Atmospheric Research最新文献

{"title":"Spatiotemporal correlations and driving factors of multiple drought in Central Asia","authors":"Kaiya Sun ,&nbsp;Peng Yang ,&nbsp;Jun Xia ,&nbsp;Heqing Huang ,&nbsp;Yaning Chen ,&nbsp;Yanchao Zhu ,&nbsp;Caiyuan Wang ,&nbsp;Ping Yao ,&nbsp;Lu Chen ,&nbsp;Jingxia Song ,&nbsp;Xiaorui Shi ,&nbsp;Xixi Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108199","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108199","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The intensification of global change and the escalation of anthropogenic activities have significantly exacerbated drought severity in Central Asia (CA), thereby posing critical challenges to the sustainability of local ecosystems and socioeconomic development. Although current research primarily focuses on changes in drought trends, a comprehensive analysis of the spatiotemporal correlations between regional climatic droughts and their underlying driving factors remains notably absent. Therefore, this study systematically examined the spatiotemporal correlations and driving factors of climatic droughts in CA from 1948 to 2022. The results indicated that: (1) over the past approximately 80 years, significant increases in both the intensity (i.e., rising by 174 %) and spatial extent (i.e., expanding by 138.4 %) of drought events were observed in CA, highlighting the escalating severity and widespread impact of this climatic phenomenon, (2) in 74.5 % of CA, meteorological drought exhibited a significant Granger causal relationship with hydrological drought, marked by a substantial influence (F &gt; 1), while hydrological drought significantly impacted agricultural drought across nearly the entire region, and (3) soil moisture (SM) predominantly influences hydrological drought, with regions exhibiting a relative importance degree (RID) above 0.3 covering 71.4 % of CA. Conversely, snow water equivalent and evapotranspiration significantly impact meteorological drought across 50.4 % of CA. The significance of this study lies in its provision of a scientific basis for drought risk assessment and the formulation of climate adaptation policies in CA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"324 ","pages":"Article 108199"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143941181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the meteorological factors and atmospheric circulation factors over SPEI drought index in Haihe River Basin, China","authors":"Buliao Guan ,&nbsp;Qingming Wang ,&nbsp;Shan Jiang ,&nbsp;Yong Zhao ,&nbsp;Haihong Li ,&nbsp;Huanyu Chang ,&nbsp;Wenjing Yang ,&nbsp;Guohua He ,&nbsp;Yong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108182","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108182","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Drought will cause huge losses to humans. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore the factors that control drought, and the changes that cause it in the context of global warming. Although drought is controlled by multiple factors, few studies have comprehensively considered the multiple controlling factors' effects at different time scales. For the Haihe River Basin (northern China), we investigated trends in meteorological drought and associated meteorological and atmospheric circulation factors for 1960–2017 using Mann-Kendall tests and wavelet transform coherence (WTC) analysis. Multiple wavelet coherence analysis was used to examine the multiple factors' combined effects at different time scales. The Standard Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index, an index of drought, decreased by 0.138 per decade, and the climate became warmer and drier over the 58 years. The meteorological factors with the greatest influence on drought were relative humidity (RH), the combination of mean temperature (T_mean) and RH, and the combination of T_mean, RH, and sunshine duration. Atmospheric circulation factors most affecting drought were the Arctic Oscillation (AO), the combination of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and AO, and the combination of AO, PDO, and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Among the mixed two-factor combinations, the combination of RH and the El Niño Southern Oscillation had the largest impact on drought. The impact of meteorological on drought was greater than that of the atmospheric circulation factors. More research on teleconnections of drought signals is needed to prevent drought.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 108182"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144089906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the origin of moisture for the precipitation of North Atlantic extratropical cyclones: Insights from downscaled ERA5","authors":"Patricia Coll-Hidalgo ,&nbsp;Raquel Nieto ,&nbsp;José Carlos Fernández-Alvarez ,&nbsp;Luis Gimeno","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108205","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108205","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extratropical cyclones (ECs) are large-scale synoptic weather systems characterised by complex mesoscale precipitation-generating features. Unresolved questions remain regarding how their water budget varies depending on the origin of the rainfall. This study aims to address this gap by examining the variability in moisture uptake patterns across EC precipitation structures. To achieve this, 237 cases were selected during the maximum deep phase over the North Atlantic (NATL). The study utilizes ERA5 downscaled simulations and Lagrangian moisture source diagnostics to identify key moisture parameters. We