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Bilingualism: Language and Cognition最新文献

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L1 and L2 contributions to English reading in middle school struggling readers 第一语言和第二语言对中学生英语阅读的影响
IF 3.6 1区 文学
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-04-24 DOI: 10.1017/s1366728926101333
Paul T. Cirino, Kelly T. Macdonald, Anny Castilla-Earls, David J. Francis, Arturo E. Hernandez
{"title":"L1 and L2 contributions to English reading in middle school struggling readers","authors":"Paul T. Cirino, Kelly T. Macdonald, Anny Castilla-Earls, David J. Francis, Arturo E. Hernandez","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101333","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluated English and Spanish language proficiency, and balance among these proficiencies, in relation to reading achievement in a sample of 161 middle school current and former English learners known to be struggling readers. Students were administered English and Spanish language assessments and also reported on their language usage; English reading outcomes (word reading, reading fluency, reading comprehension) were also assessed. Findings support the role of English proficiency in all three reading outcomes in this population. However, Spanish language skills, or indices that reflected the relative balance of these proficiencies, were not uniquely predictive. The present study adds nuance to the current literature and offers considerations for future work.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"31 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147744028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Adaptive compensatory mechanism in the regulation of language switching performance under negative emotional states: An ERP study 负性情绪状态下语言转换行为的适应性补偿机制：ERP研究
IF 3.6 1区 文学
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-04-23 DOI: 10.1017/s1366728926101369
Siyi Jiang, Xue Zhang, Baoguo Chen
{"title":"Adaptive compensatory mechanism in the regulation of language switching performance under negative emotional states: An ERP study","authors":"Siyi Jiang, Xue Zhang, Baoguo Chen","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101369","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines how emotional states interact with bilingual language control across different switching contexts. Chinese–English bilinguals performed cued and voluntary switching tasks under neutral, negative and positive emotional states. Behaviorally, negative states did not affect performance. Event-related potentials (ERPs) results revealed that in voluntary switching, negative state increased cue-locked late positive component (LPC) on switch trials, indicating greater reactive control during the late stage of language schemas competition phase. In cued switching, negative state enhanced cue- and stimulus-locked N2 and reduced stimulus-locked LPC on L1 trials, reflecting enhanced proactive control during the early stage of language schemas competition and throughout the lexical selection phase. As proactive control is more cognitively demanding than reactive control, these findings suggest that the compensatory mechanism is more strongly activated in cued switching across both language control phases. Our findings extend the adaptive control hypothesis by showing how bilinguals flexibly adjust control in emotional contexts.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"136 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147733528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The brain activity flow in language and cognitive control networks underlying second language proficiency 第二语言能力的大脑活动流和认知控制网络
IF 3.6 1区 文学
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-04-16 DOI: 10.1017/s1366728926101163
Fei Gao, Yuwen He, Yuwen Lin, Songxiang Tang, Yaoyao Ning, Zhen Yuan
{"title":"The brain activity flow in language and cognitive control networks underlying second language proficiency","authors":"Fei Gao, Yuwen He, Yuwen Lin, Songxiang Tang, Yaoyao Ning, Zhen Yuan","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101163","url":null,"abstract":"It remains unclear how language and cognitive control networks interact to support second language (L2) proficiency in the bilingual brain. Our study used gradient network and dynamic causal modelling (DCM) to investigate the brain activity flow in these two brain networks underlying L2 proficiency with sixty-one Chinese-English bilinguals. We found that the gradient values of the right calcarine gyrus and the left supramarginal gyrus were positively correlated with L2 proficiency. However, multivariate pattern and region-of-interest analyses suggested that L2 proficiency may not significantly modulate the brain activity flow of these two networks in global network gradients. Meanwhile, DCM findings demonstrated that L2 proficiency development increased inhibitory effects from the language network to the cognitive control network, indicating that L2 learning would modulate the cognitive control system. In summary, our study provides further insights into how language and cognitive control networks interact to establish a smooth bilingual system underlying L2 proficiency.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147684526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Putting new words to sleep: Novel word learning depends on individual differences in bilingual experience 让新单词进入睡眠状态：新单词的学习取决于双语经历中的个体差异
IF 3.6 1区 文学
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-04-16 DOI: 10.1017/s1366728926101059
Marco S. G. Senaldi, Pauline Palma, Antonio Iniesta, Debra Titone
