East African journal of public health最新文献

{"title":"Young adults and AIDS epidemics: their perception awareness information sources and sexual practices.","authors":"Adetoyeje Oyeyemi,&nbsp;Bashir Oyeyemi","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Education and awareness is important in appreciating the seriousness of a disease, and in arousing feeling of concern about an epidemic in any society. Continuing trend show a disproportionate increase in new incidences of HIV infection among young adults in sub-Sahara Africa. This study aimed to investigate a group of Nigerian student teachers' awareness and perception on AIDS, and their adherence to safe sex practices.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Nigerian students in a College of Education (N = 382) were surveyed using a 52-item questionnaire that solicited information on sociodemographics, knowledge on AIDS, and on how serious and concerned are the students about AIDS epidemic. It also elicited information on their information sources and needs, on AIDS testing, sexual activity, and condom use.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The students showed satisfactory knowledge, and AIDS epidemics was a serious issue and of concern to them, but many of the students who had experience with sexual intercourse seldom use condom on a consistent basis. Level of perceived seriousness and feeling of concern about AIDS epidemics influenced condom use consistency, while male gender and knowledge level influenced the students' appreciation of the seriousness of AIDS epidemics. Male students reported experience with sexual intercourse and condom use more frequently than their female counterparts.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study affirms discrepancy between knowledge on AIDS and sexual practices and that an all inclusive approach to AIDS campaign including education and encounters that heightens the perception of seriousness and concern about AIDS epidemics could facilitate improved sexual practices and behavior among student teachers.</p>","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"9 1","pages":"13-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31021289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology and histopathological features of esophageal cancer.","authors":"A Safaee,&nbsp;S R Fatemi,&nbsp;B Moghimi-Dehkordi,&nbsp;S Ghiasi,&nbsp;M R Zali","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Esophageal cancer is the 6th most common cause of cancer death in the world. During the past two decades some changes have occurred in histologic type and primary tumor location in some parts of the world but there is a little information about histopathological aspect of disease in Iran. The purpose of the present study was to clarify the features of histopathological of esophageal cancer in Iran.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study designed as a cross sectional study. Data analysis was performed with descriptive and univariate methods. Information required for this study extracted from cancer registry forms. The cases were all patients who received a histopathological diagnosis of EC that were referred to this center from January 2003 to October 2008.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 264 EC cases were recruited in the study the lower third of the esophagus was the most frequent site of origin of these tumors. Squamus cell carcinoma was commonest histologic type of tumor. In 15.2% of cases tumor was metastasis to other organs. In 46.6% were in advanced stage at diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Based on result of present study, esophageal cancer in our country more presented in Squamus cell carcinoma histology type, in advanced stage. Since Squamus cell carcinoma have a poorer prognosis and given that these patients have vague symptomatology for approximately several months, therefore, early diagnosis and treatment led to better prognosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"9 1","pages":"7-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31021287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Becoming pregnant during secondary school: findings from concurrent mixed methods research in Anambra State, Nigeria.","authors":"Ifeoma N Onyeka,&nbsp;Juhani Miettola,&nbsp;Amobi L Ilika,&nbsp;Tuula Vaskilampi","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Pregnancies among teenagers and problems associated with premarital births have raised concerns in many countries. It is important to explore unintended pregnancy from the viewpoints of local stakeholders such as students, schools/teachers, and community members. This study assessed reported cases of unintended pregnancy among students and perceptions of these pregnancies by members of the community.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study took place in a rural community in Anambra state, southeastern Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey of 1,234 students and 46 teachers in five secondary schools was carried out using self-administered questionnaires. In addition, focus group discussions (FGD) involving 10 parents and in-depth interview (IDI) with a student who became pregnant were conducted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Reports of pregnancy were more common during second and third years of junior secondary school than other school years or level. According to teachers, ignorance was the main reason given by students who became pregnant. Students who became pregnant were reported to have performed poorly academically and lived with both parents, who were either subsistence farmers or petty traders. In the IDI, the ex-student opined that pregnant students faced shame, marital limitations and lack of respect from community members. Participants in the FGD suggested that teenagers should be provided with sex education in schools and in churches; parents should communicate with teenagers about sexual matters and make adequate financial provision; and the male partners should be held more accountable for the pregnancies.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Poor sexual knowledge and poor socioeconomic conditions play important roles in teenage pregnancy. Male participation may enhance effectiveness of prevention programmes.