compare different precipitation-targeting approaches, including the radius, Warm Conveyor Belt (WCB) footprint, and square root spiral contours centred on the EC. The radius approach captures central precipitation and innermost rainbands, while the WCB target better represents the full extent. The NATL region was divided into sectors to facilitate a detailed analysis of geographic influences and dynamic factors, including moisture availability. Using the radius approach, moisture sources in the western/W and northern/N NATL are predominantly aligned along the Gulf Stream. When considering WCB and spiral targets, the 95th percentile moisture uptake pattern expands into the subtropics. Moisture patterns shift southward and intensify for broader targets. In NNATL ECs, the spiral region's moisture source shows peak uptake at ∼3000 km, exceeding the radial target's 1500 km. WNATL ECs exhibit intense moisture uptake, with a southwest (southeast) source extending up to 4500 (4000) km. In eastern/E NATL, EC-relative composites indicate evenly distributed moisture uptake, constrained within a 2000 km radius.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"324 ","pages":"Article 108205"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143937336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-constraint analysis reveals distinct aerosol effects on high cloud properties at SACOL and SGP sites","authors":"Yang Xia,&nbsp;Jinming Ge,&nbsp;Qingyu Mu,&nbsp;Yue Hu,&nbsp;Nan Peng,&nbsp;Ziyang Qin,&nbsp;Xiang Li,&nbsp;Chi Zhang,&nbsp;Bochun Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108198","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108198","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aerosols significantly influence high cloud microphysical properties, playing a crucial role in Earth's radiation budget. This study introduces an innovative analytical framework that integrates multi-meteorological constraints through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with derivative expansion to disentangle aerosol and ice water content (IWP) effects on high cloud properties. Analyzing satellite and reanalysis datasets (2014–2020), we investigate aerosol-cloud interactions at two mid-latitude continental sites with distinct aerosol compositions: the Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University (SACOL) and the US Southern Great Plains (SGP) atmospheric observatory. By combining multiple meteorological factors into a single indicator, our approach enables an effective quantification of aerosol impacts. We find that aerosols enhance IWP at both sites, with SGP showing markedly higher susceptibility (1.22) than SACOL (0.89). Initial unconstrained analysis of ice particle radius (IPR) revealed opposing trends: decreasing with aerosols at SACOL but increasing at SGP. Through partial correlation analysis, we identified IWP as a key modulator of the IPR-aerosol relationship. After constraining both meteorological and IWP conditions, the increased aerosol concentrations consistently reduce IPR at both sites, resolving the apparent contradiction. Further investigation revealed distinct nucleation mechanisms: sulfate aerosols may dominate homogeneous nucleation, producing numerous smaller ice particles, while dust aerosols facilitate heterogeneous nucleation, forming fewer but larger ice particles when sufficient water vapor is present. These findings advance our understanding of regional variations in aerosol-cloud interactions and provide essential insights for improving cloud microphysics parameterization in climate models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"324 ","pages":"Article 108198"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143937337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of lightning occurrence in the southeastern Brazil and its relationship with polarimetric variables observed by meteorological radar","authors":"Jessika Martins de Souza Lima,&nbsp;Eder Paulo Vendrasco,&nbsp;Thiago Souza Biscaro","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108189","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108189","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The motivation of this research is to contribute to the knowledge about the relationship between the occurrence of lightning and hydrometeors present in storms, through polarimetric observations with meteorological radar and the application of the semi-supervised methodology of <span><span>Besic et al. (2016)</span></span> for the classification of hydrometeors. The objective is to develop a linear regression equation that correlates the mass of hydrometeors with the lightning rate, through the lightning provided by the Earth Networks Total Lightning Network, commonly known as ENTLN, for part of the southeastern region of Brazil. For this, the <em>Z</em>-M relationship between the radar reflectivity and the amount of hydrometeor mass present in the radar volume was used to compare it with the lightning density rate. During the period from 2019 to 2022, it was observed that the reported hail precipitation events coincide with the precipitable graupel indicated through the classification of hydrometeors algorithm. In these events, the trend of ice mass over the hours was similar to that of the observed lightning. The results show a significant correlation between these two parameters for different regions with distinct land cover, urbanization and topography, including ocean. Demonstrating that it is possible to develop empirical equations to relate ice mass to lightning density rates. This approach can contribute to lightning assimilation techniques, aiding in