{"title":"Putting new words to sleep: Novel word learning depends on individual differences in bilingual experience","authors":"Marco S. G. Senaldi, Pauline Palma, Antonio Iniesta, Debra Titone","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101059","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated how bilingual adults lexicalized novel words ( <jats:italic>bloksom</jats:italic> ) derived from existing English words ( <jats:italic>blossom</jats:italic> ), over a 24-h interval that included sleep, as a function of word-related factors (lexical frequency), task-related factors (inferencing during encoding), and individual differences in compartmentalized versus integrated bilingual use (language entropy). In Experiment 1, 48 bilingual adults <jats:italic>explicitly</jats:italic> learned novel word–picture pairings. In Experiment 2, 50 bilingual adults <jats:italic>implicitly</jats:italic> learned the same pairings. Both experiments manipulated task conditions to require an inference (Inference +) versus absence of inference (Inference −). Participant performance was responsive to word-related factors (word frequency). However, participants who use multiple languages in a low-entropy, compartmentalized manner were most responsive to explicitly tuned task factors. In contrast, participants who use their languages in a high entropy, integrated manner were most responsive to implicitly tuned task factors. These data suggest that bilingual experience modulates preferred novel word learning styles in adult bilinguals.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147684588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Investigating individual differences in adult bilinguals’ spelling of cognates: An analysis of cross-linguistic effects 调查成人双语者同源词拼写的个体差异：跨语言效应分析
IF 3.6 1区 文学
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-04-15 DOI: 10.1017/s1366728926101126
Valeria M. Rigobon, Nuria Gutiérrez, Ashley A. Edwards, Laura M. Steacy, Donald L. Compton
{"title":"Investigating individual differences in adult bilinguals’ spelling of cognates: An analysis of cross-linguistic effects","authors":"Valeria M. Rigobon, Nuria Gutiérrez, Ashley A. Edwards, Laura M. Steacy, Donald L. Compton","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101126","url":null,"abstract":"Examining 62 college students who are bilingual in Spanish and English, this study assessed key predictors of irregular English word spelling accuracy, including cognates and non-cognates. Explanatory item response models tested the contributions of word-level (e.g., orthographic similarity [OS] and phonemic similarity [PS] between English and Spanish word forms) and person-level predictors (e.g., literacy skills in English and Spanish) to item-level spelling accuracy. In line with prior investigations of cognate spelling in English, spelling accuracy was predicted by generally stronger English decoding skill and higher OS, with no significant influence of Spanish abilities. However, OS effects diminished after removing identical cognates from the outcome variable. An exploratory analysis revealed similar effects of English and Spanish decoding fluency on the likelihood of non-cognate spelling accuracy. These results have implications for understanding how orthographic representations of cognates are stored and accessed in the bilingual lexicon, particularly in alphabetic orthographies.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147682075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Reverse cueing effects in L2 production: Another dissociation from conflict tasks 第二语言产生中的反向提示效应：与冲突任务的另一个分离
IF 3.6 1区 文学
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-04-07 DOI: 10.1017/s1366728926101278
Giacomo Spinelli, Simone Sulpizio
{"title":"Reverse cueing effects in L2 production: Another dissociation from conflict tasks","authors":"Giacomo Spinelli, Simone Sulpizio","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101278","url":null,"abstract":"Does L2 production involve adaptive control? Previous research drawing on a parallel between Stroop effects in L1 and cognate effects in L2 produced no support for this idea when inducing adaptive control implicitly (i.e., involuntarily). Reasoning that adaptive control might be hard to implement implicitly in L2 production, here, we induced adaptive control explicitly by presenting informative cues revealing whether the upcoming stimulus would be congruent/incongruent (in L1 Stroop) or cognate/noncognate (in L2 picture naming). Adaptive control was successfully induced in L1 Stroop, with informative cues, relative to uninformative ones, having a facilitatory effect. Such was not the case for L2 picture naming, in which informative cues had an inhibitory effect. While there might be several reasons for this reverse cueing effect, this finding represents another dissociation between L2 production and conflict tasks, which likely has implications for theories assuming a close connection between domain-general and bilingualism-specific control.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147625541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Choice reaction time differences among monolinguals, bilinguals and trilinguals: Testing global and specific cognitive effects using the Attentional Network Test 单语者、双语者和三语者的选择反应时间差异：使用注意网络测试测试整体和特定认知效应
IF 3.6 1区 文学
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-04-07 DOI: 10.1017/s136672892610128x
Mayco Tunqui-Flores, Genny Lubrini, Marcos Ríos-Lago, Jose Antonio Periáñez
