{"title":"Thinking creatively in two languages: Effects of mental imagery vividness, foreign language proficiency and hand gestures on bilingual creativity","authors":"Gyulten Hyusein, Tilbe Göksun","doi":"10.1017/s1366728925100151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728925100151","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigated the influence of language context on creative thinking, mental imagery vividness and the use of representational hand gestures among Turkish-English bilinguals. Participants solved verbal divergent and convergent thinking tasks in both their native (L1) and second languages (L2) and self-reported their mental imagery vividness during each task. Results revealed that participants were more creative and experienced more vivid mental imagery in L1 compared to L2. Surprisingly, L2 proficiency was not associated with L2 imagery. Gestures in L1 had a positive association, while gestures in L2 had a negative association with divergent thinking. Higher gesture rates were related to lower convergent thinking performance in both languages, especially when imagery vividness was high. These findings suggest that creativity and mental imagery vividness might depend on the language context. The role of gestures for verbal creativity might also differ according to the language used.</p>","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"1 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144328964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kerry Danahy Ebert, Giang Pham, HaeJi Lee, Quynh Dam
{"title":"Considering bias in language assessment with bilingual children","authors":"Kerry Danahy Ebert, Giang Pham, HaeJi Lee, Quynh Dam","doi":"10.1017/s1366728925100163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728925100163","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Comparing the performance of bilinguals to monolinguals can introduce bias in language assessment. One potential impact is misidentification of developmental language disorder (DLD). Nonlinguistic cognitive processing tasks may reduce assessment bias because they measure underlying DLD weaknesses without relying on linguistic stimuli. This study examined the extent to which nonlinguistic cognitive processing tasks showed bias, compared to a traditional language assessment, sentence repetition. Participants were 161 five-to-seven-year olds from diverse language backgrounds who completed nonlinguistic auditory and visual assessments of processing speed, sustained selective attention and working memory. We examined psychometric properties and performance on each task among bilingual and monolingual children. We also conducted bilingual-to-bilingual comparisons to examine performance differences by first-language typology and exposure amount. Results suggest minimal assessment bias in the nonlinguistic cognitive processing tasks, particularly in comparison to sentence repetition. Nonlinguistic cognitive processing tasks may ultimately contribute to less-biased identification of DLD in diverse populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"100 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144319661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Identity-driven variation in phonetic backward transfer: Glaswegian versus Indian identity in Glasgow-Indian bilinguals’ VOT","authors":"Divyanshi Shaktawat","doi":"10.1017/s136672892510014x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s136672892510014x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigated phonetic backward transfer in the ethnolinguistic minority of first-generation bilingual immigrant Indians in Glasgow ‘Glasgow-Indians’ in relation to Flege’s Speech Learning Model, which predicts ‘assimilation’ and ‘dissimilation’ of sound categories. The study explored whether and how sounds of Glasgow-Indian native language (Hindi) <span>and</span> dialect (Indian English) are influenced by sounds of the dominant host language/dialect (Glaswegian English). The role of their Glaswegian and Indian Identity was also examined. Two control groups (Indians and Glaswegians) and the experimental group (Glasgow-Indians) were recorded reading in English and Hindi words containing two phones (/t/ and /d/− voice onset time (VOT)). In both languages, Glasgow-Indian VOT became more Glaswegian-like (assimilation) and to a greater degree in English than Hindi in /t/. Increasing Glaswegian Identity increased assimilation in /t/ but had no effect on /d/, whereas increasing Indian Identity decreased assimilation in /d/ but had no effect on /t/.</p>","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144311783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elena Semenova, Marina Norkina, Tatiana Logvinenko, Ksenia Ryseva, Lisa K. Chinn, Katherine Crabb, Elena L. Grigorenko