</p>","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"9 1","pages":"19-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31021290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diabetic foot lesions as seen in Nigerian teaching hospital: pattern and a simple classification.","authors":"Musa Aa","doi":"10.4314/EAJPH.V9I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EAJPH.V9I1","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND Diabetic foot syndrome is a complication of diabetes mellitus that has serious socioeconomic implications for the individual, family and the society as a whole. When there are ulcers, the condition becomes limb threatening. Early detection of the risk factors and appropriate management of the ulcers reduces the incidence of amputations, morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE To find the pattern of diabetic foot laesions (DFL) as seen at the orthopaedic clinic of Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria over a five-year period and to present a classification of DFL. MATERIALS AND METHODS From June 2006 to June 2011 diabetics who had complaints arising from their feet were referred to the orthopaedic clinic at Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria. At presentation each patient was examined and investigated. Each foot was examined thoroughly and all the laesions were documented and graded according to Wagner's classification. Out come of management of the cases of DFL was also recorded. All the data collected was analysed. RESULTS Two groups (A and B) of patients were identified. In group (A) were patients in whom there was good renal function, no septicaemia, mean value of fasting blood glucose most often was < or = 14 mmol/l. In this group only the feet were threatened. There was a second group (B) in whom there was septicaemia, mean value of fasting blood glucose most often was < or = 15 mmol/l, and impaired renal function (ketone bodies were identified in urine, high serum levels of urea and creatine). Most of these patients had gangrene of the whole foot. In some of the patients infections extended into the gastrosnemius muscle. In diabetic foot laesions grades 0-3, no part of the foot was amputated. In diabetic foot laesions grade 4, infections were controlled and part of the foot had to be amputated. In diabetic foot laesions grade 5, infections were controlled with difficulty and there were systemic symptoms. Amputation of the whole foot was always indicated in this group of patients. The level of amputation most often was far above the ankle joint, either below or above knee. CONCLUSION Outcome of treatment revealed three groups of feet. There were salvageable, difficult to salvage and unsalvageable feet. These three outcomes of treatment of diabetic foot lesions formed the basis of a new grading system: gradel (salvageable), grade 2 (difficult to salvage) and grade 3 (unsalvageable). The condition of the patient determines the urgency, extent of intervention and length of stay in the hospital.","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"9 1","pages":"50-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70511151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HIV-related intimate partner violence among pregnant women in Nigeria.","authors":"Ezegwui Hyginus,&nbsp;Iyoke Chukwuemeka,&nbsp;Ikeako Lawrence,&nbsp;Mbah Sunday","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To compare the prevalences and patterns of intimate partner violence between HIV-positive and HIV-negative pregnant women receiving prenatal care at a tertiary hospital in South East Nigeria</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comparative cross-sectional study of HIV-positive and HIV-negative pregnant women was done. Statistical analysis was by descriptive and inferential statistics at 95% level of confidence</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 220 pregnant women studied. These were equally divided between HIV-positive women (cases) and HIV-negative women (controls). Cases did not differ significantly from controls with respect to age, parity, tribe, religion, marital status, monthly family income. HIV positive respondents experienced physical violence in the course of the index pregnancy six times more than controls; sexual violence about 4 times more than controls and were 12 times more likely to be denied sex by their partner compared to controls. Threat of being hurt, deprivation of financial support and denial of communication were the commonest forms of intimate partner violence among HIV-positive pregnant women and these also occurred significantly more among HIV positive women than the controls.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>HIV-positive status predisposes pregnant women to increased intimate partner violence more of emotional nature further underlying the enormity of social rejection suffered as a result of HIV infection. Intimate partner violence screening should form part of their routine antenatal care</p>","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"9 1","pages":"29-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31019984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diabetic foot lesions as seen in Nigerian teaching hospital: pattern and a simple classification.","authors":"A A Musa","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diabetic foot syndrome is a complication of diabetes mellitus that has serious socioeconomic implications for the individual, family and the society as a whole. When there are ulcers, the condition becomes limb threatening. Early detection of the risk factors and appropriate management of the ulcers reduces the incidence of amputations, morbidity and mortality.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To find the pattern of diabetic foot laesions (DFL) as seen at the orthopaedic clinic of Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria over a five-year period and to present a classification of DFL.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>From June 2006 to June 2011 diabetics who had complaints arising from their feet were referred to the orthopaedic clinic at Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria. At presentation each patient was examined and investigated. Each foot was examined thoroughly and all the laesions were documented and graded according to Wagner's classification. Out come of management of the cases of DFL was also recorded. All the data collected was analysed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Two groups (A and B) of patients were identified. In group (A) were patients in whom there was good renal function, no septicaemia, mean value of fasting blood glucose most often was < or = 14 mmol/l. In this group only the feet were threatened. There was a second group (B) in whom there was septicaemia, mean value of fasting blood glucose most often was < or = 15 mmol/l, and impaired renal function (ketone bodies were identified in urine, high serum levels of urea and creatine). Most of these patients had gangrene of the whole foot. In some of the patients infections extended into the gastrosnemius muscle. In diabetic foot laesions grades 0-3, no part of the foot was amputated. In diabetic foot laesions grade 4, infections were controlled and part of the foot had to be amputated. In diabetic foot laesions grade 5, infections were controlled with difficulty and there were systemic symptoms. Amputation of the whole foot was always indicated in this group of patients. The level of amputation most often was far above the ankle joint, either below or above knee.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Outcome of treatment revealed three groups of feet. There were salvageable, difficult to salvage and unsalvageable feet. These three outcomes of treatment of diabetic foot lesions formed the basis of a new grading system: gradel (salvageable), grade 2 (difficult to salvage) and grade 3 (unsalvageable). The condition of the patient determines the urgency, extent of intervention and length of stay in the hospital.