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Bilingualism: Language and Cognition最新文献

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Language nonselective lexical access in bilinguals: Input modality matters 双语者语言非选择性词汇获取：输入方式的影响
IF 3.6 1区 文学
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1017/s1366728925100928
Kristi Hendrickson, Anna Sagan, Hector Sanchez Melendez, Jina Kim, Zara Harmon, Stephanie De Anda
{"title":"Language nonselective lexical access in bilinguals: Input modality matters","authors":"Kristi Hendrickson, Anna Sagan, Hector Sanchez Melendez, Jina Kim, Zara Harmon, Stephanie De Anda","doi":"10.1017/s1366728925100928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728925100928","url":null,"abstract":"It has been argued that lexical access in bilinguals is language nonselective. However, little is known about how the input modality (spoken or written) affects cross-language activation during listening and reading. The current study characterizes the nature of within- and cross-language competition for spoken and written words in adults who are bilingual and biliterate in Spanish and English. Using a recently developed cross-modality version of the Visual World Paradigm, we found that competition differs for spoken and written words. For spoken words, the auditory stimulus unfolds overtime giving an additional boost to within- and cross-language competition. Conversely, written words can be seen at once, and thus, incremental processing is less of a factor, resulting in less competition within a language and no competition across languages. The findings show that word recognition is fundamentally language nonselective but can behave in selective ways depending on the modality of the input and language experience.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145972014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Lexical distributions of Spanish dialects and their processing implications for Chilean Spanish 西班牙方言的词汇分布及其对智利西班牙语的加工意义
IF 3.6 1区 文学
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1017/s1366728925100941
Julian van Bijnen, Roberto A. Ferreira, Ton Dijkstra
{"title":"Lexical distributions of Spanish dialects and their processing implications for Chilean Spanish","authors":"Julian van Bijnen, Roberto A. Ferreira, Ton Dijkstra","doi":"10.1017/s1366728925100941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728925100941","url":null,"abstract":"Word frequency databases like SPALEX and SUBTLEX-ESP treat Spanish as a uniform language, but prior studies and an initial survey (Experiment 1) revealed significant lexical differences between Spanish in Spain and Latin American countries, especially Chile. To establish subjective frequencies of Spanish word usage, an extended survey (Experiment 2) was conducted with Chilean participants, categorizing words by usage area: General, Spain, Chile, and Latin America. Consistent with the initial survey, Chilean participants assigned subjective higher ratings to General and Chilean words. In a lexical decision experiment (Experiment 3), participants responded faster and more accurately to words from these categories. Using survey data, simulations with Multilink+ (Experiment 4) revealed that subjective word ratings better predicted Chilean reaction times than frequencies from existing databases. These findings emphasize the need to address Spanish dialectal differences in research, with word ratings offering a more accurate measure of region-specific lexical nuances than current databases.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"141 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145972023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
An asymmetry in word-internal Chinese-English code-switching: A PFIC-based account 词内汉英语码转换的不对称性：基于pfic的解释
IF 3.6 1区 文学
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1017/s1366728925100916
Jen Ting
{"title":"An asymmetry in word-internal Chinese-English code-switching: A PFIC-based account","authors":"Jen Ting","doi":"10.1017/s1366728925100916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728925100916","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates an asymmetry in (Mandarin) Chinese-English word-internal code-switching: while Chinese inflectional morphemes readily attach to English verbs, Chinese derivational morphemes are consistently rejected when combined with English lexical bases. This pattern raises questions about how the free morpheme constraint should be formulated in bilingual grammar. Building on the phonetic form (PF) interface condition, as proposed in MacSwan’s [Generative approaches to codeswitching. In B. E. Bullock &amp; A. J. Toribio (Eds.), <jats:italic>The Cambridge handbook of linguistic code-switching</jats:italic> (pp. 309–335). Cambridge University Press (2009)], we argue that the asymmetry is best explained in a lexicalist model that permits post-syntactic affixation. In this approach, inflectional morphology may attach at PF through PF merger, whereas derivational morphology is assembled prior to syntax. The observed asymmetry thus follows from the distribution of morphology across components and the conditions governing the mapping from syntax to phonology. The findings show that derivational timing shapes code-switching, support the viability of lexicalist models that permit post-syntactic affixation, and indicate that word-internal code-switching is permitted under specific interface conditions.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145968408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Partial lexical and complete semantic suppression of a task-irrelevant language in bilingual word recognition 双语词识别中任务无关语言的部分词汇和完全语义抑制
IF 3.6 1区 文学
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-01-06 DOI: 10.1017/s136672892510093x
Liv Hoversten, Clara Martin