{"title":"The modulating role of interactional contexts in executive functioning of bilinguals: a scoping review","authors":"Elena Semenova, Marina Norkina, Tatiana Logvinenko, Ksenia Ryseva, Lisa K. Chinn, Katherine Crabb, Elena L. Grigorenko","doi":"10.1017/s1366728925100084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728925100084","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The bilingual advantage hypothesis, which associates bilingualism with benefits in executive functioning (EF), has been challenged by studies demonstrating inconsistent results. Considering explicit calls to revise the hypothesis, research has turned toward understanding which specific bilingualism-related aspects might impact bilinguals’ EF. Notably, patterns of everyday language use, referred to as interactional contexts in the adaptive control hypothesis (ACH), have emerged as a prominent factor modulating the association between bilingualism and EF. This scoping review synthesizes findings from 49 studies investigating interactional contexts and bilinguals’ EF. The results indicate that the current literature is highly heterogeneous regarding the operationalization, measurement, experimental manipulations of interactional contexts, the EF tasks employed and sample characteristics. This variability limits definitive conclusions about the adaptation of bilinguals’ EF to the demands of interactional contexts. More studies with comparable research designs and clearer predictions on the associations between EF domains and bilinguals’ language-use patterns are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144296107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"L2 difficulties in the perception of Mandarin tones: Phonological universals or domain-general aptitude?","authors":"Chao Zhou, João Veríssimo","doi":"10.1017/s1366728925100114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728925100114","url":null,"abstract":"<p>What makes lexical tones challenging for second language (L2) learners? Several recent studies suggest that two phonological universals, the Obligatory Contour Principle and the Tonal Markedness Scale, may constrain the L2 acquisition of Mandarin lexical tones, regardless of learners’ first language. We assessed the role of these universals in L2 tonal acquisition by learners from a non-tonal background (L1 Portuguese). We implemented a perceptual testing protocol, which contained a number of methodological and analytical improvements relative to previous studies, including the use of Bayesian mixed-effects models to assess evidence for null hypotheses. The results provided evidence for the null effects of both phonological universals. Instead, a clear determinant of tonal identification accuracy was the participants’ pitch acuity, suggesting that domain-general auditory processing underlies the learning of L2 phonological categories. All materials, data and code are publicly available in the OSF repository at https://osf.io/ezadw.</p>","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144296129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tiana Cowan, Emily Buss, Lori Leibold, Kaylah Lalonde
{"title":"Effects of low-pass filtering on English speech-in-noise recognition in auditory-only and audiovisual modalities for late bilinguals and monolinguals","authors":"Tiana Cowan, Emily Buss, Lori Leibold, Kaylah Lalonde","doi":"10.1017/s1366728925100096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728925100096","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of acoustic filtering and modality on speech-in-noise recognition for Spanish-English late bilinguals (who were exposed to English after their 5th birthday) and English monolinguals. All speech perception testing was conducted in English. Speech reception thresholds (SRTs) were estimated at 50% recognition accuracy in an open-set sentence recognition task in the presence of speech-shaped noise (SSN) in both low-pass and no-filter conditions. Consonant recognition was assessed in a closed-set identification task in SSN in four conditions: low-pass and no-filter stimuli presented in auditory-only (AO) and audiovisual (AV) modalities. Results indicated that monolinguals outperformed late bilinguals in all conditions. Late bilinguals and monolinguals were similarly impacted by acoustic filtering. Some data indicated that monolinguals may be more adept at integrating auditory and visual cues than late bilinguals. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144290224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jan Chromý, Radim Lacina, James Brand, Norbert Vanek
{"title":"When the second language attracts but the first does not: A large-scale study of number agreement attraction in Czech learners of English","authors":"Jan Chromý, Radim Lacina, James Brand, Norbert Vanek","doi":"10.1017/s1366728925100126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728925100126","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We investigate agreement attraction effects in the L2 English of native speakers of Czech, a language that has little-to-no evidence of attraction effects. Our experiments involve two groups of participants. The first group (<span>N</span> = 415) participated in an L2 English-only experiment, and the second group (<span>N</span> = 183) participated in both L2 English and L1 Czech versions of the experiment (in a randomized order with a two-week interval). Standard attraction effects were observed in L2 English, contrasting with the absence of such effects in L1 Czech. Our results provide unique evidence that an L2 can significantly attract, even when the L1 does not. However, our results also revealed that the attraction effect in L2 English disappeared when the L1 Czech version was completed first. These findings are discussed in relation to the Unified Competition Model and the effects of L2-induced increases in working memory demands.</p>","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144260655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Małgorzata Foryś-Nogala, Breno Silva, Agata Ambroziak, Olga Broniś, Aleksandra Janczarska, Borys Jastrzębski, Agnieszka Otwinowska