nowcasting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 108189"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143924875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interannual variations in extreme wet spells and their potential causes in Southwest China","authors":"Minggang Li ,&nbsp;Yong Zhao ,&nbsp;Yuan Long ,&nbsp;Ping Shao ,&nbsp;Yang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108194","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108194","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Instead of passively receiving and transmitting air-sea interaction signals from the Pacific Ocean, the view that the Tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) significantly influences the climate of neighbouring continents is becoming increasingly accepted. Through the investigation of interannual variations in extreme wet spells (EWS) and their potential causes across three subregions of Southwest China (SWC), we have discerned the differing impacts of the Indian Ocean Basin mode (IOBM) and ENSO on the interannual variation of EWS in SWC. Specifically, 1) the positive phase of the IOBM favours anomalous diabatic cooling extending from northern India to the northeastern maritime continents, which induces anomalous anticyclonic circulation there and a negative phase of East Asia-Pacific teleconnection, resulting in more EWS in the west Sichuan Plateau; 2) the atmospheric heating anomaly over the maritime continents in the El Niño decaying summertime shows an anomalous diabatic cooling in the northeastern part and anomalous diabatic warming in the southwestern part, which corresponds to a more robust and westward extending western Pacific subtropical high and favours the occurrence of EWS in the Sichuan Basin; 3) to the interannual variation of EWS in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, it is closely related to the anomalous cyclonic circulation covering South China, which is significantly associated with the anomalous diabatic cooling over the Arabian Sea-Bay of Bengal region. Our findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the interannual EWS variations in three subregions of SWC and their possible causes, thereby giving us more insights into the interannual prediction of regional climate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 108194"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143911901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bias correction of CMIP6 GCMs for historical and future air temperatures across China","authors":"Sihao Wei ,&nbsp;Xuejia Wang ,&nbsp;Lanya Liu ,&nbsp;Liya Qie ,&nbsp;Yijia Li ,&nbsp;Qi Wang ,&nbsp;Tao Wang ,&nbsp;Jiayu Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaohua Gou ,&nbsp;Meixue Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108193","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108193","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The CMIP6 global climate models (GCMs) yield a generally large bias in air temperature simulation over China, necessitating corrections before we can rely on their future projections. In this study, we performed air temperature corrections of 26 CMIP6 GCMs using two methods—bias correction method (BC-correction) and quantile mapping (QM-correction), with the CN05.1 observational data serving as the benchmark. We conducted a comparative assessment of the simulation performance of the CMIP6 GCMs and their multi-model ensemble means (MMEs) before and after corrections, considering both temporal and spatial scales across historical and future periods under multiple shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) scenarios. The results show that the BC-correction method substantially rectifies the systematic underestimation of annual mean air temperature in CMIP6 GCMs across China, demonstrating superior performance compared to the QM approach, but with varying correction effects observed across different seasons. The MMEs show efficacy in capturing temporal-spatial variation patterns of air temperature recorded by the CN05.1 observation, however, certain discrepancies persist in specific trend magnitudes and locations. Moreover, compared to the original MME, the BC-corrected MME reveals projected enhanced future warming amplitudes across various timeframes and SSPs relative to the baseline period (1995–2014). This study emphasizes that uncorrected GCMs tend to underestimate projected climate warming across China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 108193"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143911988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The outstanding European and Mediterranean heatwave activity during summer 2022","authors":"R.M. Trigo ,&nbsp;D. Barriopedro ,&nbsp;J.M. Garrido-Perez ,&nbsp;A. Simon ,&nbsp;S.M. Plecha ,&nbsp;A. Teles-Machado ,&nbsp;A. Russo ,&nbsp;R. Garcia-Herrera","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108195","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108195","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The European summer of 2022 was exceptionally warm in the historical record (since mid-19th century). We show that it was a record-breaking summer at European scales since at least 1500 due to three large-scale atmospheric heatwaves, all concurring with a prolonged dry period over Europe and an intense marine heatwave over the Mediterranean. We evaluate the role of dynamical (atmospheric circulation) and thermodynamical (regional soil moisture and western Mediterranean sea surface temperatures) drivers. Flow analogues of the June 2022 heatwave are used to reconstruct the expected temperatures under different combinations of these thermodynamical drivers and assess their separate and combined influences on the intensity of the event. Results show a measurable intensification of the heatwave event (of ∼1 °C) by both dry land and warm sea conditions. We also report asymmetric responses to their combined effects: the influence of warm waters on heatwave intensity is larger when accompanied by dry soils than when soils are wet.