{"title":"The effect of contextual richness on L2 learners’ processing and incidental acquisition of non-literal English phrasal verbs: An eye-tracking study","authors":"Tianjiao Song, Barry Lee Reynolds","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101722","url":null,"abstract":"Many studies have used post-tests to examine word-related factors, such as encounter frequency, that influence L2 learners’ incidental acquisition of single words. However, less is known about how context affects the processing and acquisition of multi-word units, such as non-literal English phrasal verbs (PVs), which are particularly challenging for L2 learners to master. This eye-tracking study investigated how contextual richness influences L2 learners’ processing and acquisition of non-literal English PVs. Fifty-seven Chinese-L1 postgraduate students were randomly assigned to three groups, each reading eight low-frequency PVs in contexts varying in informativeness: <jats:italic>more informative</jats:italic> , <jats:italic>less informative</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>uninformative.</jats:italic> Vocabulary post-tests and delayed post-tests assessed incidental learning gains. Results indicated that <jats:italic>more informative</jats:italic> contexts enhanced form retention, whereas <jats:italic>less informative</jats:italic> contexts facilitated meaning recognition. These findings contribute to cognitive theories of word learning and offer practical insights for L2 vocabulary instruction.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"27 1","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149123145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bilingualism shapes neural control: Distinct experiences predict conflict monitoring and sustained attentional control","authors":"John G. Grundy, Aslı Yurtsever, Kaiah Sotebeer","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101552","url":null,"abstract":"The present study used event-related potentials to examine how bilingual experiences shape neural responses to contextual cues and conflict resolution. Fifty bilingual undergraduates completed a context-specific proportion congruency (CSPC) Stroop task while electroencephalography was recorded. Greater L2 usage was associated with reduced conflict effects, consistent with more efficient control. The N2 was larger for incongruent than congruent trials and varied by context, with lower L2 proficiency associated with greater context-dependent increases in N2 amplitude, whereas higher proficiency was associated with more stable responses. The conflict slow potential showed that earlier L2 acquisition was associated with greater sustained attentional resource availability across contexts. Together, these findings indicate that processing efficiency is reflected in how control demands are distributed across early and late stages of processing. More broadly, bilingual experiences shape distinct neural control profiles, highlighting the importance of interpreting behavioral and neural measures jointly.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149123144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Unexpected objects increase name use: effects of implicit causality and grammatical role on L2 referential production","authors":"Masaya Hosoda","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101825","url":null,"abstract":"L2 processing accounts differ in how predictability (i.e., the likelihood of the next mention) affects referential form choice. This study examined whether L2 learners use predictability when selecting referential forms. A story continuation experiment, manipulating grammatical role and verbs’ implicit causality (IC), tested Japanese learners of English and L1-English speakers. Learners produced fewer pronouns than L1 speakers, consistent with cross-linguistic influence from L1 Japanese. Across groups, grammatical role strongly influenced referential form choice, whereas IC-based predictability affected object references only, specifically increasing the use of names for unexpected objects. Overall, L1 and L2 speakers showed similar effects of predictability, but the effects were more limited and form-specific than grammatical role effects. Under the present task conditions, the findings are compatible with a graded, memory-interference account: Predictability is used when cues are accessible and retrieval demands are modest, yielding similar patterns in L1 and L2 referential production.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"198 1","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149123143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adriana R. Miller, Cristal Giorio, Gabrielle Stokes, Susanne Brouwer, Janet G. van Hell
