East African journal of public health最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of the Tanzania programme on task shifting for caesarean sections","authors":"Matinhure Sheillah, Chimbari Moses John, Mapunda Martin Steven","doi":"10.4314/EAJPH.V14I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EAJPH.V14I1","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: To critically examine the AMO program in terms of history, training, career progression, deployment, staffing, main tasks in the scheme of service, reporting structures and supervision, special rewards or incentives, regulatory authorities, professional associations and affiliations and to learn lessons that could inform the ongoing Tanzania health sector system strengthening reforms.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey augmented by key informant interviews was used to collect data on the Tanzania AMO programme. Data entry and analysis was through SPSS software Version 23. Thematic content analysis was done for qualitative data obtained from key informant interviews.Results: The AMO programme was established more than 5 decades ago. The AMO deficit at district hospitals ranged between 62.5% and 68.8%. The AMO training Programme remains an in-service model that had not been upgraded to degree level. The advanced diploma awarded to AMOs is yet to be recognised by the National Council of Technical Education of Tanzania. AMOs are registered under the Medical Council of Tanganyika. There are limited advancement opportunities through the AMO grade. Continuous professional development (CPD) programme is yet to be established.Conclusion: If Tanzania should address the HRH gap at primary and secondary level of care, then the AMO programme should be reviewed in the following domains; human resources development, career and professional advancement, practice regulations and recognition by the NACTE.Keywords: Task shifting; task sharing; caesarean section, assistant medical officers; associate clinicians; clinical officers; nonphysician clinicians","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"14 1","pages":"39-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70509767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health workers perspectives on screening for early detection of diet related risk factors for NCDS during routine health care visits","authors":"B. Sunguya, Biatha. A. Shekalaghe, M. Ezekiel, D. Urassa","doi":"10.4314/EAJPH.V13I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EAJPH.V13I1","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: An increase in the burden of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) in LMNCs is alarming and a call for integrated approach to prevent and manage them using existing opportunities and resources. Health care facilities are presented with such unique opportunities to identify risk factors and preventive services for NCDsand health workers are at its center stage if they understand their roles. This study aimed to understand how health care workers (HCWs) perceived their roles in addressing risk factors associated with diet related NCDs and identifying support required to manage them in the context of fast growing burden of NCDs in Dar es salaam, Tanzania.Methods: A qualitative approach using in-depth interviews was employed to address this study’s objectives. A total of 15 healthcare workers were interviewed from all three regional hospitals in Dar es Salaam Tanzania. Data were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using content analysis approach.Results: Opportunities were not utilized to screen for NCDs in health facilities in Dar es Salaam despite their availability. Health felt they had a role in screening and providing health education and counselling to address risk factors associated NCDs. If they are adequately trained, health workers were willing to assess and educate patients on NCD within the time available when they attend for other illnesses. They believed that more time should be spent on prevention of NCDs. In meeting this obligation it is important to address several challenges including heavy workload, inadequacy of working tools and supplies, and poor and non-integrated preventive and curative care.Conclusion: Opportunity to assess, prevent, and manage diet related NCD is available in health facilities in Dar es Salaam. Integrated NCD preventive care can be realized if pertinent challenges including heavy workload, inadequacy of working tools & supplies, and absence of policy on mandatory integrations of preventive and curative care are addressedKeywords: Non-Communicable Diseases, integrated care, health workers, diet, risk factors","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"13 1","pages":"27-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70509654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Upper lip Pleomorphic adenoma: Comparison of reported cases from 1990-2011 and literature review","authors":"H. Mortazavi, M. Baharvand, S. Alirezaei, Saranaz Azari-Marhabi","doi":"10.22038/JDMT.2017.9808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22038/JDMT.2017.9808","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) of the upper lip is a rare entity and its diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion. Therefore, the aim of this study was to review of PA of the upper lip in the reported cases. Methods : This study was performed on the basis of the clinical records of 10well documented reported cases of the upper lip pleomorphic adenomas from 1990-2011 which were indexed in PubMed. In the clinical records the following data have been considered: Age, sex, clinical view, complaint time, site, size, texture, pathological view, treatment, recurrence rate, symptom and follow-up period. Results: Of the 10 reported cases of PA, 7 (70%) were female and 3 (30%) were male, with age ranging from 12 to 65 years. 