Atmospheric Research最新文献

{"title":"Quantitative study of snow sublimation in the Altai Mountains","authors":"He Jianqiao ,&nbsp;He Xiaodong ,&nbsp;Jiang Xi ,&nbsp;Zhang Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The sublimation of snow has a major impact on the global climate. We present a simple empirical formula that allows snow sublimation to be quantified on the interannual scale in the Altai Mountains. This empirical formula is based on the fitting of measured temperature and snow water equivalent (SWE) data for midwinter collected between 2011 and 2018 at the Koktokay snow station, located at the outlet of the Kayiertesi River Basin. The results suggest that there is a best-fitting linear relationship (<em>r</em> = −0.98; <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001) between the temperature and snow sublimation rates. The low sublimation rate, which was only 0.2 mm day⁻¹, corresponded to a low air temperature and high relative humidity, and the sublimation loss accounted for 2.6 % and 5.6 % of the annual precipitation and snowfall, respectively. Based on the proposed empirical formula and the hourly meteorological data from the ERA5 Land reanalysis, we calculated the sublimation rate in the Irtysh River Basin from 2011 to 2018. The results reveal that the cumulative snow sublimation loss was 14.3 mm y⁻¹, comprising 8.2 % of the snowfall and 3.9 % of the annual precipitation. Due to the relative ease of collecting field observations of the temperature and SWE, this simple formula, which has a high level of goodness of fit, is more applicable to the study of issues related to snow mass balance over long time scales in the Altai Mountains, and it also provides support for local snowmelt flood warning and water resource management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"321 ","pages":"Article 108109"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143738170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of the Summer North Pacific Victoria Mode on Autumn Rainfall over the Greater Mekong Subregion","authors":"Meiyi Hou ,&nbsp;Ruowen Yang ,&nbsp;Shu Gui ,&nbsp;Qucheng Chu ,&nbsp;Rujuan Lv ,&nbsp;Rui Chen ,&nbsp;Jiwei Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108106","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the influence of the summer Victoria Mode (VM) in the North Pacific on autumn precipitation over the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) between 1980 and 2010. The results show a statistically significant negative correlation between the summer VM (June–August: JJA) and autumn rainfall (August–October: ASO) in the GMS, which is independent of the effects of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) from the preceding winter. The positive phase of the summer VM leads to reduced autumn rainfall in key areas such as Yunnan Province, southern Myanmar, western and central Thailand, and central and southern Cambodia. Here we explored the dynamic mechanisms that link the summer VM to GMS rainfall, and identified three primary pathways: (1) the modulation of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies and the development of a cyclonic circulation over the South China Sea, which reduces moisture transport to the GMS; (2) induced low-level divergence over the GMS, which suppresses ascending air motion; and (3) the propagation of a Rossby wave train that influences geopotential height anomalies and upper-level convergence around the GMS. These findings enhance our understanding of extratropical influences on autumn precipitation in the GMS and suggest that the summer VM could serve as a valuable predictor for seasonal rainfall forecasts, thereby assisting disaster prevention and mitigation efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"321 ","pages":"Article 108106"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143777560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deeper NOx emission reductions toward better air quality in the Yangtze River Delta: Numerical evidences from NOx and VOCs emissions control measures","authors":"Chaoshun Liu ,&nbsp;Junyue Wang ,&nbsp;Chungang Fang ,&nbsp;Kaixu Bai","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108103","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108103","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mitigating air pollution in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), one of China's most densely populated regions, is critical for reducing pollution-related health impacts. This study uses the WRF-Chem model to simulate the concentrations of two key pollutants, PM_2.5 and O₃, and to assess their responses to various emission control measures. Our objective is to provide actionable insights for designing effective clean air policies to improve future air quality in the YRD. The sensitivity analysis using the Comprehensive Air Quality Index (CAQI) underscores the complex interactions between PM_2.5, O₃, and reductions in NOx and VOC emissions. Notably, NOx reductions exhibit the greatest potential for lowering CAQI in summer, but in winter, the positive effects on PM_2.5 reduction may be offset by higher O₃ levels. Despite this trade-off, deep NOx emission cuts remain the most effective strategy for controlling both PM_2.5 and O₃ pollution in the YRD. These findings provide critical numerical insights and serve as a strong foundation for policymakers to develop targeted air quality management strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"321 ","pages":"Article 108103"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143738172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimation of all-sky downwelling longwave radiation over the Tibetan Plateau using an improved parameterization scheme","authors":"Peizhen Li ,&nbsp;Lei Zhong ,&nbsp;Yaoming Ma ,&nbsp;Yuting Qi ,&nbsp;Zixin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108107","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108107","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Downwelling longwave radiation (DLR) is crucial for the global energy cycle. The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is a focal point in global energy cycle research owing to its distinct geographical position and remarkably high elevation. At present, the DLR estimates under clear-sky conditions are relatively mature, but only a few studies have specifically estimated the DLR under all-sky conditions. Moreover, some of these methods still need to be improved with regard to spatial resolution and accuracy when applied over the TP. The primary challenge is the uncertainty of cloud radiation effects and the atmospheric conditions beneath the clouds. Current parameterization schemes often rely solely on near-surface meteorological parameters and the cloud fraction, which are insufficient for characterizing the thermal differences between the cloud base and the surface. Additionally, optical sensors are limited by their penetration depth and cannot directly provide information on the cloud base. By combining satellite data, meteorological forcing data, reanalysis temperature profiles, and land surface temperature datasets and simultaneously considering the thermal radiation contributions from both the atmosphere below clouds and the cloud layer itself, the all-sky DLR over the TP was estimated. With the introduction of a low-cloud correction scheme and the incorporation of multiple temperature and humidity input parameters when estimating the radiation contribution from the atmosphere below clouds, these improvements further enhance the accuracy. The precision of this study is comparable to that of CERES-SYN, with RMSEs below 30 W m⁻² at any timescale, and more detailed spatial variations can be presented due to the higher spatial resolution. A comparison with existing DLR estimation schemes shows that this study achieves more accurate results without the need for local calibration with preobtained in situ data. Therefore, this method shows the potential for application across various regions globally to further improve the precision of DLR estimation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"321 ","pages":"Article 108107"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143784022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of high-resolution summer precipitation data for Xinjiang Region by fusing satellite retrieval products and Gauge observations","authors":"Qian Huang ,&nbsp;Ze Chen ,&nbsp;Qing He ,&nbsp;Chen Jin ,&nbsp;Wanpeng Qi ,&nbsp;Suxiang Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108105","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;High-resolution precipitation data aid climate research and forecasting, reveal precipitation mechanisms, assess extreme events, provide empirical support for models, enhance prediction accuracy, and have application value for weather forecasting and beyond. The Xinjiang region of China, characterized by its vast expanse and complex terrain, exhibits a pronounced spatial and temporal disparity in precipitation distribution. Traditional ground meteorological observation stations are sparse and unevenly distributed, leading to considerable limitations and uncertainties in precipitation observation data. The Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement products (i.e., IMERG) provide new-generation satellite precipitation measurements, but they are inaccurate in regions with complex terrain. Leveraging the advantages of multiple data sources to achieve complementary fusion of precipitation data can effectively increase the accuracy and spatiotemporal resolution of data. In this study, we proposed a merged (automatic weather station and IMERG measurements) high-spatiotemporal resolution (0.1° × 0.1°) hourly precipitation product (M-AWSI), and then evaluated its applications. For the 2027 AWS in Xinjiang, the RBFN (radial basis function neural network) method was used to obtain the gridded data, and RBFN can overcome the insufficient of traditional interpolation in local approximation ability. Furtherly, the gridded data is fused with the IMERG data by using an optimized probability matching total correction scheme, where multiple constraints are incorporated, such as effective correction radius and distance weight correction to avoid temporal and spatial discontinuity of the data in neighboring areas. Compared with observational data, the IMERG product effectively captures the spatial distribution characteristics of precipitation in the Xinjiang region. However, it exhibits significant underestimation of heavy precipitation and overestimations of weak precipitation, while failing to accurately depict the peak time in the diurnal precipitation variation. The M-AWSI data have markedly elevated the representation indices for daily precipitation across various intensities, with particularly prominent performance in augmenting the hit rate for identifying heavy rain and rainstorm events. Furthermore, in relation to the hourly probability density distribution and the attributes of daily precipitation variability, the alignment between M-AWSI and observational data has been significantly strengthened. Additionally, the M-AWSI data demonstrates a substantial improvement in its ability to represent extreme precipitation zones and their evolutionary characteristics compared to IMERG data. The M-AWSI data effectively overcomes the limitations of IMERG, which tend to underestimate heavy precipitation and overestimate weak precipitation. The establishment of this dataset will contribute to a deeper understanding of precipita","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"321 ","pages":"Article 108105"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143738171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the spatial and temporal evolution pattern of PM2.5 