{"title":"Cumulative L1–L2–L3 lexical similarity versus L2–L3 lexical similarity: What impacts learners’ L3 word knowledge and L3 word processing more?","authors":"Małgorzata Foryś-Nogala, Breno Silva, Agata Ambroziak, Olga Broniś, Aleksandra Janczarska, Borys Jastrzębski, Agnieszka Otwinowska","doi":"10.1017/s1366728925000410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728925000410","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated how previous languages and learner individual differences impact L3 word knowledge. The participants were 93 L1-Polish learners of L2-English and L3-Italian. We tested participants’ knowledge of 120 L3-Italian words: 40 L2–L3 cognates, 40 L1–L2–L3 cognates, and 40 non-cognates, controlled for many item-related variables. The knowledge and online processing of the L3 words were measured by a test inspired by the Vocabulary Knowledge Scale and a lexical decision task (LDT), respectively. The results revealed that L1–L2–L3 cognates were known better than L2–L3 cognates, but L2–L3 cognates did not differ from non-cognates. Processing advantage was observed only for low-frequency triple cognates. Moreover, cognitive aptitudes predicted the speed of responding to the keywords in the LDT. However, they did not predict participants’ performance on the vocabulary test, where L3 proficiency effects prevailed. Our results suggest that L1–L2–L3 similarity is more conducive to learning than single-sourced L2–L3 similarity.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144193189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Karla Tarin, Esteban Heranadez-Rivera, Antonio Iniesta, Pauline Palma, Veronica Whitford, Debra Titone
{"title":"When sentence meaning biases another language: an eye-tracking investigation of cross-language activation during second language reading","authors":"Karla Tarin, Esteban Heranadez-Rivera, Antonio Iniesta, Pauline Palma, Veronica Whitford, Debra Titone","doi":"10.1017/s1366728925000380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728925000380","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Bilingual adults use semantic context to manage cross-language activation while reading. An open question is how lexical, contextual and individual differences simultaneously constrain this process. We used eye-tracking to investigate how 83 French–English bilinguals read L2-English sentences containing interlingual homographs (<span>chat</span>) and control words (<span>pact</span>). Between subjects, sentences biased target language or non-target language meanings (English = conversation; French = feline). Both conditions contained unbiased control sentences. We examined the impact of word- and participant-level factors (cross-language frequency and L2 age of acquisition/AoA and reading entropy, respectively). There were three key results: (1) L2 readers showed global homograph interference in late-stage reading (total reading times) when English sentence contexts biased non-target French homograph meanings; (2) interference increased as homographs’ non-target language frequency increased and L2 AoA decreased; (3) increased reading entropy globally facilitated early-stage reading (gaze durations) in the non-target language bias condition. Thus, cross-language activation during L2 reading is constrained by multiple factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144153406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anne Neveu, Dalia L. Garcia, Britney Escobedo, Paulina Enriquez Vazquez, Miguel Mejia, Liv J. Hoversten, Tamar H. Gollan
{"title":"Predicting proficiency","authors":"Anne Neveu, Dalia L. Garcia, Britney Escobedo, Paulina Enriquez Vazquez, Miguel Mejia, Liv J. Hoversten, Tamar H. Gollan","doi":"10.1017/s1366728925000367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728925000367","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We investigated which objective language proficiency tests best predict the language dominance, balance, English and Spanish proficiency scores relative to Oral Proficiency Interview (OPI) scores (averaged across 5–6 raters). Eighty Spanish–English bilinguals completed OPIs, picture naming, semantic and letter fluency, lexical decision tests and a language history questionnaire. Except for letter fluency, objective measures explained more variance than self-report variables, which seldom and negligibly improved proficiency prediction beyond objective measures in forward regression models. Picture naming (the Multilingual Naming Test (MINT) Sprint 2.0) was the strongest predictor for most purposes. Lexical decision and category fluency were next best predictors, but the latter was time-consuming to score, while the former was easiest to administer (and does not require bilingual examiners). Surprisingly, self-rated proficiency better predicted the OPI scores when averaged across modalities (i.e., including reading/writing instead of just spoken proficiency), and lexical-decision (a written test) was as powerful as picture naming for predicting spoken Spanish (but not language dominance).</p>","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143940125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}