50% of the patients were between 35 and 55 years old. Only 3 (30%) of cases were younger than 20 years old. The main clinical presentation of lesion in all cases was a submucosal nodule. There was a large interval between the first symptoms and diagnosis. The size of the lesions ranged from 1-3 cm. Involvement of the right half of the upper lip was more common than the left side. 70% of lesions had firm consistency and bone formation was seen in one (10%) case. The follow up periods ranged from 5 – 48 months. There was no evidence of recurrence in all reported cases. Conclusion : Although rare, pleomorphic adenoma should be considered as a differential diagnosis of swellings in the upper lip. Key words : Pleomorphic adenoma; upper lip; case report; nodule","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"10 1","pages":"583-587"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46744190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IMA Genome-F 7: Draft genome sequences for <i>Ceratocystis fagacearum, C. harringtonii, Grosmannia penicillata,</i> and <i>Huntiella bhutanensis</i>.","authors":"Brenda D Wingfield, Tuan A Duong, Almuth Hammerbacher, Magriet A van der Nest, Andi Wilson, Runlei Chang, Z Wilhelm de Beer, Emma T Steenkamp, P Markus Wilken, Kershney Naidoo, Michael J Wingfield","doi":"10.5598/imafungus.2016.07.02.11","DOIUrl":"10.5598/imafungus.2016.07.02.11","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Draft genomes for the fungi <i>Ceratocystis fagacearum, C. harringtonii, Grosmannia penicillata,</i> and <i>Huntiella bhutanensis</i> are presented. <i>Ceratocystis fagacearum</i> is a major causal agent of vascular wilt of oaks and other trees in the family <i>Fagaceae</i>. <i>Ceratocystis harringtonii,</i> previously known as <i>C. populicola,</i> causes disease in <i>Populus</i> species in the USA and Canada. <i>Grosmannia penicillata</i> is the causal agent of bluestain of sapwood on various conifers, including <i>Picea</i> spp. and <i>Pinus</i> spp. in Europe. <i>Huntiella bhutanensis</i> is a fungus in <i>Ceratocystidaceae</i> and known only in association with the bark beetle <i>Ips schmutzenhorferi</i> that infests <i>Picea spinulosa</i> in Bhutan. The availability of these genomes will facilitate further studies on these fungi.</p>","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"10 1","pages":"317-323"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5159602/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71186174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of knowledge and attitude towards prevention among faculty members of dental schools of Jammu city","authors":"N. Bhat, Rupam Gupta, Swapnil Oza, Mandeepsinh Gohil, Divya Choudhary","doi":"10.4314/EAJPH.V12I2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EAJPH.V12I2","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To assess the knowledge and attitude towards preventive dentistry among dental faculties in Jammu city. Methods: A descriptive study was carried out on all the dental faculty members (n=64) of the two dental colleges in Jammu city using pretested questionnaire. The questionnaire obtained information regarding their demographic and professional attributes, preventive knowledge regarding dental caries, periodontal disease, oral cancer, malocclusion and counselling and their attitudes towards preventive dentistry. Descriptive statistics included means and standard deviations (SD) of the respondents’ knowledge and attitude scores. Chi-square test served in statistical analysis. Results: Majority of the dental faculties (84.38%) were in the category of highest knowledge scores, while 64.06% of the dental faculties were in the category of highest attitude scores. Statistically significant differences were found for dental faculties knowledge and attitude in relation to their participation in CDE programmes (P<0.05). Dental faculties knowledge showed statistically significant difference in relation to their years of experience in teaching (P<0.05). No other significant differences were found. Conclusions: The prevention orientation of the dental faculties was associated with their credentials such as participation in CDE programmes and years of experience in teaching. Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Dental faculties, Preventive dentistry, Prevention","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70510086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutritional and health status of adult women of the Lodha tribal population of Paschim Midnapore, West Bengal, India: Compared with nontribal women","authors":"Madhubanti Bepari, Amitava Pal, P. Maity, Choudhury Choudhury","doi":"10.4314/EAJPH.V12I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EAJPH.V12I1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The tribes of India comprise approximately 8% of the total population of the country, which probably has the largest number of tribal communities in the world. In general, the tribal populations are the most underprivileged and undernourished people in India. Objective: This study was undertaken to investigate nutritional and health status