and its influencing factors on the Loess Plateau","authors":"Chaoya Zhang ,&nbsp;Peng Li ,&nbsp;Yongxia Meng ,&nbsp;Zhiwei Cui ,&nbsp;Lei Pei","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108108","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108108","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a major source of atmospheric pollution, the spatiotemporal evolution patterns and influencing factors of PM_2.5 are crucial for the regulation of air quality. The Loess Plateau, a vital ecological barrier in China, is a transitional zone for northwest dust transport and eastern industrial pollution, making its environmental issues particularly significant. With its fragile ecosystem, PM_2.5 pollution not only degrades air quality but may also exacerbate soil erosion and ecological degradation. Understanding PM_2.5 distribution patterns is essential for formulating regional ecological protection strategies and promoting sustainable development. However, research on the spatiotemporal distribution and influencing factors of air pollutants in this region remains limited. This study analyzed PM_2.5 vector data from 2010 to 2020 to explore its spatiotemporal characteristics and influencing factors. Results indicate that the annual mean PM_2.5 concentration decreased during this period, from 44.570 μg·m⁻³ in 2010 to 30.207 μg·m⁻³ in 2020, a decrease of 32.25 %. In terms of spatial distribution, the PM_2.5 concentration shows a pattern of ‘high in the southeast and low in the northwest’, with hotspots mainly concentrated in the provinces of Henan, Shanxi, and Shaanxi, and cold spots in Inner Mongolia and Qinghai. Through geodetectors and correlation analyses, it was found that natural factors (e.g., altitude, temperature, and precipitation) had a significantly greater influence on PM_2.5 concentrations than socioeconomic factors. In particular, elevation (DEM) had the strongest explanatory power for PM_2.5 concentrations and was significantly negatively correlated with PM_2.5 concentrations. It was also found that PM_2.5 concentrations were significantly higher in winter than in other seasons, mainly due to low winter temperatures, inversions, and residents' reliance on coal for heating. The airflow in Xi'an and Taiyuan mainly originated from the north-west, with 53.53 % and 58.09 %, respectively. Potential source areas for Xi'an included Guangyuan, Yuncheng, Xiangyang, and Yan'an, while Taiyuan's sources were primarily Shijiazhuang (Hebei) and Zhengzhou (Henan). Overall, the control of PM_2.5 pollution in the Loess Plateau has achieved remarkable results, but interregional synergistic management and ecological protection still need to be strengthened in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"321 ","pages":"Article 108108"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143777558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Persistent O3 pollution over the North China Plain during the advancement of East Asian summer monsoon: Process analysis and interannual difference","authors":"Libo Gao ,&nbsp;Tijian Wang ,&nbsp;Xuejuan Ren ,&nbsp;Yawei Qu ,&nbsp;Hao Wu ,&nbsp;Mengmeng Li ,&nbsp;Min Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The North China Plain (NCP) experiences the most severe persistent (≥3 days) ozone pollution (POP) across China. The study investigates the POP events during the advancement of EASM using the regional climate-chemistry-ecology model RegCM-Chem-YIBs. Summers from May to August are divided into the Meiyu-flood (MYF) period, and the periods before and after. Over the past ten years, most POP events occurred in the MYF period and its preceding period, with the longest duration and highest intensity during the MYF period. A notable peak was observed in 2017, with a significant increase in POP frequency across all three monsoon periods. Process analysis and sensitivity experiments for the 2017 events were conducted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. In the PreF period, POP events are associated with the Baikal ridge and a high-pressure system over the NCP region. Chemical reactions, vertical advection, and turbulent transport facilitate the accumulation of surface O₃, while horizontal advection has a negative effect. The most severe POP events occur in the MYF period, driven by a stable and strong Baikal ridge and a relatively weak Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH). Local chemical reactions and advections contribute significantly to these events. In the PostF period, POP events are rare due to a significant decrease in solar radiation. Compared to 2016, 2017 featured a stronger and earlier-established Baikal ridge and a weaker, later-jumped WPSH, leading to an increase of 2.0–2.3 ppb hr⁻¹ in the O₃ chemical production rate during early summer. Our findings indicate that the timing of the Baikal ridge establishment and the WPSH's strength and movement significantly influence POP events over the NCP. Interannual differences in the EASM process can modulate local atmospheric circulation and determine POP frequency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"321 ","pages":"Article 108104"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation on subseasonal wet-dry rapid transition over the middle and low reaches of the Yangtze River Valley","authors":"Can Cao ,&nbsp;Zhiwei Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108092","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108092","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study identified two distinct categories of subseasonal precipitation events (SPEs) over the middle and low reaches of the Yangtze River Valley (MLYRV) during boreal summer based on the wet-dry rapid transition (WDRT) phenomenon, namely: subseasonal WDRT precipitation events (SRTPEs) and non-WDRT precipitation event (SNPEs). Although after cessations of these two events, area-averaged negative intraseasonal