{"title":"Extending the in-group advantage: Vocal emotion recognition in first and second languages by Dutch-English bilinguals","authors":"Adriana R. Miller, Cristal Giorio, Gabrielle Stokes, Susanne Brouwer, Janet G. van Hell","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101783","url":null,"abstract":"Previous research finds that vocal emotions are recognized above chance, with higher accuracy typically observed for one’s own cultural group – an “in-group” advantage. However, this may not apply uniformly, especially for bilinguals who are highly proficient in a second language (L2) but not members of the L2 cultural in-group. This study investigates Dutch-English bilinguals’ recognition of anger, fear, happiness, sadness and neutral emotion in Dutch (first language; L1), English (second language; L2) and two unfamiliar languages, Arabic and Hindi, using pseudo-utterances. Listeners were highly accurate in recognizing emotions in both Dutch and English. Recognition in Arabic matched their known languages, while Hindi was lower. Additionally, accuracy in English emotion recognition was positively correlated with English proficiency. These results suggest that the in-group advantage can extend to a highly proficient L2, indicating that cultural membership is not strictly necessary for highly accurate vocal emotion recognition.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"28 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149123987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cheng Xiao, Jiang Liu, Svetlana V. Shinkareva, Xuan Yang, Rutvik H. Desai
{"title":"Knowing and feeling: The role of semantic valence in emotional prosody perception for L2 Chinese learners","authors":"Cheng Xiao, Jiang Liu, Svetlana V. Shinkareva, Xuan Yang, Rutvik H. Desai","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101813","url":null,"abstract":"In Mandarin Chinese, the same acoustic feature, pitch, conveys both semantic valence and emotional prosody. The effects of semantic valence on bilingual emotional prosody perception are mixed, with some studies reporting semantic facilitation and others showing interference. To clarify this, we extend the conceptual account of semantic valence to second language acquisition by examining its two components: learners’ semantic knowledge and the inherent semantic valence of stimuli. We investigated the independent and interactive effects of these components of semantic valence on emotional prosody perception for L1-English L2-Chinese learners in Chinese words and sentences. We found that semantic valence facilitated L2 learners’ perception when congruent with emotional prosody, but interfered when incongruent. Notably, these semantics-prosody (in)congruence effects were significantly predicted by learners’ semantic knowledge. Our results suggest an interaction between linguistic knowledge and paralinguistic perception in bilingual emotion processing.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"52 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149124091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Does native culture restore emotional intensity? Distinct effects of cultural context on L2 affective processing","authors":"Yanxi Lu, Kate Cain, Bo Yao, Francesca Citron","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101771","url":null,"abstract":"Bilinguals often experience reduced emotional resonance in their second language (L2), known as “emotional distance.” This study investigates how cultural context, specifically culture relatedness, modulates this experience in late Mandarin-English bilinguals. We employed a multi-methodological approach to disentangle implicit and explicit processing. Study 1 (Implicit Association Test) revealed no automatic bias linking culture to emotion, suggesting that long-term L2 immersion may equilibrate implicit associations. Study 2 (explicit ratings), however, found a significant interaction: priming native (Chinese) culture led participants to evaluate negative L2 words as more negative, whereas the L2 (British) cultural context attenuated these evaluations, reinforcing emotional distance. Positive words remained unaffected. These findings demonstrate that culture is an active modulator of bilingual emotion. While acculturation may balance implicit links, conscious activation of native cultural schemas can bridge L2 emotional distance for aversive content, whereas L2 contexts serve to buffer emotional intensity.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"25 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149123990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anna Czypionka, Pauline Wolfer, Franziska Baumeister, Stephanie Durrleman
{"title":"Multilingual exposure and lexical–executive abilities underlying verbal fluency: A study of children with and without autism","authors":"Anna Czypionka, Pauline Wolfer, Franziska Baumeister, Stephanie Durrleman","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101588","url":null,"abstract":"Multilingualism provides many benefits for the cognitive and communicative development of non-autistic children, including the development of lexical-semantic abilities. In contrast, the influence of multilingualism is less clear for autistic children, who often experience challenges in the development of language abilities. We present data from 345 autistic and non-autistic children (3–12 years) from semantic and phonemic verbal fluency (VF) tasks. Children’s monolingualism or multilingualism was operationalised as the continuous measure of language exposure entropy. Our study is the first to monitor both semantic and phonemic VF in multilingual autistic children. Non-autistic children show clear benefits of multilingualism for VF emerging with increasing age. For autistic children, there are neither negative nor positive effects of multilingualism on VF. Follow-up analyses reveal that this is independent of the strength of social-communicative autism symptoms. Taken together, our findings reveal that multilingualism is not detrimental for the development of lexical abilities of autistic children.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149124462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Csaba Zoltan Szabo, Wei Le Jeremy Bong, Soon Tat Lee, Allen Jie Ein Chee, Yifan Wang