of adult Lodha women and was compared to the women of the general population. Method: The present study was conducted on 240 women (Lodha-120; General community-120) having the age range of 18 to 45 years were randomly selected from different villages under Nayagram block in the district of Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal. The socioeconomic status was evaluated by questionnaire method. The body dimension, blood pressure and haematological parameters were measured by standard methods. Results: The results indicated that the Lodha women belong to poor socioeconomic group. The prevalence of undernutrition among the Lodha women was very high (80%) and the risk of undernutrition among the Lodha women was significantly and approximately eleven times higher than the women of general communities. Similar trend also noted in case of blood pressure. About 31.68% Lodha women were hypotensive. The prevalence of anaemia among the Lodha women was very high (91.67%) and approximately five times higher than the women of general communities. Lodha women have significantly higher WBC count than the general community. Conclusions: Poor economic condition, dietary deficiency, poor dietary patterns, poor sanitary conditions and unequal food sharing in the families may be causative factors for undernutrition and anaemia in Lodha community. Keywords: Undernutrition, Hypotension, Anaemia, Tribal Population, Lodha","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"12 1","pages":"988-996"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70509909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intermittent preventive therapy and treatment of malaria during pregnancy: Perspectives of health care providers in Rufiji district, southern Tanzania","authors":"E. Meda, P. Magesa, T. Marlow, C. Reid, David J. Roberts, J. Makani","doi":"10.4314/EAJPH.V11I2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EAJPH.V11I2","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives : The aim of this study was to assess the level of knowledge of the health care providers on malaria prevention and treatment guidelines in pregnant women. Facility assessment was also carried out to find out if the current health system supports the performance of the health care providers for implementation of the national treatment guidelines. Methods : This was a facility based descriptive cross sectional study, which was carried out in Rufiji district, Southern Tanzania. Cluster sampling technique was used to randomly select 14 health facilities which provide antenatal care in the district. Health care providers working at the antenatal clinics in the selected facilities were recruited for the study. Knowledge of health care workers was assessed using self-administered questionnaires and a checklist was used for assessment of the health facilities. Results : Out of 22 interviewed health care providers, 17 had high level of knowledge on the use of sulphadoxinepyrimethamine (SP) for intermittent preventive therapy (IPT) of malaria in pregnancy, and the rest (5) had medium level of knowledge. With regards to the use of artemether-lumefantrine (ALu) during pregnancy, 9 health care providers had medium knowledge and the rest (13) had low level of knowledge. Frequent stock out of SP and ALu, inadequate malaria diagnostic facilities and shortage of trained health care providers were the major factors contributing to ineffective implementation of malaria treatment and prevention guidelines in pregnant women in the health facilities. Conclusion : For effective implementation of IPT policy and treatment of malaria during pregnancy, health care providers must be well educated, mentored and supervised to ensure rational use of antimalarial drugs especially in pregnant women. Strategies should be devised to ensure constant availability of malaria diagnostic tools and antimalarial drugs at the health facilities. Key words : Intermittent preventive therapy, pregnant women, artemether-lumefantrine, malaria, health facilities","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"11 1","pages":"765-774"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70509807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clients’ perception of service quality of care in health facilities in Kibaha district, Tanzania","authors":"MM Machugu, D. Urassa, AB Pembe","doi":"10.4314/EAJPH.V11I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EAJPH.V11I1","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Clients perception of service quality is important for utilization of health services. Clients with positive perception are more likely to comply with treatment and to continue to use health care services. Assessing clients’ perception of services offered is crucial for improving delivery and organization of the services. Objective: To compare clients’ perception of quality of care in government and non-government health facilities in Kibaha district, Tanzania. Method: Across sectional study was conducted using a modified service quality framework (SERVIQUAL) questionnaire that contained five domains including tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy. Expectations and perceptions of service quality were collected for all domains. Data are presented as mean gap scores by subtracting perception mean scores from the expectations mean scores. Results: The overall clients’ mean gap score was higher (-0.46) in the government health facilities than the nongovernment health facilities (-0.18). The clients in