</p>","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"9 1","pages":"50-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31019988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pneumocyctis pneumonia and pulmonary tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients at Muhimbili National Hospital, Tanzania.","authors":"J Mwita,&nbsp;F Mugusi,&nbsp;K Pallangyo","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Respiratory infections such as pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and pneumonia are significant causes of morbidity and mortality in HIV infection. Recent studies have shown an increase in Pneumocystis jerovecii pneumonia (PCP) in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study determines the prevalence of PCP and other pulmonary infections among HIV patients at HIV clinics in Tanzania.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>HIV infected patients with cough were enrolled between May and November 2006. Sputum induction was done and examined for PCP using Toluidine blue stain and Polymerase chain reaction. Ziehl-Neelsen stain was also done for PTB.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nine of the 125 (7.2%) had smear positive PTB. PCP was diagnosed in 10.4% (13/125) by Toluidine blue, while PCR was positive in 3.6% (3/88). Low CD4+ cell counts were associated with increased risk to both PCP and PTB.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PCP is still low in Tanzania. PTB remains the major respiratory problem in HIV patients with cough. Toluidine blue staining is not reliable for PCP diagnosis</p>","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"9 1","pages":"10-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31021288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cervical cancer: a missed health priority in Tanzania.","authors":"F H Saleh","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cervical cancer is a malignant neoplasm of the cervix uteri. It is the second commonest cancer in women worldwide and is among the largest causes of global cancer mortality. Human papilloma virus (HPV) which is transmitted sexually, particularly subtypes 16 and 18 are responsible for causing majority of cervical cancer cases worldwide. The disease is one of the most preventable and curable carcinomas if detected and treated at an early enough stage. The effective prevention and control of the disease depends on, among others, the effective screening program coupled with knowledge and awareness of women population on the disease's risk factors and available screening services. Pap-test screening that is widely used in Western countries and proved to be effective in reducing the incidence of cervical cancer is not so popular in Tanzania, and so is HPV vaccine. This review examines the literatures on cervical cancer situation and explores various evidence-based cost-effective strategies and approaches that could be employed to confront the rising cervical cancer burden in the country.</p>","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"8 4","pages":"247-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31023290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water quality analysis of the commercial boreholes in Mubi Metropolis, Adamawa State, Nigeria: geographic information system approach.","authors":"Ikusemoran Mayomi,&nbsp;Ibrahim Elisha","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is observed that most of the commercial boreholes in Mubi Metropolis are located along River Yedzeram which is the main river that runs across the town. Unfortunately, due to the geographical location of the town in savanna region with minimal water supply, water related small scale industries such as sachet water, block making, irrigation agriculture, cloth dying, car wash and other pollution activities such as mechanical workshops and public toilets are also located along the same River Yedzeram. Moreover, the inhabitants of the town either dump their refuse in the River or spread it on their farmlands as there is no provision of refuse dump site by the government. Therefore, five parameters (Nitrate, Magnesium, Copper, Calcium and Iron) were used to test thewater quality of water samples that were collected from twenty two commercial boreholes along the river, using the standard examination of water and waste water of the World Health Organization to determine the water quality of the boreholes. The study revealed that only eight out of the twenty two boreholes are of good quality, while the others are either of bad quality or not portable. ArcGIS 9.2 and ILWIS 3.3 software were used to analyze the laboratory results through the use of SQL queries. It was recommended that the government should provide portable water, establish water quality control board and make use of GIS for creation of database and analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"8 4","pages":"263-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31022560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population prevalence of first- and second-degree family history of breast and ovarian cancer.","authors":"B Moghimi-Dehkordi,&nbsp;A Safaee,&nbsp;M Vahedi,&nbsp;M A Pourhoseingholi,&nbsp;A Pourhoseingholi,&nbsp;M R Zali","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Family cancer history is an important risk factor for common cancers, thus, recognizing pattern of familial cancer can help us to identify individuals who may have higher chance to develop specified cancers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional survey assessed family history of cancer in first- and second degree relatives. Totally, 7,300 persons aged > or = 20 years selected by random sampling from Tehran general population. Age- and sex-specified prevalence of breast and ovarian cancer in respondent's family was calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of all, 279(4.3%) individuals reported a history of breast or ovarian cancer in their relatives. The prevalence of breast cancer family history was 1.8% among first-degree relatives and 2.5% among second- degree relatives. For ovarian cancer, first- and second-degree prevalence ranged from 0.05 to 0.12%. Those with family history of cancer were more often young and female.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Overall, the estimates of prevalence presented here are likely to be conservative compared with actual current prevalence because of some limitations. While family history is an important risk factor for common cancers such as breast cancer, recognizing pattern of familial cancer that signify increased risk can help us to identify individuals who may have higher chance to develop specified cancers.</p>","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"8 4","pages":"275-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31022563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}