Barbara Braida, Javier Rodríguez-Ferreiro, Mireia Hernández
{"title":"Exploring personality factors as modulators of the foreign language effect on moral decision-making","authors":"Barbara Braida, Javier Rodríguez-Ferreiro, Mireia Hernández","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101217","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates how personality traits modulate the foreign language effect (FLe) in moral decision-making. Meta-analyses have shown that the FLe has a small-to-moderate effect size, suggesting that individual characteristics may constrain its impact. We hypothesized that traits promoting strong deontological tendencies would moderate this effect. Our results showed that lower conscientiousness and higher emotional stability were associated with more resilient deontological responses, showing reduced susceptibility to the FLe. However, deontological choices associated with lower extraversion were overridden in a foreign language. These findings offer the first empirical evidence that broad personality traits can modulate the FLe. Moreover, our results – statistically significant but modest in magnitude – highlight key methodological considerations, including dilemma types, trait measures, and sample characteristics. Finally, they also underscore the importance of examining more fine-grained personality constructs to better understand individual variability in the extent to which foreign language use shapes moral judgment.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"143 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147625618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A dual route of prediction-by-production and prediction-by-association during simultaneous interpreting: Evidence from the visual world paradigm","authors":"Mingqing Xie, Binghan Zheng, Ricardo Muñoz Martín","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101084","url":null,"abstract":"Despite growing interest in prediction during simultaneous interpreting (SI), the real-time processing mechanisms supporting it remain underexplored. This study employed the visual world paradigm to investigate whether interpreters can predict upcoming content while simultaneously interpreting multi-sentence paragraphs and to examine the mechanisms underlying prediction. Interpreting students and professionals simultaneously interpreted four paragraphs embedded with sentences containing a critical verb that manipulates the predictability of the target noun, while viewing visual displays containing a target object, two semantic competitor objects and one distractor object. Both groups made predictive eye movements to the target objects before hearing the corresponding word, indicating interpreters’ ability to predict in a challenging task. The observed fixation patterns further suggest the involvement of both prediction-by-production and prediction-by-association during SI. Crucially, professionals showed more flexible attention shifts and efficient cue use, whereas students shifted attention less and used a more cautious prediction strategy.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147625542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How children shape heritage morphosyntax: Acquisition of the Spanish subjunctive in sentential complements","authors":"Pablo E. Requena, Melisa Dracos","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101114","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the origins of mood vulnerability in heritage language (HL) grammar. Prior research on adult heritage speakers (HSs) shows that subjunctive use with sentential complements is highly vulnerable, hypothesized to stem from language-internal (type of selection, modality) and language-external (HL experience) factors. We examined Spanish subjunctive use in complements to factive emotive predicates (Presupposition) and nonassertive predicates (Nonassertion), where mood selection is pragmatically conditioned. We also tested two categorical contexts (Volition, Control indicative). Data from 78 school-age HSs indicated that reduced subjunctive use in sentential complements derived from children with insufficient exposure to and capacity with the HL to master the categorical, modally simple volition context. Most of the child HSs relied on nonsubjunctive felicitous and infelicitous responses as alternative or innovative ways of expressing modal meanings in these contexts. We propose that bilingual children in central Texas may be developing a distinct HL grammar for modality.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147586566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Theory-of-Mind development in educational bilingualism: Identifying the strongest predictors of performance and tracking them over time","authors":"Gloria Chamorro, Vikki Janke, Inés de la Viña","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101229","url":null,"abstract":"This longitudinal study monitored Theory-of-Mind development in monolingually raised but bilingually educated Spanish children (age 5–6) with varied L2-English curricula (13%–83%) to assess whether higher L2-exposure resulted in advantages on seven ToM concepts (emotion, desires, belief, reference, moral-reasoning, lies, sarcasm). Attention (selective, switching, inhibition) and a full suite of individual-difference effects were also monitored. GLMMs linked greater L2-exposure to higher ToM accuracy, and although all three attention measures contributed to ToM scores, the effect of selective attention was the strongest. L1-vocabulary and NVR routinely predicted ToM scores, and girls surpassed boys on sarcasm. We conclude that bilingualism spurs ToM development quickly and is not linked to L2-vocabulary at this stage. In addition, the fact that L2-exposure and individual differences impacted cognitive, affective, and conative ToM differentially supports an approach that analyses these components separately.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147536220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The neural correlates of mid- and end-clause silent pauses in L1 and L2 speech","authors":"Andrea Révész, Hyeonjeong Jeong, Shungo Suzuki, Haining Cui, Shunsui Matsuura, Kazuya Saito, Motoaki Sugiura","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101011","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined how the location of silent pausing (mid- vs. end-clause) may relate to neural processes during spontaneous L1 and L2 speech production. Twenty intermediate-level Japanese speakers of L2 English carried out eight monologic, oral decision-making tasks, four in English and four in Japanese. While completing the tasks, their brain activity was recorded through fMRI scanning. Participants’ speech was transcribed, and the resulting transcripts were annotated for mid- and end-clause silent pauses. Then, for the pauses identified, we conducted whole-brain analyses to identify relevant activation patterns, followed by region-of-interest analyses in language-related areas. We found that mid-clause pauses were linked to increased activation in language-related brain regions, with stronger effects for L2 speech. We also observed heightened activity in conceptualisation-related brain areas at end-clause positions in both L1 and L2 speech. In L2 English, participants also displayed greater activation in a concept-retrieval-related brain region in end-clause than in mid-clause position.