{"title":"Partial lexical and complete semantic suppression of a task-irrelevant language in bilingual word recognition","authors":"Liv Hoversten, Clara Martin","doi":"10.1017/s136672892510093x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s136672892510093x","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies suggest that bilinguals can quickly identify the language to which a word belongs in order to suppress a task-irrelevant language. The current study tested whether nontarget language suppression occurs at the lexical and/or semantic levels and whether the degree of processing differs across these representational levels. Spanish–Basque bilinguals classified words by language membership and animacy, and event-related potential (ERP) results demonstrated that task demands to attend to a single target language reduced frequency effects and eliminated concreteness effects for words in the nontarget language. Results support a partially selective mechanism of bilingual language control based on task demands such that words belonging to the nontarget language are only partially processed at the lexical level and are not processed at a deeper semantic level. These findings specify the locus of bilingual language control in comprehension and call for revisions to models of bilingual visual word recognition such as BIA+.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145903622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Heritage language in a border-shift context: Differential input effects on sentence comprehension 边界转移语境下的传统语言：不同输入对句子理解的影响
IF 3.6 1区 文学
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1017/s1366728925100904
Arthur Stepanov, Sara Andreetta, Matic Pavlič
{"title":"Heritage language in a border-shift context: Differential input effects on sentence comprehension","authors":"Arthur Stepanov, Sara Andreetta, Matic Pavlič","doi":"10.1017/s1366728925100904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728925100904","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines sentence comprehension in two <jats:italic>in-situ</jats:italic> heritage Slovene communities in Italy’s border-shift context, comparing the Gorizia/Trieste (N = 66) and Natisone Valley (N = 43) adult populations with monolingual Slovene speakers. While both heritage groups operate in Italian-dominant bilingual environments near the Slovenian border, they differ in Slovene exposure due to varying institutional support. Using a sentence–picture verification task, this study examines comprehension of non-canonical word order, relative clauses and cataphoric dependencies. The Gorizia/Trieste group performed comparably to monolinguals, demonstrating strong sensitivity to case morphology and syntactic processing. Conversely, the Natisone group showed reduced accuracy and longer response times across all domains, reflecting case system vulnerability and processing limitations linked to reduced exposure. These findings highlight the important role of active maintenance and institutional support, independent of geographical proximity to the mainland, in shaping heritage language grammars and their use.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"42 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145893673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Persistence of situational language balance in bilingual switching: Evidence from carryover of proactive language control 双语转换中情境语言平衡的持续性：来自主动语言控制的延续的证据
IF 3.6 1区 文学
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1017/s1366728925100874
Iring Koch, Luz María Sánchez, Chiara Koch, Tanja C. Roembke, Andrea M. Philipp, Mathieu Declerck
{"title":"Persistence of situational language balance in bilingual switching: Evidence from carryover of proactive language control","authors":"Iring Koch, Luz María Sánchez, Chiara Koch, Tanja C. Roembke, Andrea M. Philipp, Mathieu Declerck","doi":"10.1017/s1366728925100874","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728925100874","url":null,"abstract":"Proactive language control is thought to regulate the interference from the nontarget language in bilingual contexts in a sustained way. This study examined the persistence of proactive control in cued picture naming. Participants first named pictures in L1 (German) and L2 (English) in pure blocks, then in mixed language blocks and finally again in pure blocks. In mixed blocks, there were language switch costs, and L1 responses were generally slower than L2 responses (“L1 slowing”). Critically, L1 remained slower than L2 even in postmixing single-language blocks. This persisting L1 slowing suggests overshooting control that downregulates lexical access to L1 representations in a sustained manner. Yet, this persistence of L1 slowing was found only in the first single-language block after the mixed language blocks and no longer in the second postmixing block, suggesting that proactive control has inertia but dissipates over time.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"50 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145893670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Working memory exertion after simultaneous interpreting in bilinguals 双语者同声传译后工作记忆的消耗
IF 3.6 1区 文学
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition Pub Date : 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1017/s1366728925100898
Isabelle Chou, Agustina Birba, Jiehui Hu, Edinson Muñoz, Guoqing Kwon, Adolfo M. García
{"title":"Working memory exertion after simultaneous interpreting in bilinguals","authors":"Isabelle Chou, Agustina Birba, Jiehui Hu, Edinson Muñoz, Guoqing Kwon, Adolfo M. García","doi":"10.1017/s1366728925100898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728925100898","url":null,"abstract":"Simultaneous interpreting (SI), a challenging task enabled by bilingualism, is claimed to distinctly tax working memory (WM). However, causal designs are missing, limiting our understanding of the phenomenon. We recruited 50 Chinese-English bilinguals and assessed their WM performance (alongside inhibitory and fluency outcomes) before and after L1–L2 SI or a control task (text comprehension). WM scores (especially under high-demand, multimodal conditions) increased after text comprehension but not after SI, adjusting for age of L2 appropriation, years of L2 use, L2 proficiency and SI competence. Of note, WM was assessed immediately before and after SI, ruling out other cognitive influences. Conversely, no distinct patterns were observed on inhibitory or fluency tasks. Briefly, this activity seems to hinder practice-related WM gains – a finding that expands contemporary accounts of interpreting.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"25 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145893671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A theoretically driven and empirically grounded calculation for language dominance and degree of multilingualism 语言优势和多语程度的理论驱动和经验基础计算
