{"title":"Executive function skills of emergent bilingual primary-school children in Wales","authors":"Bethan Collins, Athanasia Papastergiou, Eirini Sanoudaki","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101357","url":null,"abstract":"It has been widely suggested in recent years that exposure to and use of multiple languages can affect cognitive performance, with bilinguals frequently being argued to demonstrate superior cognitive performance to their monolingual peers. The current study investigates whether there are any effects of minimal exposure to second-language (L2) Welsh on the cognitive skills of English-speaking emergent bilingual primary school children in Wales. Participants were divided into two language groups based on their school year, with performance between monolingual ( <jats:italic>N</jats:italic> = 25) and emergent bilingual ( <jats:italic>N</jats:italic> = 38) children compared on a variety of executive function (EF) tasks. Results revealed superior performance for the bilingual children in Reception and Year 1 on all EF tasks aside from the Forward digit recall compared to monolingual peers, with no differences between groups in Year 2. This suggests that the cognitive benefits of bilingualism emerge at very early stages of second-language exposure.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148342363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elena Nicoladis, Anahita Shokrkon, Shiva Zarezadehkheibari, Rastin Hosseini, Lisa Jean Smithson
{"title":"Bilinguals’ and monolinguals’ use of gestures when telling a story: effects of proficiency and culture","authors":"Elena Nicoladis, Anahita Shokrkon, Shiva Zarezadehkheibari, Rastin Hosseini, Lisa Jean Smithson","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101515","url":null,"abstract":"Researchers have speculated that proficiency in a language could affect the production of both referential and beat gestures. The primary purpose of the present study was to test whether bilinguals produced more referential and beat gestures than monolinguals, particularly in their second language. We also tested for possible effects of culture on gesture production by comparing speakers of both Farsi and Canadian French (on the one hand; English on the other). In the present study, Farsi–English bilinguals’ gesture production when telling a story was compared to that of French–English bilinguals and English monolinguals. We found effects of proficiency on gesture production: participants tended to use more beats in their second language than in their first. We also found effects of culture: Farsi–English bilinguals used fewer referential gestures in both languages than the other participants. We discuss these results in light of the multiple factors that contribute to gesture production.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"129 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148335832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cognitive flexibility advantage developing from local switching to global monitoring: effects of task differences and interpreter expertise","authors":"Yanping Dong, Hao Wen, Xiao Wu","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101485","url":null,"abstract":"Interpreting requires regular and frequent language switching and is thus likely beneficial to cognitive flexibility. However, advantage research found mixed results, probably due to two confounding factors: interpreter expertise and task differences. This study targeted the critical period of intermediate interpreter expertise and compared participants’ switching performance in the rule–based Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the cue-based colour–shape switching tasks (uni-/bivalent versions). Results showed that interpreting students at the pre-intermediate level outperformed bilingual controls in switch cost, and in WCST errors and global RT. With the same participants tested 1 year later and with interpreting students at the post-intermediate level, interpreters outperformed in mixing cost in the bivalent task and in WCST global RT. The findings of the colour–shape switching tasks (further confirmed by cue-based analysis) revealed a developmental transition of interpreters’ advantage from local switching to global monitoring, and a differential sensitivity of the tasks, with implications for studies on bilingual advantage.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"69 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148285905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Neural recruitment of inhibitory control in executive function among monolingual and bilingual preterm-born children: An fNIRS study","authors":"Ashley Darcy Mahoney, Wei-Chiang Lin, Noble Amadi, Anil Thota, Liliana Rincon-Gonzalez, Caitlyn Myland, Valentina Dargam, Victoria Leon, Ranu Jung, Melissa Baralt","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101370","url":null,"abstract":"Preterm-born children are at increased risk for executive function (EF) deficits, particularly in inhibitory control. While bilingualism has been linked to enhanced EF in term-born children, its effects on preterm populations are less understood. This study explored whether bilingualism supports inhibitory control in preterm-born children using behavioral and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) data during a Go/No-Go task. Sixteen preterm-born children (ages 6–7), both bilingual and monolingual, were assessed. Bilingual participants demonstrated faster reaction times (RTs) without compromising accuracy and showed lower levels of oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) in the frontal lobe, indicating more efficient neural effort. Results underscore a distinct neural and behavioral profile in bilingual preterm children during inhibitory control tasks, emphasizing the role of language experience in shaping EF outcomes. These findings suggest that bilingualism may offer cognitive benefits for inhibitory control in preterm-born children and highlight the potential for bilingualism to support EF development in at-risk groups.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"34 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148385856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
My Viet Ha Nguyen, Benjamin J. Tamber-Rosenau, Arturo E. Hernandez
{"title":"Emotional interference in cognitive tasks: The role of language experience and task demand in monolinguals and heritage bilinguals","authors":"My Viet Ha Nguyen, Benjamin J. Tamber-Rosenau, Arturo E. Hernandez","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101461","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined emotional interference and facilitation in cognitive processing among heritage bilingual and monolingual young adults across six tasks varying in emotional and linguistic demands. Results showed that bilinguals often exhibited comparable or more efficient processing than monolinguals in more demanding conditions (i.e., nonword rejection, high-load working memory tasks). Emotional valence effects were task-dependent and rarely differed across language groups, likely reflecting bilinguals’ dominance in English. Moreover, heritage bilingual performance was shaped by both English and Spanish language proficiency, as well as the age of second-language acquisition (AoA). Cognitive cost and valence effects varied by task, highlighting the interaction between task demands and bilingual language background. Findings emphasize the importance of individual bilingual experiences and task context in understanding cognitive and emotional processing, suggesting that group differences are not uniform but depend on nuanced language and task factors.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"27 1","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148285903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alice Foucart, Juan Haro, Isset Pastrana Andino, José Antonio Hinojosa, Pilar Ferré