both government and non-government health facilities had higher expectations of quality of service in all five domains than their perceptions except for the assurance and empathy domains in the non-government health facilities which were equal. The government health facilities had higher negative mean gap score for all domains except for tangible domain which had higher negative mean gap score (- 0.53) in the non-government health facilities. Conclusion: The clients’ expectations of service quality in the district health facilities were not met. This was higher in the Government than the non-government health facilities. It is recommended that health facilities in Kibaha district improve structural quality of care, timeliness of health services and communication skills. Key Words : Perception and expectations of quality of care, Health facilities, Tanzania","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"11 1","pages":"610-619"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70509632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Retrospective Study on the Unseen Epidemic of Road Traffic Injuries and Deaths Due to Accidents in Mwanza City—Tanzania","authors":"S. Ngallaba, D. Makerere, A. Kapesa, J. Gilyoma, Philipo L Chalya","doi":"10.4236/OJPM.2014.44028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJPM.2014.44028","url":null,"abstract":"Backgrounds: Sixty percent of the global deaths and injuries occur in the \u0000developing world and mostly are due to Road traffic accidents (RTAs). Looking \u0000at the etiological related factors which include carelessness of the driver, \u0000condition of the vehicle or motorcycle, poor condition of roads, risky behavior \u0000of the driver, most of these factors can be prevented to some extent. This \u0000study therefore, determined the pattern of cases and deaths due to traffic road \u0000accidents in Mwanza City Tanzania. Methods: In this retrospective study, records, registers and case notes in \u0000the surgical ward and causality, medical records and central police station \u0000from 2009 to 2012 were used. The study focused on the two referral hospitals \u0000(Sekouture regional hospital and Bugando Medical Center). Results: There were \u00003450 cases due to accidents reported at both centers (Sekouture regional \u0000hospital and Bugando Medical Center of which 3224 (93.4%) had complete \u0000information for analysis. 2225 (69%) were male and 999 (31%) were female, and \u0000the most affected group were male. Among the RTAs 2809 cases (87%) were due to \u0000motor cycle accidents which were the leading cause of RTAs with case fatality \u0000rate of 5% while motor vehicle has case fatality rate of 24% which is 5 times \u0000that of motor cycle. Conclusion: Among all RTAs the leading cause of injuries \u0000is Motor cycle traffic accidents followed by motor vehicle. RTAs are on \u0000increase particularly the motor cycle traffic accidents and have claimed a \u0000good number of innocent people’s lives however most of them are preventable, \u0000therefore driving course to be introduced to motor cycle drivers emphasizes on \u0000the road posters signal, rules and regular checkup of their motor cycles \u0000especially commercial motor cycle.","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"04 1","pages":"222-228"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70531358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Red Blood Cell Alloimmunization in Sickle Cell Disease Patients in Tanzania.","authors":"E Meda,&nbsp;P M Magesa,&nbsp;T Marlow,&nbsp;C Reid,&nbsp;D J Roberts,&nbsp;J Makani","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Alloimmunization is a recognized complication of red blood cell (RBC) transfusion and causes delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions and provides problems sourcing compatible blood for future transfusions. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of RBC alloimmunization in SCD patients in Tanzania where pretransfusion screening for alloantibodies is not practiced.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a cross-sectional study, SCD patients at Muhimbili Hospital Sickle Cell Clinic, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, were investigated. The demographic characteristics and transfusion history were recorded. Blood samples were drawn from consenting, previously transfused patients and RBC alloimmunization was demonstrated using immunohematologic techniques.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 365 patients (median age, 16 years; 55.3% female) and they had received a median of 2 transfusion episodes. Fifteen patients (4.1%) possessed RBC alloantibodies. A total of 61 alloantibodies was found; 16 (26.2%) and 11 (18.0%), were directed against Kell and Rh blood group antigens, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The rate of RBC alloimmunization in Tanzanian SCD patients was 4.1%. The low transfusion load may explain this immunization frequency. Nevertheless, our study confirms the significance of RBC alloimmunization as a complication in Tanzanian SCD patients. Therefore, there is need to improve immunohematologic testing in Tanzania so that RBC alloimmunization and its consequences may be prevented.</p>","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"11 2","pages":"775-780"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5624511/pdf/emss-74075.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35470360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}