71.7%. However, they still had misconceptions regarding HIV and AIDS as 16.9% of the participants said that there is a vaccine for HIV and AIDS and that it is curable. While 78.3% of the participants knew that HIV could be transmitted by body fluids, only 45.8% and 49.4% knew that it could be transmitted by oral sex and anal sex respectively. The current study revealed that 36.1% of the participants were currently sexually active and 53.7% had not used a condom during their last sexual intercourse. A total of 21.7% of the participants had been given money; drugs or place to sleep in exchange for sex and 20.7% declared that they had unwillingly been forced to have sex.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>It is evident that although street children have a moderate knowledge level about HIV and AIDS, they still have certain misconceptions and are exposed to HIV and AIDS due to their risky behaviours. The health professionals should implement a programme of HIV and AIDS prevention among street children so that the street children life may be saved.</p>","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"9 2","pages":"74-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31039749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Substandard and counterfeit antimicrobials: recent trends and implications to key public health interventions in developing countries.","authors":"Hailu Tadeg,&nbsp;Yemane Berhane","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this review is to produce evidence on the prevalence and trends in the availability of substandard and counterfeit antimicrobials in the global market and its consequences on key public health interventions in developing countries</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Review of various literatures collected through the internet and other sources. Literature search using PubMed and Medline databases and Google search engine was conducted to identify related publications on the subject. Relevant published and unpublished literature was also consulted as additional source of information.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During the past few decades, the trade of substandard and counterfeit medicines has increased substantially. Past experiences indicate that almost any kind of medicine can be counterfeited. In developing countries, primary targets are those antimicrobials that are commonly used in the treatment of life-threatening conditions including malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS. The findings in this review support the strong contention that substandard and counterfeit antimicrobials are available in the developing world in very high proportions. This is becoming one of the major causes of treatment failures leading to excessive mortality and morbidity. Moreover, it is implicated for contributing to the development of drug resistant organisms in many infectious diseases of public health significance such as malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>If trends in the prevalence of counterfeit/substandard drugs continue at the current scale, there is a huge threat to interventions underway on major killer diseases in the developing world. So, public health interventions in developing countries should include quality control of antimicrobials as an integral part of program implementation. The national drug regulatory authorities in those countries should also be strengthened to enhance their capacity in enforcing regulations pertaining the registration, production, distribution and use of antimicrobial drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"9 2","pages":"85-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31039751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The typology of female sex workers in Dar-es-Salaam: implications to HIV and AIDS interventions targeting female sex workers in Tanzania.","authors":"S R Kamazima,&nbsp;M R Kazaura","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To establish the categories of female sex workers in Dar es Salaam.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted in depth-interviews with 32 female sex workers (FSWs) in five geographic areas of Dar-es-Salaam known to be the primary residential and working places, three local government leaders in three of the five areas known to have brothels and two NGO representatives working with this population.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There are about 14 categories of FSWs with fluid perceived 'boundaries', which could change given factors like the availability of clients, active prostitution control mechanisms, the weather, the female sex worker's need for money and the type of sexual services demanded.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>different categories provided by the study participants are only useful in the Dar-es-Salaam context but generalization to other places in Tanzania might not be quite possible. However, using these classifications provides an understanding of how they construct their real world with regard to sex work, experiences, (health) needs and shared characteristics that are important when planning for all aspects of research designs and the implementation of interventions targeting them. The Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MoHSW), through the National AIDS Control Program (NACP), stakeholders and development partners should conduct more research in this area to generate more information that would facilitate lobbying and advocating for repealing colonial-rooted anti-prostitution laws and replacing them with policies aiming at assisting them.