{"title":"Choice reaction time differences among monolinguals, bilinguals and trilinguals: Testing global and specific cognitive effects using the Attentional Network Test","authors":"Mayco Tunqui-Flores, Genny Lubrini, Marcos Ríos-Lago, Jose Antonio Periáñez","doi":"10.1017/s136672892610128x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s136672892610128x","url":null,"abstract":"Research on the non-linguistic cognitive consequences of bilingualism remains inconclusive, with ongoing debate over which characteristics of bilinguals drive potential effects and which cognitive abilities may be involved. The impact of bilingualism and trilingualism on attentional performance was studied using a computerized Attentional Network Test. It was administered to 97 adults, assuming progressive improvement with increasing language experience. Reaction times and errors were examined across global and specific attentional network measures (alerting, orienting and executive control). Results indicated that the locus of improvement between bilinguals and trilinguals relative to monolinguals emerged primarily in global reaction times and errors, with no specific effects in any attentional network. Although differences between bilinguals and trilinguals showed only a non-significant trend, regression analyses revealed a significant logarithmic relationship whereby speaking more languages predicted faster global reaction times. The observed processing-speed improvement is discussed in relation to ongoing hypotheses proposing an adaptive response in multilinguals.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147625617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Exploring bimodal lexical access in unimodal bilinguals through videos with captions 通过带字幕的视频探索单峰双语者的双峰词汇获取
IF 3.6 1区 文学
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-04-06 DOI: 10.1017/s1366728926101266
Beatrice Giustolisi, Micol De Crescenzo, Caterina Donati
{"title":"Exploring bimodal lexical access in unimodal bilinguals through videos with captions","authors":"Beatrice Giustolisi, Micol De Crescenzo, Caterina Donati","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101266","url":null,"abstract":"Studies on bimodal bilingualism showed that bimodal lexical access is not costly compared to unimodal lexical access, but that it can be even advantageous. We asked whether the same can be observed in unimodal bilinguals as long as some bimodal conditions are provided. We exploited the ecological bimodal setting of subtitled videos and designed four versions of a semantic categorization task, with unimodal (spoken or written language) and bimodal (speech and captions) stimuli. Regardless of the status of the language (L1/L2) and regardless of the bimodal stimuli being also bilingual, answers to bimodal stimuli were systematically faster than speech-only stimuli and slower than written-only stimuli. These results indicate that: i) bimodal stimuli were processed differently from unimodal stimuli, ii) both modalities were taken into account simultaneously, iii) the integration between modalities occurred automatically, even if focusing on one modality only would have been advantageous.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147625616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Quantifying multilingual children’s language exposure through parental report: More information is not always better 通过父母报告量化多语种儿童的语言接触：信息并不总是越多越好
IF 3.6 1区 文学
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-04-06 DOI: 10.1017/s1366728926101230
Elise van Wonderen, Kimberley Mulder, Dirk Jan Vet, Josje Verhagen
{"title":"Quantifying multilingual children’s language exposure through parental report: More information is not always better","authors":"Elise van Wonderen, Kimberley Mulder, Dirk Jan Vet, Josje Verhagen","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101230","url":null,"abstract":"How much information do we need when estimating multilingual children’s relative language exposure? In the current study, we compared three different estimates at varying levels of detail: (i) global estimates per language, (ii) the average of per-speaker estimates, weighted for the time the child spends with each speaker, and (iii) estimates obtained using the Experience Sampling Method, which consisted of five surveys a day across 7 days. Data were collected from 102 multilingual children (ages 3–9 years) in the Netherlands. We found that the three exposure estimates were highly correlated and that there were only small differences in how well they correlated with children’s vocabulary knowledge. Discrepancies between estimates were largely unrelated to participant characteristics such as children’s age or the number of languages spoken at home. We conclude that the simplest estimates (i.e. global estimates) may be sufficiently reliable as a measure of multilingual children’s language exposure at home.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147625543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Two co-activated grammars, one brain: Adverb placement processing of English–French bilinguals 两个共同激活的语法，一个大脑：英法双语者的副词放置加工
IF 3.6 1区 文学
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-04-06 DOI: 10.1017/s1366728926101254
Yubin Xing, Laura Sabourin
{"title":"Two co-activated grammars, one brain: Adverb placement processing of English–French bilinguals","authors":"Yubin Xing, Laura Sabourin","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101254","url":null,"abstract":"The shared-syntax argument of bilingual language representations has support from studies of cross-linguistic structural priming. However, more research needs to be conducted to support the grammatical co-activation hypothesis. The current study investigates the behavioral patterns of bilingual grammatical co-activation in comprehension, taking into account the age of immersion (AoI), which significantly affects the performance of bilinguals. Specifically, we tested 114 native speakers of English: 84 English–French bilinguals (53 early and 31 late learners of French) and 30 functional English monolinguals with a grammatical maze task using English stimuli manipulated with the two opposing English and French rules of adverb placement. Early bilinguals with an AoI earlier than 7 appear to be more accepting of the French adverb placement while reading English sentences. This suggests that earlier bilinguals are more likely to show co-activation (and competition) of the two languages. Results support the shared-syntax system of bilingual grammatical representations.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147625628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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