East African journal of public health最新文献

{"title":"Some factors associated with non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) in Tanzania: a case study of Dar es Salaam region.","authors":"Gasper Baltazary,&nbsp;Rocky R J Akarro,&nbsp;A S Mussa","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Tanzania is one of the nations that are highly affected by HIV/AIDS epidemic. Invention of ARVs (Anti -Retroviral) brought hope of extended life to people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA). Though ARV's are administered in several clinics particularly in Dar es Salaam, there is a problem to adherence. Some factors associated with non-adherence are investigated and ways to optimize adherence are suggested.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was undertaken at three treatment and care clinics in Dar es Salaam. A sample of 197 individuals on ARV and 30 health care providers were interviewed. The sample comprised of 76 % females and 24% males, with mean age 34. About 74% of individuals on ARV were aged between 25 - 45 years. Logistic Regression and survival analysis models were used in the analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Individuals on ARV recommended factors responsible for non-adherence as lack of awareness 63.5%, stigma 56%, side effects 53.3%, and costs 28%. Other factors were being busy 25.4%, away from home 21.3%, forgetting 12.2% and ARVs out of stock 10.2%. Proportion of PLHA lost to follow up was 26%. Awareness and side effects were found to be statistically significant, with p-values of 0.042 and 0.068 respectively (alpha = 0.1). The median survival time for individuals on ARV was 42 months (95% CI: 41-44) with survival rate of above 0.7. Log-rank test showed significant differences between the male and female on having a shorter time to death. Females seemed to survive longer than males suggesting that females adhere more to ART than males.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This calls for emphasis on HIV/AIDS education to the society especially to sensitize men. Another suggestion is that when a woman gets pregnant, both the expectant mother and father should attend maternal clinic so that they both take HIV test so as to increase man's participation.</p>","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"8 4","pages":"237-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31023287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A study on job satisfaction among clinical and non-clinical hospital staff in a teaching hospital in Lagos, Nigeria.","authors":"O O Coker,&nbsp;A O Coker,&nbsp;B Onuoha","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Previous studies had demonstrated that continuous and effective productivity of hospital staff are linked to job satisfaction and only those who are satisfied with their job can be maximally effective and productive. This cross-sectional descriptive survey was designed to determine the levels of job satisfaction among various groups of health care professionals working in a teaching hospital in Lagos, Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two hundred clinical and non-clinical hospital staff were invited to take part in the study. They completed a sociodemographic questionnaire and the Job Descriptive Index (JDI).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results indicated that majority clinical and non-clinical staff were satisfied with their jobs as regards the parameters of the JDI compared with those not satisfied with their jobs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The government and health policy makers should continue to pay attention to boost job morale and satisfaction of medical health workers to continue to make them to be satisfied with their job.</p>","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"8 4","pages":"294-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31021285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of quality obstetric care services on reducing maternal mortality in rural areas of Tanzania.","authors":"S J Nindi,&nbsp;D G Mhando,&nbsp;A J Kayombo","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper explores the role of quality obstetric care services on reducing maternal mortality in rural areas of Tanzania. Mgeta and Melela cascades located in Mvomero district, Morogoro region were used as case study. Tools for data collection involved combination of questionnaires and checklists, which were used to gather primary data from survey population. Purposive sampling method was used to select two health cascades and health facilities within Mgeta and Melela cascades. SPSS computer software and content analysis were respectively used to analyse quantitative and qualitative data. It was found in both health cascades that obstetric care services in health facilities were not well established and implemented. The study recommends that, special initiative should be done to bring changes on reducing maternal mortality, such as ensure essential equipments and medicines must be supplied constantly and maintained by skilled health staff who can manage both normal and complicated deliveries. Enforcement in providing quality of obstetric care services in maternal health services especially in rural areas where majority of people in Tanzania reside is not an overemphasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"8 4","pages":"286-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31021284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cervical cancer: a missed health priority in Tanzania.","authors":"Saleh Fh","doi":"10.4314/EAJPH.V8I4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EAJPH.V8I4","url":null,"abstract":"Cervical cancer is a malignant neoplasm of the cervix uteri. It is the second commonest cancer in women worldwide and is among the largest causes of global cancer mortality. Human papilloma virus (HPV) which is transmitted sexually, particularly subtypes 16 and 18 are responsible for causing majority of cervical cancer cases worldwide. The disease is one of the most preventable and curable carcinomas if detected and treated at an early enough stage. The effective prevention and control of the disease depends on, among others, the effective screening program coupled with knowledge and awareness of women population on the disease's risk factors and available screening services. Pap-test screening that is widely used in Western countries and proved to be effective in reducing the incidence of cervical cancer is not so popular in Tanzania, and so is HPV vaccine. This review examines the literatures on cervical cancer situation and explores various evidence-based cost-effective strategies and approaches