</p>","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"9 2","pages":"62-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31039747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceptions of AIDS risk and condom use among out-of-school adolescents in Moshi rural district, northern Tanzania.","authors":"Kagoma S Mnyika,&nbsp;Melkiory C Masatu,&nbsp;Knut-Inge Klepp","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the magnitude of perceived AIDS risk among out-of-school adolescents in Moshi rural district of Kilimanjaro region, northern Tanzania.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study involving face-to-face interviews with out-of-school adolescents in eleven rural villages in Moshi district, northern Tanzania.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that of the 668 adolescents (10-19 years of age) surveyed, 45.4% were sexually active and significantly more men than women reported being sexually active (55.85 versus 23.0%, OR = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.16 to 0.34). Adolescents who had travelled to Moshi town or out of Tanzania were significantly more likely to be sexually active compared with those who have never travelled. Despite perception of AIDS risk, a large majority (70.5%) of sexually active adolescents reported having multiple sexual partners. Adolescents who perceived being at AIDS risk were less likely to report having multiple sexual partners and were more likely to report having used a condom at the last sexual intercourse.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings indicate that adolescents in this rural population are still practising high risk sexual behaviours suggesting the need for youth-targeted intervention programmes in rural Tanzania.</p>","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"9 2","pages":"53-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31039745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sexual behavior and condom use among male students in Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania with emphasis on contact with barmaids.","authors":"Edward S Maswanya,&nbsp;Kazuhiko Moji,&nbsp;Taro Yamamoto,&nbsp;Kiyoshi Aoyagi,&nbsp;Yuichiro Yahata,&nbsp;Tai-Ichiro Takemoto","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this quantitative study was to identifying factors that influence young men to participate in risky sexual behavior that place them at risk of HIV infection, as young people are at higher risk for HIV infection than adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study design that employed face-to-face interview questionnaire to identify socio-demographic characteristics, sexual behavior, knowledge of HIV, STD, attitudes towards condoms was administered to 175 sexually active male students between 17 and 24 years old in college settings of Dar-es-Salaam city, Tanzania.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the previous 12 months, 80% of students had at least one steady sex partner (girlfriend), 71% had sex with a barmaid, 33% had sex with a casual partner and 83% had multiple sex partners. Condoms had been used at some time by 83% of students, and in the latest sexual encounter by 56%. However, only 37%, 22%, and 11% consistently used condoms during sex with girlfriends, casual partners and barmaids, respectively. Condom use was least popular during sex with barmaids, and 94% and 91% of students had experienced oral and anal sex with barmaids, respectively. STD infection was reported by 42% of students. Sex with barmaids was associated with alcohol and illicit drug intake, sex under their respective influences, and STD infection. Despite the high prevalence of these risky behaviors, 64% of students replied that they were at low or no risk of HIV infection.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings suggest that HIV prevention programs for male students should emphasize risks associated with multiple sexual partners, and sex with barmaids and casual partners, to increase the risk perception of HIV/AIDS. Condom use needs to be promoted.</p>","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"9 1","pages":"39-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31019986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors associated with willingness to accept a routine offer of HIV test in a large referral hospital in Western Kenya.","authors":"J N Mangeni,&nbsp;J B Ballidawa,&nbsp;S Ndege","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Although Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) has existed for more than 10 years, majority of Kenyans still do not know their HIV status, thus necessitating the introduction of other testing strategies to increase the number of people taking the test. The routine offer of an HIV test to all patients in health-care settings has been proposed to increase access to care. The main objective of this study was to identify factors associated with willingness to accept a routine offer of an HIV test.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a cross sectional study. The Setting was in the Outpatient department at a large Referral Hospital in Western Kenya. A total of 384 adult patients (both males and females) were recruited using systematic random sampling. Information was collected on basic socio demographic characteristics, knowledge about the routine offer of an HIV test, attitudes towards the testing and HIV testing practise.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 384 respondents, 64.3% were unaware about the routine offer of HIV testing in Health facilities. Multivariate analysis identified the main predictors of willingness to accept an HIV test offered in hospital as the age (OR 3.7, C.I 0.068-1.075), level of education (OR 3.4, C.I 0.186-62.602), Knowledge about the routine HIV testing (OR 4.6,C.I 2.118-9.847), self-perception of HIV risk (OR 8.4,C.I 3.424-20.496) and attitude towards routine offer of HIV testing (OR 9.2, C.I 0.042-0.284).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There is a need to come up with tailored training on the routine offer of an HIV test and devising strategies to address the main factors that influence the decision for patients to test as identified above.