precipitation anomalies over the MLYRV both reach their peaks at pentad 2, the amplitude is greater for SRTPEs, in contrast to SNPEs. In conjunction with the stronger negative precipitation anomaly, the intensity of the anomalous descending motion at 500 hPa and the moisture flux divergence anomaly at 700 hPa averaged over the MLYRV are larger for SRTPEs. Furthermore, observational and model results reveal that the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) activities over the western North Pacific (WNP) are more vigorous for SRTPEs and the BSISO variations serve as a pivotal origin for discrepancies in these two dynamic factors at pentad 2 through the linear dry dynamic process. In order to elucidate underlying mechanisms of the area-averaged BSISO convection change, moisture budget and multi-scale interaction diagnoses are conducted and results underscore the crucial role of the difference in regionally averaged vertical gradient of low-frequency background moisture over the WNP in driving such BSISO convection variation. Additionally, some individual cases of SRTPEs and SNPEs are also examined. These discoveries provide us with a novel perspective to comprehend diversities of SPEs over the MLYRV and may contribute potentially to the subseasonal forecasting for this region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"321 ","pages":"Article 108092"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143777559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pacific decadal oscillation modulates the decadal variations of spring Eurasian snow cover","authors":"Taotao Zhang ,&nbsp;Haishan Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108102","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The prominent decadal variations can be observed in the warming-induced long-term decline of Eurasian spring snow cover, which have reversed or accelerated the decreasing trend during some periods, making the understanding and prediction of the response of snow cover to climate warming more complicated. However, it remains unknown what contributes to such decadal variations. This study reveals that the spring snow cover over the mid-high latitudes of Eurasia features a consistent oscillation on the decadal timescale, which is tightly associated with the preceding winter Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The sea surface temperature anomaly related to the winter PDO can persist into the following spring and excite an anomalous wave train type circulation extending eastward from North Pacific to Eurasia. In the positive PDO phases, there is an anticyclonic and a cyclonic circulation over northern Europe and northeast Eurasia that would reduce the surface air temperature over northern Eurasia via favoring the cold advection and negative diabatic heating. Consequently, the decreased air temperature is conducive to forming the positive anomaly of snow cover. Our results can provide a valuable clue for the decadal prediction of spring Eurasian snow cover variations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"321 ","pages":"Article 108102"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143747051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data assimilation of weather radar reflectivity with a blending hydrometer retrieval scheme for two convective storms in East China","authors":"Feifei Shen ,&nbsp;Shen Wan ,&nbsp;Hong Li ,&nbsp;Jingyao Luo ,&nbsp;Zhixin He ,&nbsp;Haiyan Fei ,&nbsp;Lixin Song ,&nbsp;Qilong Sun ,&nbsp;Dongmei Xu ,&nbsp;Jiajun Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108110","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108110","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Based on the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and its data assimilation (DA) system, different hydrometeor retrieval schemes are explored in the indirect assimilation of radar reflectivity for two convective storm cases occurred in Jiangsu and Anhui. In indirect radar reflectivity data assimilation, two frequently-used hydrometeor retrieval methods exist: background-temperature-dependent (BTD) and background-hydrometeors-dependent (BHD) schemes. The BTD method empirically assigns contribution ratio of hydrometeors to the total equivalent reflectivity across different background temperature thresholds. The BHD scheme derives each type of hydrometeor based on proportions estimated from the background for different heights and reflectivity intervals. In this study, an adaptive blending scheme is developed to integrate the BTD and BHD methods. This approach aims to mitigate errors associated with empirical temperature relationships and the fixed proportion of the weights for snow and graupel in the BTD scheme and with uncertainties inherent in the hydrometers from the background in the BHB scheme. The standard deviations of the hydrometeor mixing ratios from each scheme based on surrounding 25 grid points are utilized to derive weights that dynamically blend the contributions of the two methods. The results from the Exp_hydro experiment using the blending scheme demonstrate that this approach adaptively adjusts the hydrometeor weights of the other two retrieval schemes in response to background changes during the DA cycle. Consequently, the analysis achieves hydrometeor mixing ratios that are more consistent with the background conditions. Furthermore, the forecasts from the Exp_hydro experiment demonstrate that blending scheme improves the accuracy of the reflectivity echo structure and surface wind in the short term for the Jiangsu case. For the Anhui case, the FSSs for precipitation and reflectivity further demonstrate the measurable improvements of the blending hydrometeor retrieval scheme.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"321 ","pages":"Article 108110"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143777561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}