that could be employed to confront the rising cervical cancer burden in the country.","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"8 1","pages":"247-249"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70510675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants of HIV-VCT utilization among secondary schools teachers in Thika district, Kenya.","authors":"E O Marita,&nbsp;M N Keraka,&nbsp;I Mwanzo","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>HIV/AIDS is a global health problem whose emergence has introduced new dimensions to health care delivery worldwide including Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT). Despite its proven benefits, high knowledge of VCT and its availability, its uptake is varied and often poor. It is commonly argued that teachers in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries have relatively high HIV prevalence rates than the general population. AIDS is claiming teachers more quickly than they can be trained in many countries and is the leading cause of death among teachers in the SSA countries.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To identify determinants of HIV-VCT uptake amongst secondary schools teachers.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A cross-sectional survey involving 246 secondary school teachers randomly selected in Thika district, central Kenya.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>HIV-VCT utilization among secondary school teachers was 30.5%. The younger and less experienced teachers were more likely to utilize HIV-VCT services than the older and more experienced ones (Likelihood ratio, P = 0.004). Private school teachers were more likely to utilize HIV-VCT services than those of the public schools (OR = 2.356, 95% CI limit, 1.082-5.128). Teachers who were scared by the HIV prevalence in their area were three times less likely to utilize HIV-VCT services (OR = 0.312, 95% CI, 0.104-0.936). The teachers who had not sought HIV-VCT service were less likely to perceive HIV-VCT services as beneficial (Likelihood ratio, P=0.027). Various factors were identified as barriers to HIV-VCT uptake; most of them were post test implicated. A number of factors that made some teachers to seek HIV-VCT services were also identified; HIV/AIDS awareness campaigns and urges 'to know status' were most cited factors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although HIV-VCT utilization among secondary school teachers was higher than that of the general public, at 30.5% was still low. Various factors were found to influence HIV-VCT uptake</p>","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"8 4","pages":"258-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31022558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) and its observed effects on body functions in vertebrates.","authors":"M'Arimi Milton,&nbsp;Kiprop Ambrose,&nbsp;Chirchir Abraham,&nbsp;Nzila Charles,&nbsp;Kirimi Kiriamiti","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To review research findings on the effects of DDT on body functions in vertebrates.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The research was based on retrieval and critical review of relevant articles and abstracts cited in international and regional journals. The literature search was done on MedLine from the year 1975 to 2010. The analyses of published data on various vertebrates (birds, fish, mice, human, among others) were considered.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The effect of DDT on body functions is purely dependent on the degree of exposure. Whereas mild exposure (1-5mg/kg) may not have significant effects, very high concentrations (>100mg/kg) of DDT generally adversely affect the reproductive functions of animals. Eggshell quality, egg hatch-ability and health of chicks are affected by high DDT exposure. Very high DDT levels may increase the chances of spontaneous abortion and preterm birth, which is one of the main causes of infant mortality in humans. The health of a growing foetus and infant may also be compromised by DDT transfer from an exposed mother through the placenta and breast milk. The DDT affects the estrous cycle of exposed animals by altering the hormonal functions. In male rats, DDT has been observed to alter spermatogenesis and reduce aggression behaviour. However the effect in higher male animals has not been clearly elucidated.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>DDT exposure has drastic effects on reproductive functions in vertebrates, and safer alternatives should be considered rather than re-introducing DDT as a control agent for mosquitoes as has been suggested recently.</p>","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"8 4","pages":"271-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31022562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parasitic infection of the digestive tract in children in a regional hospital center in Gharb (Kenitra, Morroco): some epidemiological features.","authors":"Y El Guamri,&nbsp;D Belghyti,&nbsp;A Barkia,&nbsp;M Tiabi,&nbsp;N Aujjar,&nbsp;A Achicha,&nbsp;K El Kharrim,&nbsp;L Elfellaki","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intestinal parasites are very common in children. We propose to study the prevalence and Epidemiological profile of the port of intestinal parasites in 300 children hospitalized in the Regional Hospital of Gharb area (Kenitra, Morocco) from June to December 2007. This study Identified 11 intestinal parasites. Of the 300 children, 157 at least one intestinal have Parasitism was 52.3% with 91 boxes of poly-Parasitism. Among the intestinal protozoan Identified, Is The first Amebiasis intestinal parasites. The rate of infestation of Amoebiasis IS 46.5%, Followed by Blastocystis hominis (28.7%) of giardiasis (14%). That shows 128 children in the study population IS a carrier of Various species of helminths, the main ones: Enterobius vermicularis (35%), Ascaris lumbricoides (29.9%), Trichuris trichiura (10.2%), Hymenolepis nana (3.8%) and Taenia saginata (2.5%). The survey shows the age group most That exposed to intestinal parasites IS Between 1 and 4 years and sex does not appear to significantly interferes in the distribution of different parasite species. The results show the necessity of improvement of the sanitation of the environment and the health education of the population. Then will Come the deworming campaign of which will be therefor effective.