Atmospheric Research最新文献

{"title":"Outer-core size asymmetry and intensification of North Atlantic tropical cyclones","authors":"Huilin Li,&nbsp;Xiaodong Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108131","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108131","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Challenges persist in accurately predicting tropical cyclone (TC) intensification and intensity change, owing to restricted understanding of the mechanisms involved. Here the relationship between TC asymmetry (TCA) of outer-core wind field and intensification over the North Atlantic is investigated using best-track and satellite-based wind analysis data from 2000 to 2021. The results suggest a negative correlation between TCA and the upper limit of intensification rate (IR), except in nearly symmetric TCs. TC records are categorized into groups of low, medium, and high asymmetry based on the distribution of TCA. The 24-h evolution of TCA and its variation preceding intensification onset reveal significant differences between TCs with low-to-medium and high asymmetry. TCs with low-to-medium asymmetry tend to exhibit axisymmetrization of the wind field under smaller vertical wind shear (VWS). In contrast, highly asymmetric TCs display sharp increases in wind speed on the downshear-left side of greater-magnitude VWS vector, which can reduce vortex tilt and fortifies TC's resilience against VWS. Furthermore, TCs with higher TCA encounter greater challenges during their intensification stage, especially those with lower lifetime maximum intensity (LMI). TCA reflects the worsening disorganization of convection or the expansion of the inner-core wind field, rendering weaker TCs more susceptible to the effects of VWS. These findings underscore the nuanced relationship between TCA and TC intensification, demonstrating that TCA can serve as an additional indicator to improve the accuracy of TC intensity predictions, while also providing novel insights into the mechanisms driving TC intensification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"322 ","pages":"Article 108131"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143834055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of terrain resolution on an extreme snowstorm process over the Southern Tibetan Plateau: Spatial distribution and cloud microphysical processes","authors":"Pengchao An ,&nbsp;Ying Li ,&nbsp;Wei Ye ,&nbsp;Xiaoting Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Precipitation is an essential component of the water cycle over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) in cold seasons. Investigating the impacts of various terrain resolutions in simulations on the precipitation distribution and rain-snow phase transition on the TP helps to understand the sources of simulation error and contributes to assessment and improvement. In this study, three types of terrain resolutions were used to conduct simulation experiments (namely WRF30s, WRF2m and WRF5m) on a large-scale extreme precipitation process over the TP under the influence of a storm over the Bay of Bengal in October 2008 near the Himalayas and the Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon, which serve as representative regions influenced by northward moisture. The results indicate that the terrain resolutions affect the precipitation amount and phase distribution. On the north of the Himalayas, a snowfall-dominated “phase bias” based on “wet bias” is observed above 3 km, which strengthens as the terrain resolution reduces, relating to the stronger water vapor flux transport and larger cold bias resulting from the terrain smoothing. The Bomi station, which is located in the canyon, undergoing a snow-to-rain phase transition influenced by the storm received further attention. The study not only shows the cloud microphysical characteristics of the precipitation on the TP under the influence of storms, but further reveals the snow melting phase transition weakening, manifested as the increase of snowfall accompanied by the decrease of terrain resolution. Further detailed analysis of cloud microphysical process in Bomi shows that the latter is related to the decrease melting rates of snow and graupel caused by the compression of the melting layer when the terrain near canyon increases with terrain resolution decrease. Consequently, the distribution and phase transition of precipitation on the TP induced by terrain resolutions requires attention during the simulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"322 ","pages":"Article 108117"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143816217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the inter-model spread of tropical cyclone genesis frequency over the North Atlantic in CMIP6 models","authors":"Boyang Wang ,&nbsp;Jian Cao ,&nbsp;Jiawei Feng ,&nbsp;Chao Wang ,&nbsp;Haikun Zhao ,&nbsp;Liguang Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108128","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108128","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The simulation of tropical cyclone (TC) genesis in the North Atlantic (NA) has long posed a challenge for coupled models, showing significant inter-model spread of TC numbers in the NA main development region and its ratio to the Northern Hemisphere total. This ratio is referred to as relative tropical cyclone genesis frequency (RTCGF). By explicitly detecting TCs from the historical simulations of 30 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) models, we found that the RTCGF ranges from 0.2 % to 18.9 %, compared to 14.8 % in the observations. This diversity in RTCGF across models is mainly affected by large-scale conditions and African easterly waves, whereas the impact from model resolution is limited. The differences in large-scale conditions originate from the relative sea surface temperature (SST) in the NA compared to the tropics. A higher relative SST triggers the convergence of westerly from the Pacific Ocean and easterly from Africa toward the NA, which enhances low-troposphere vorticity, mid-troposphere ascending motion, and moist convection, creating more favorable large-scale conditions for TC genesis. However, vertical wind shear is less affected by relative SST and has a minor role in the inter-model spread of TC genesis. Further analysis demonstrates that the horizontal resolution is not the key for accurately simulating relative SST and the activity of African easterly waves in the current coupled models. Our findings suggest that model physics may be more relevant to TC activity in coupled models with a resolution of approximately 1–2°.