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147536219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Adaptive language control between comprehension and production in bilinguals","authors":"Chuchu Li, Qi Cheng","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101151","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates bilingual language control across comprehension and production. In three experiments, Chinese–English bilinguals alternated between tasks on every trial. In the comprehension task, participants judged the meaning of a written word (Experiment 1) or a spoken word (Experiments 2 and 3) in either language. In the production task, they named pictures in only one language (Experiments 1 and 2) or in either language (Experiment 3), with half of the trials involving language switching. Thus, salient visual language cues were available only in Experiment 1, and within-production language switching occurred only in Experiment 3. Language switch costs from comprehension to production emerged only in Experiment 2, where spoken word comprehension was paired with single-language production. These findings suggest that reduced saliency of language cues encourages a shared language control mechanism across comprehension and production when within-production control demands are low, supporting the adaptive nature of bilingual language control.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147519315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katie Von Holzen, Marie Schnieders, Sophia Wulfert, Holger Hopp
{"title":"Word recognition in pre-foreign language learners: The role of form overlap","authors":"Katie Von Holzen, Marie Schnieders, Sophia Wulfert, Holger Hopp","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101187","url":null,"abstract":"This study tests how form overlap with the L1 influences young learners’ ability to recognize L2 words from continuous speech before they receive classroom instruction in English as a foreign language (EFL). German 6- to 9-year-olds were tested on their ability to recognize words in English utterances that overlapped in form with their German translation equivalents (e.g., cognate words, milk-Milch /mɪlk/ – /mɪlx/) or did not (e.g., non-cognate words, smoke – Rauch, /smoʊk/ – /raʊ̯x/). German form similarity neither influenced performance at the group level nor when differences in individual German skills were considered. This pattern of results remained even when, in Experiment 2, the German word form was pre-activated visually. Unlike adults’, pre-EFL learners’ recognition of words in continuous speech is not affected by form similarity to German, which we link to differences in metalinguistic awareness and the role of form-meaning mappings, especially in early FL learning.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147519275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Unlocking mathematical potential through school-based language learning: Insights from PISA 2018","authors":"Alejandra Nucette, Britta Biedermann, Suze Leitão, Takeshi Hamamura","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101138","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the association between school-based foreign language (FL) instruction and mathematical achievement among 15-year-old students, using data from the 2018 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). Two complementary analyses were conducted: a large-scale model ( <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 300,656) examining the relationship between time spent in FL learning and maths performance across 73 countries and a machine learning (ML) approach (random forest (RF); <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 53,459) identifying specific programme features that most strongly influence this relationship. Results show that longer exposure to FL instruction was associated with a modest but statistically robust increase in maths scores ( <jats:italic>β</jats:italic> = 0.08, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < .001), even after controlling for socioeconomic and contextual factors. Among programme characteristics, the integration of multicultural curricula emerged as a prominent predictor of higher maths performance. These findings indicate that sustained, culturally enriched FL learning is positively associated with numeracy outcomes, with implications for equity in academic achievement and cross-disciplinary performance.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"191 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147519277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jonah Lack, Hyun Kyung Lee, Junghwan Maeng, Yoonsang Song
{"title":"EEG temporal dynamics during morphological decomposition of derived words in L2","authors":"Jonah Lack, Hyun Kyung Lee, Junghwan Maeng, Yoonsang Song","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101199","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated whether L2 processing of derived words engages biphasic morphological decomposition, comprising morpho-orthographic segmentation followed by morpho-semantic integration, as L1 processing does. Using an overt priming paradigm (SOA = 300 ms), ERP responses were compared across morphological (e.g., <jats:italic>farmer</jats:italic> – <jats:italic>farm</jats:italic> ), orthographic (e.g., <jats:italic>cashew</jats:italic> – <jats:italic>cash</jats:italic> ) and semantic (e.g., <jats:italic>doctor</jats:italic> – <jats:italic>nurse</jats:italic> ) priming conditions in native and L2 speakers. Results revealed that both language groups exhibited distinct priming effects for morphologically related prime–target pairs across the early and late N400 windows, reflecting morpho-orthographic segmentation and morpho-semantic integration, respectively, rather than additive effects of form and meaning overlap. However, the late negativity effect, reflecting intensified lateral inhibition among similar orthographic representations, was observed during orthographic priming only in native speakers, suggesting less efficient inhibitory control in L2 processing. These findings are discussed within the framework of the Shallow Structure Hypothesis, which has provided a theoretical basis for many previous L2 studies of derived-word processing.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147519288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Irina Elgort, Lingli Du, Anna Siyanova-Chanturia, Mengzhu Yan
{"title":"Cross-language activation of figurative meanings of translated L1 idioms in L2 reading: An eye-tracking study","authors":"Irina Elgort, Lingli Du, Anna Siyanova-Chanturia, Mengzhu Yan","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101096","url":null,"abstract":"Cross-language figurative meaning activation in idiom processing has been observed in primed lexical and semantic decision tasks, but not in text reading. To study first-language figurative idiom meaning activation in second-language reading, we created and tested a novel contextual idiom-priming paradigm and conducted an eye-tracking experiment with Chinese–English immersion and non-immersion bilinguals, and English-speaking controls. Three counterbalanced conditions were created: in English texts, the meaning probe was preceded by a close or paraphrased translation of a related Chinese-only idiom, or an unrelated phrase. The processing of the probe was influenced by figurative meanings of Chinese-only idioms for both groups of bilinguals, but not for monolingual controls, evidencing non-selective language processing beyond single words. There was no difference in the patterns of activation between close and paraphrased translations, suggesting that exact lexical overlap may not be necessary for cross-language activation of idioms. Different processing patterns were observed for immersion and non-immersion bilinguals.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"50 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147351290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}