{"title":"Developing the productive emotion vocabulary test (PEVT) for adult speakers of English as an additional language","authors":"Csaba Zoltan Szabo, Wei Le Jeremy Bong, Soon Tat Lee, Allen Jie Ein Chee, Yifan Wang","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101680","url":null,"abstract":"Emotion vocabulary (EV) is integral to language proficiency, yet it is rarely assessed, and existing tools are largely decontextualised and unvalidated for adult users of English as an additional language (Lx). We introduce the Productive Emotion Vocabulary Test (PEVT), a vignette-based free-recall task eliciting up to three responses. Twenty-two pictorial-text vignettes, redesigned from materials validated with German children, were administered to 107 adults, alongside LexTALE and a language background questionnaire. Eighteen vignettes elicited the target emotion or a close synonym as the dominant response, with substantial naming agreement. In mixed-effects analyses, context length did not affect accuracy, whereas response order, LexTALE and produced-word frequency did: first responses were more likely to be accurate than subsequent responses, and higher LexTALE scores and higher-frequency labels were associated with greater accuracy. Findings provide preliminary validity evidence for the PEVT as a research instrument capturing productive EV breadth and a narrowly operationalised facet of depth: contextual naming alignment.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148985056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Silvia Purpuri, Nicola Vasta, Barbara Treccani, Roberto Filippi, Claudio Mulatti
{"title":"Proficient bilinguals make less superstitious choices revisiting the FLE in light of L2 proficiency","authors":"Silvia Purpuri, Nicola Vasta, Barbara Treccani, Roberto Filippi, Claudio Mulatti","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101643","url":null,"abstract":"The relationship between language and other domains of cognition is a key area of interest in bilingualism research. A relevant phenomenon in this regard is the Foreign Language Effect (FLE), which suggests that individuals may make more rational decisions when using a second language (L2) compared to their native language (L1). Here, by replicating a previous study, we investigated how different levels of L2 proficiency influence superstitious beliefs among bilingual individuals, beyond the language (L1 or L2) in which they are tested. Our findings showed no significant differences in superstition levels between the L1 and L2 contexts. However, we found that greater L2 proficiency was linked to lower superstition levels in both languages. These results suggest that L2 proficiency, or variables associated with it, plays a key role in shaping rational decision-making and may lead to inaccurate estimates of the FLE if it is not adequately controlled for. This study advances our understanding of the FLE by emphasising the importance of considering L2 proficiency in research on bilingual cognition and judgement.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148984982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Feeling close or distant: The role of the narrator in the Foreign-Language Effect on moral decision-making","authors":"Anna Gorter, Susanne Brouwer","doi":"10.1017/s1366728926101734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728926101734","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated whether social distance conveyed through the communicative context modulated the Foreign-Language Effect in moral decision-making. Dutch–English bilinguals responded to personal moral dilemmas in Dutch or English, presented in written form (Experiment 1) or spoken form (Experiment 2). In Experiment 3, personal and impersonal dilemmas were presented. Across experiments, a narrator, designed to appear socially close or distant, was introduced midway through the experiments. Contrary to the predictions, no reliable Foreign-Language Effect was observed in any experiment, nor did narrator-based social distance or dilemma type affect moral decisions. These null effects suggest that subtle manipulations of social distance, particularly when conveyed by artificial or unfamiliar narrators, are insufficient to alter moral decisions. These findings establish important boundary conditions for social distance accounts of the Foreign-Language Effect and indicate that stronger emotional engagement or clearer in-group cues may be necessary for language-related shifts in moral decision-making to emerge.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148984981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}