IF 3.6 1区 文学
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition Pub Date : 2025-12-29 DOI: 10.1017/s1366728925100849
Xuanyi Jessica Chen, Esti Blanco-Elorrieta
{"title":"A theoretically driven and empirically grounded calculation for language dominance and degree of multilingualism","authors":"Xuanyi Jessica Chen, Esti Blanco-Elorrieta","doi":"10.1017/s1366728925100849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728925100849","url":null,"abstract":"Bilingualism research has long been challenged by a lack of a unified approach to quantifying language dominance and degree of multilingualism. While numerous questionnaires (e.g., LHQ, BLP, LEAP‑Q, and LUQ) provide valuable data on language background variables, they lack a standardized formula to compute key measures from it. We introduce two formulas that synthesize critical linguistic variables to efficiently calculate language dominance and a multilingualism score that ranges from perfect monolingualism to native-like proficiency in multiple languages. Validation across two large datasets shows our dominance measure closely aligns with more complex PCA methods while being simpler and more efficient.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145847160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The longitudinal development of L2 complex syntax in Arabic-English refugee children: sources of individual differences and comparison of measures of syntax 阿拉伯-英语难民儿童第二语言复杂句法的纵向发展：个体差异的来源和句法测量的比较
IF 3.6 1区 文学
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition Pub Date : 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1017/s1366728925100862
Hannah Bou-Lai Lam, Johanne Paradis, Adriana Soto-Corominas, Redab Al-Janaideh, Xi Chen, Alexandra Gottardo
{"title":"The longitudinal development of L2 complex syntax in Arabic-English refugee children: sources of individual differences and comparison of measures of syntax","authors":"Hannah Bou-Lai Lam, Johanne Paradis, Adriana Soto-Corominas, Redab Al-Janaideh, Xi Chen, Alexandra Gottardo","doi":"10.1017/s1366728925100862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728925100862","url":null,"abstract":"We examined the growth of English-L2 clausal density (CD) in narrative language samples from 129 school-age Syrian refugee children during their first 5 years of residency in Canada. First, we found that CD showed unique developmental trajectories from MLUw, and relatively rapid acquisition, consistent with studies with non-refugee participants. Second, faster growth in CD was associated with superior cognitive abilities and higher maternal education. An older-age advantage was found at Time 1, but a younger-age advantage emerged across Time 2–3. Factors more specific to the refugee experience (time in refugee camps and wellbeing difficulties) also predicted variance in CD and MLUw development but to a lesser extent. Finally, modeling performance on sentence repetition tasks revealed stronger contributions of lexical diversity and MLUw than CD. We conclude that complex syntax is relatively resilient in the L2 acquisition of refugee children and that CD in naturalistic production and SRT capture different abilities.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145777577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Bilinguals differ from monolinguals in attentional resource allocation during spoken language processing: pupillometry evidence 双语者与单语者在口语加工过程中注意资源分配的差异：瞳孔测量证据
IF 3.6 1区 文学
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition Pub Date : 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1017/s1366728925100795
Wenfu Bao, Claude Alain, Michael Thaut, Monika Molnar
{"title":"Bilinguals differ from monolinguals in attentional resource allocation during spoken language processing: pupillometry evidence","authors":"Wenfu Bao, Claude Alain, Michael Thaut, Monika Molnar","doi":"10.1017/s1366728925100795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728925100795","url":null,"abstract":"Bilingual experience may enhance attentional control, but little work has addressed whether monolinguals and bilinguals differ in allocating attentional resources. Focusing on speech processing, we examined listening effort via pupillometry in English monolinguals and simultaneous bilinguals, while they listened to passages in a familiar or unfamiliar language. Results demonstrated similar pupil responses across conditions in bilinguals, yet monolinguals showed significantly larger pupil size when listening to the unfamiliar language than the familiar one. Further, more English exposure (especially a longer stay in an English-speaking family) correlated with smaller pupil size in the familiar language condition. Overall, our findings suggest that bilinguals tend to exhibit greater listening effort than monolinguals, and a more cognitively demanding situation (i.e., listening to an unknown language) requires more effort in monolinguals. With this, we broadened the scope of research on bilingual cognition and demonstrated that bilingualism affects attentional resource allocation in spoken language processing.","PeriodicalId":8758,"journal":{"name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145765093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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