</p>","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"9 1","pages":"44-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31019987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Equity in access to health care provision under the medicare security for small scale entrepreneurs in Dar es Salaam.","authors":"J A E Urassa","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The main objective of this study was to assess equity in access to health care provision under the Medicare Security for Small Scale Entrepreneurs (SSE). Methodological triangulation was used to an exploratory and randomized cross- sectional study in order to supplement information on the topic under investigation. Questionnaires were administered to 281 respondents and 6 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were held with males and females. Documentary review was also used. For quantitative aspect of the study, significant associations were measured using confidence intervals (95% CI) testing. Qualitative data were analyzed with assistance of Open code software. The results show that inequalities in access to health care services were found in respect to affordability of medical care costs, distance from home to health facilities, availability of drugs as well as medical equipments and supplies. As the result of existing inequalities some of clients were not satisfied with the provided health services. The study concludes by drawing policy and research implications of the findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31021286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring patients satisfaction: a cross sectional study to improve quality of care at a tertiary care hospital.","authors":"Syed Arshad,&nbsp;H Andrabi,&nbsp;Hamid,&nbsp;Shamila,&nbsp;Shah Masooda","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To measure the satisfaction of patients attending the OPD in SKIMS tertiary hospital of Soura, India.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Pre-structured questionnaire was framed and data collected from consenting patients attending the OPD of SKIMS hospital. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 12.</p><p><strong>Settings: </strong>OPD section of SKIMS hospital, Soura, India.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four hundred (400) OPD patients were included in the study to know their perceptions towards the said hospital, reason for choosing the hospital, perception towards registration process, basic amenities and perception towards doctors and other staff. The major reason for choosing the health facility was skilled doctors. Majority of patients were satisfied with the facilities available as well as with the behaviour of doctors and other health staff.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The health care delivered at this institute can be improved more and more once the organization, measures the delivery of quality of care on and ongoing basis and continually making small changes to improve the individual processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"9 1","pages":"26-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31019983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social factors and lifestyle attributes associated with nutritional status of people living with HIV/AIDS attending care and treatment clinics in Ilala District, Dar Es Salaam.","authors":"S A Ritte,&nbsp;A T Kessy","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Tanzania is one of the countries that suffer huge burden of malnutrition and food poverty with over two million people living with HIV/AIDS. Despite ongoing nutritional interventions in care and treatment clinics for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), a high proportion of them still face nutritional problems, with about 29% being underweight. This study therefore aimed assessing social factors and lifestyle attributes associated with nutritional status among adults living with HIV/AIDS and attending care and treatment clinics (CTCs) in an urban district in Tanzania.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An interview schedule was administered to 412 randomly selected adult male and female clients attending different CTCs in Ilala district. Their anthropometric measurements i.e. body weights and heights were also taken.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Findings revealed that 18.4% of males and females were underweight according to their body mass indices. The risk of being underweight was higher among respondents who were young; who had never married; had no formal education as well as those who reported to be living with their families or friends, although these associations were not statistically significant. On the other hand, factors which had statistically significant association with nutritional status included the type of persons the client was living with and the habit of drinking alcohol.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>From the findings we conclude that PLWHA attending Care and Treatment Clinics in Ilala district, Dar es Salaam have problems with their nutrition with underweight being common among them. This suggests that the existing care and treatment clinics that provide nutritional support to PLWHA do not appear to address these issues in their totality. There is therefore, need to ensure that more efforts are geared towards providing nutritional counseling, support and encouragement of these clients within social contexts of their lives so in order for the current efforts to give best results.</p>","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"9 1","pages":"33-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31019985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}