{"title":"‘I have a gut feeling.’ Evaluation of emotion prototypicality in a second language","authors":"Alice Foucart, Juan Haro, Isset Pastrana Andino, José Antonio Hinojosa, Pilar Ferré","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101175","url":null,"abstract":"The emotion triggered by emotion words is usually reduced in a second language (L2) compared with a first language (L1). In L1, several features contribute to the representation of affective meaning in highly emotion prototypical words (e.g., valence, arousal), particularly feelings and interoception (internal bodily sensations). We had English-Spanish L2 users to rate Spanish words on various features to examine whether the prototypicality of emotion words is determined by the same features in L1 and L2. Prototypicality obtained higher ratings in L2 than in L1, in contrast, all the other features had lower ratings in L2. Interoception predicted prototypicality significantly less in L2 than in L1, suggesting that L2 users do not rely on body sensation as much as L1 users when evaluating emotional prototypicality and supporting the theory of disembodied emotion in L2. The ratings provide a database of emotion words in L2 Spanish with new features like prototypicality, feelings and interoception.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"181 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148285908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex improves L2 listening but not reading comprehension","authors":"Brooke M. Cameron, Ezequiel M. Durand-López","doi":"10.1017/s136672892610145x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s136672892610145x","url":null,"abstract":"Second language (L2) processing places substantial demands on working memory (WM). Because WM training programs are time-consuming and effortful, the present study examined whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), a region associated with WM, can facilitate L2 comprehension. Intermediate L2 learners of Spanish were randomly assigned to an active or sham group. Both groups completed pre- and posttests of listening and reading comprehension; between tests, the treatment group received two 20-minute sessions of 2.0 mA anodal tDCS over the left DLPFC, whereas the sham group received only brief stimulation. Results showed no improvement in reading comprehension, but the treatment group exhibited significant gains in listening comprehension from pre- to posttest and relative to the sham group. These findings suggest that anodal tDCS over the left DLPFC facilitates L2 listening comprehension under the present experimental conditions, offering a potential neuromodulatory aid for adult learners.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"10 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148285911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Beixian Gu, Yue Qin, Yang Li, Wei Tang, Yang Fu, David Beltrán
{"title":"Neural correlates of emotional word learning and processing in L1 and L2 speakers","authors":"Beixian Gu, Yue Qin, Yang Li, Wei Tang, Yang Fu, David Beltrán","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101448","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined how newly learned emotional meanings influence word processing in first-language (L1) and second-language (L2) speakers. Participants learned Chinese pseudowords paired with disgusted, sad or neutral faces. Generalization and refreshing tests assessed whether the learned meanings extended beyond specific pairings, and event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during a modified lexical decision task to probe neural processing. Both groups successfully learned and generalized the emotional associations, although L2 speakers showed reduced cross-modal generalization for sadness. ERP analyses revealed that unlearned pseudowords elicited stronger early posterior negativity (EPN) while emotional pseudowords elicited larger late positive complex (LPC). Also, L2 participants exhibited greater LPC amplitudes and broader cortical recruitment than L1 counterparts. Moreover, disgust and sadness diverged in early neural responses, with disgust eliciting enhanced EPNs. These findings indicate rapid affective binding to novel words and greater neural effort for L2 processing, suggesting similar temporal dynamics but increased resource demands in L2.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148285950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Toward more comprehensive language use assessments in native and nonnative languages: alternatives to the language history questionnaire","authors":"Hanxiang Yu, Yumeng Xiao, Yiqing Hua, Haoyun Zhang","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101424","url":null,"abstract":"Multilingual experience is seen as a cognitive reserve factor that may protect against neurodegeneration. Accurate language use measurement is essential to understand its cognitive and neural effects. Traditional assessments often rely on a single retrospective questionnaire, which may not reflect the dynamic, context-dependent nature of multilingualism. This study introduces complementary tools – Language History Questionnaire (LHQ), Daily Report Form (DR), Online Messages (OM) and In-lab Language Tasks (EXP) – to assess language use across social contexts in native and non-native languages. Correlational, ANOVA and network analyses showed that self-report tools had high internal consistency, while objective and experimental methods varied in sensitivity to context and modality. Consistency across tools was higher for native language use, especially when aggregating data across contexts. In contrast, non-native English assessments were more affected by contextual variability and tool-specific biases. Findings highlight the need for multimodal, context-rich assessments to improve validity and comparability in real-world multilingual research.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"26 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148285953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bilingual language control and cognate processing: the role of proficiency, exposure, and attitudes","authors":"Dylan J.C. Rose, Gregory J. Poarch","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101205","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates how individual differences in proficiency, exposure and language attitudes influence bilingual reactive control during forced language switching in Dutch–English bilinguals. Thirty-four late bilinguals completed a picture naming task switching between Dutch (L1) and English (L2) in response to visual cues, naming cognate and noncognate words. Linear mixed-effects models indicated that bilinguals with higher L2 proficiency showed reduced asymmetric (L2 to L1) switch costs. Additionally, bilinguals who reported more positive attitudes toward their L2 showed reduced switch costs during L2 to L1 trials involving cognate transitions, although further replication is needed to test this effect among larger sample sizes and different language pairs. By combining psycholinguistic methods with a psychometrically validated sociolinguistic measure, this study illustrates how integrating cognitive and affective variables can yield more nuanced accounts of bilingual language control.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"14 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148289681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}