</p>","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"8 4","pages":"250-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31023291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceived and actual cost of healthier foods versus their less healthy alternatives: a case study in a predominantly black urban township in South Africa.","authors":"M Muzigaba,&nbsp;T Puoane","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>There is an increasing awareness of the role played by the food retail characteristics in determining individuals' healthy food purchasing and consumption behaviors. The perceived costs of healthier food alternatives have been shown to contribute negatively to individual's food choices in developed societies. However, there is still a dearth of knowledge regarding this phenomenon in low to middle income countries particularly in Africa. This study explored health club member's experiences in buying healthier food options and compared their perceived cost of selected healthier and less healthy foods with actual market costs in a South African township.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A cross-sectional study design using quantitative and qualitative research methods. The study was conducted in Khayelitsha, a township in the Western Cape Province in South Africa. Participants were 50 members of a health club, mostly female and above 50 years of age. The study was conducted in three phases. The first phase involved interviews with all 50 health club members. During the second phase ten purposively selected members participated in in-depth interviews based on their unhealthy food-purchasing and consumption patterns identified in the first phase. The third phase involved food price audits from supermarkets as well as convenient stores located in the study setting. Quantitative data were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis, while content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most of the members were illiterate and unemployed, largely dependent on government grants. Qualitative findings showed that low household incomes, their inability to read and interpret nutritional information and personal food preferences contributed to Health club members' unhealthy food-purchasing behaviour. When objectively measured in local stores, the healthier food options proved to be more expensive than their less healthy equivalents. This was consistent with subjects' perceptions about the relative cost of the same foods in their local stores.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Healthier foods tended to be more expensive than their less healthy options in local shops audited - both in reality and in the perceptions of health club members. Low income was reported to militate against health club members' healthy food-purchasing behaviour.</p>","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"8 4","pages":"278-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31022565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus in some selected sites of Ethiopia.","authors":"P Koskei,&nbsp;K Janitschke,&nbsp;G Feseha","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study assesses the current prevalence status of Cystic echinococcosis in cattle and sheep and echinococcosis in dogs in Assela, Makale and Debre Zeit areas of Ethiopia. Our target areas represent three different agro-ecological zones in Ethiopia. Of the cattle studied the infected were, 17(13.4%) in Assela, 20(23.3%) in Makale, and 3(10%) in Debre Zeit haboured at least one fertile Hydatid cyst. Among the sheep, 23(59%) haboured fertile cysts and no goat was found to have fertile cysts. There was a significant difference in the percentage of infected sheep with fertile cysts from the same group of cattle originating from the three study areas. The percentage fertility of the total cysts examined were 4.2%, 6.8% and 5.5% in Assela, Makale and Debre Zeit respectively. Out of this 56.5% was from Assela, 65.4%, Makale and 66.7% from Debre Zeit were viable. From the sheep examined, 43.6% had fertile cysts with viability of 90.7%. The lung was the most affected organ in both species. A total of 44 dogs, 14 from Assela, 15 from Makale, and 15 from Debre Zeit were examined for canine echinococcosis. The prevalence of the infection was 7(50%) in Assela, 3(20%) in Makale and 5(33.3%) in Debre Zeit. There was no significant difference between these prevalence rates although noticeable differences in the worm burdens among the three areas were observed.</p>","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"8 3","pages":"170-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31019989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cervical pre-malignant lesions in HIV infected women attending Care and Treatment Centre in a tertiary hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.","authors":"Belinda S Balandya,&nbsp;Andrea B Pembe,&nbsp;Henry A Mwakyoma","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aims of this study was to determine proportion of HIV infected women with cervical pre-malignant lesions; and compare the use of Visual Inspection of the cervix after application of Acetic acid (VIA) and Papanicolau (Pap) smear in screening for cervical premalignant lesions in HIV positive women attending Care and Treatment Centre (CTC) at Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. A total of 316 women aged 18-70 years had a Pap smear taken for cytology, followed by spraying onto the cervix with 4% acetic acid and then inspecting it. Cytology was considered negative when there was no Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) lesion reported from the Pap smear taken, and positive if CIN lesion 1, 2 or 3 was reported. Detection of a well-defined, opaque acetowhite lesion close to the squamocolumnar junction or close to the external cervical os constituted a positive VIA. Out of 316 women, 132 women had acetowhite lesions on VIA, making the proportion of abnormal cervical lesions to be 42.4%. One hundred and one out of 312 women (32.4%) had CIN lesions detected on Pap smear. The proportion of agreement between these two tests was 0.3. The proportion of agreement was moderate in women with advanced WHO HIV clinical stage of the disease and in women not on ART (Anti Retroviral Therapy). Women with CD-4 count less than 200 cells/mm3 had more abnormal cervical lesions. There is considerable proportion of HIV positive women with premalignant lesions of the cervix. Considering the proportion of HIV women with abnormal lesions and the difficulty in logistics of doing Pap smear in low resource settings, these results supports the recommendation to introduce screening of premalignant lesions of the cervix using VIA to all HIV infected women.</p>","PeriodicalId":87601,"journal":{"name":"East African journal of public health","volume":"8 3","pages":"185-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31023021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}