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 108195"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143924876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Description of local features associated with wet and dry spell events over Guinea Coast of West Africa","authors":"Oluwaseun W. Ilori ,&nbsp;Debo Z. Adeyewa","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108181","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108181","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the variability of wet and dry spells in the West African Monsoon (WAM) is essential for improving climate prediction and resource management. Using in situ daily rainfall observations from five stations located within the Guinea Coast having at least 99.5 % data record and pass quality control checks. This study examines the characteristics, atmospheric precursors, and large-scale circulation patterns associated with wet and dry spells during the summer monsoon season (1982–2020). Results reveal significant spatial variability, with Port Harcourt recording the highest wet spell frequency (&gt;5 %), longest duration (53.38 days), and largest rainfall contribution (35.83 %). In contrast, Tabligbo experiences the highest dry spell frequency (10.92 %) and longest duration (76.23 days), contributing only 0.46 % to total monsoonal rainfall due to its location in the Dahomey Gap. Composite analysis of 841 wet and 2188 dry spell days shows a dipole-like structure, where wet spells are linked to enhanced southwesterly winds, cyclonic circulation, and increased moisture transport over the Guinea Coast, while dry spells exhibit anomalous westerlies, moisture divergence, and reduced convection. Lead-lag analysis from five days before to six days after spell onset reveals that wet spells are preceded by easterly anomalies at 850 hPa, followed by strengthening southwesterlies at onset, which peak after the onset before weakening. In contrast, dry spells develop under enhanced westerlies, inhibiting convection before onset, with intensified easterlies exporting moisture offshore from the onset. Vertical wind structures further show that wet spells weaken the African Easterly Jet (AEJ) while strengthening the Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ), favoring deep convection, whereas dry spells is associated with deeper and stronger moisture depth that suppress convective development. These findings highlight the role of large-scale circulation in modulating regional wet and dry spells, emphasizing the need for long-term coordinated regional observations to improve monsoon forecasting, climate adaptation, and water resource management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 108181"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143917936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improvements in the prediction of extreme rainfall events with nested high-resolution rapid refresh modelling system over the Indian Himalayan region","authors":"K.B.R.R. Hari Prasad,&nbsp;Ashish Routray,&nbsp;Greeshma M. Mohan,&nbsp;V.S. Prasad","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108191","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108191","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the advantages of employing a nested High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) model for simulating highly localized heavy rainfall events over the Indian Himalayan region, characterized by a complex terrain. Accurate weather prediction in such a region necessitates a model configuration that resolves the underlying terrain features, incorporates optimal physics combinations, and assimilates the most precise atmospheric state. A nested HRRR system with 5 km and 1 km resolutions was developed, incorporating all available quality observations through an hourly assimilation cycle. Three rainfall episodes from July–August 2023 were analyzed, focusing on spatial rainfall, diurnal variations, dynamic, thermodynamic, and microphysical properties. This nested HRRR system could effectively capture the rainfall intensity and location, as it is better tuned to the realistic atmospheric conditions through frequent assimilation of observations, and thereby, the dynamics and thermodynamics are modified. However, a lead or lag of 1–2 h is observed in the diurnal rainfall variation in both domains. The quantitative model evaluation for rainfall, using various statistical skill scores, demonstrates the better performance of the 1 km domain, emphasizing the impact of higher resolution and frequent updates to initial conditions on the high-impact weather simulation accuracy. The spatial verification with the Contiguous Rain Area (CRA) analysis method reveals that pattern errors dominate over displacement errors and highlights improved spatial accuracy. Overall, the comparison between the 5 km and 1 km domains underscores the importance of high-resolution models, combined with frequent updating of initial conditions, for accurately predicting highly localized, high-impact rainfall events over the Indian Himalayan region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 108191"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143906128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}