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"322 ","pages":"Article 108128"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143824518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Likelihoods of compound dry-hot-windy events are projected to increase under global warming","authors":"Qian Ma,&nbsp;Zengchao Hao,&nbsp;Yitong Zhang,&nbsp;Yuting Pang","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dry, hot, and windy conditions are detrimental factors that can wither and burn up vegetation. Moreover, the combination of them, as represented by concurrences of low relative humidity, high temperature, and high wind speed, can lead to even higher impacts on agricultural production or wildfires, which is still under-assessed. Here we investigate spatial pattern of and changes in the compound dry-hot-windy (DHW) events in historical periods (1951–2014) and future periods (2037–2100) across global areas (including crop regions and burned areas) based on the fifth generation ECMWF reanalysis (ERA5) and climate model simulations from Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project 6 (CMIP6). An increase in the likelihood (or frequency) of compound DHW events is observed in historical periods and can be even higher in the future across global land areas. Specifically, the projected frequency of compound DHW events in the future period under the SSP585 scenario nearly triples the value in historical periods. Moreover, the increase in compound DHW events is also projected in ten main wheat exporters, in particular for Europe, Argentina, Turkey, and Brazil. Over global burn areas, the higher risk of compound DHW events during fire seasons is also projected in the future. Findings from this study can be useful for agricultural planning and natural resources management under a changing climate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"322 ","pages":"Article 108119"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143820879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of extreme heatwaves in Southern China in August 2022 and 2024","authors":"Kangjie Ma ,&nbsp;Hainan Gong ,&nbsp;Lin Wang ,&nbsp;Hongjie Fang ,&nbsp;Wen Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108116","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In August 2022 and 2024, Southern China experienced unprecedented heatwaves. Using ERA5 reanalysis data, we conducted a comparative analysis of the similarities and differences between these two extreme heatwaves. Our findings reveal that while the 2024 heatwave was less intense than the one in 2022, it was more concentrated in late August, unlike the prolonged heatwave in 2022, which spanned the entire month. Despite these variations in intensity and duration, both heatwaves were driven by a common atmospheric mechanism: anomalous easterly winds resulted in subsidence and significant temperature anomalies across Southern China. These easterly winds were closely associated with an anticyclone anomaly over the region, influenced by an upstream wave train from Europe. Crucially, warm sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the Barents Sea played a vital role in sustaining and forming this wave train. To further validate this mechanism, we conducted a regression analysis using historical data from 1979 to 2024, confirming its broad applicability in explaining heatwaves in Southern China, including those of shorter durations like the 2024 event. This study significantly advances our understanding of heatwave dynamics in Southern China and offers novel insights that can improve future predictive capabilities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"321 ","pages":"Article 108116"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143785794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting spatio-temporal variation in compound dry-hot extreme events in China with newly developed nonstationary index","authors":"Chaoran Zhao ,&nbsp;Yao Feng ,&nbsp;Tingting Wang ,&nbsp;Wenbin Liu ,&nbsp;Hong Wang ,&nbsp;Ning Wang ,&nbsp;Yanhua Liu ,&nbsp;Fubao Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Compound dry-hot extreme events (CDHEs), as the most typical compound extreme events, bring more harm to human society than single extreme events. Traditional indicators based on stationary assumptions of hydrometeorological variables for CDHEs detection may no longer be valid due to anthropogenic and climate change impacts. The nonstationary hydrometeorological series has been extensively studied but rarely considered in identifying CDHEs. Therefore, this paper develops a nonstationary compound dry-hot index (NCDHI) with climate index and anthropogenic factors as covariates, to revisit CDHEs in China from 1961 to 2020 using the Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale, and Shape (GAMLSS) model. The results show that the nonstationary model is better than the traditional stationary model in fitting precipitation and temperature series. Validation using typical disaster events and losses data reveals a higher correlation between the NCDHI and actual disaster losses, confirming the good applicability of the NCDHI in China. Areas affected by CDHEs of varying severity have increased in China during the study period. Meanwhile, the severity of CDHEs has also been exacerbated, with more severe in the central and eastern regions. Furthermore, CDHEs in the western regions, though less intense, occur more frequently. The proposed NCDHI can capture the characteristics of CDHEs in China, which provides a new idea for constructing a compound dry-hot index that can effectively adapt to environmental changes. The index can further improve the scientific understanding of compound extreme events' temporal and spatial patterns and provide a scientific basis for regional risk management and disaster prevention and mitigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"321 ","pages":"Article 108111"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Four moisture patterns surrounding Atlantic hurricanes revealed by deep learning: Their characteristics and relationship with hurricane intensity and precipitation","authors":"Corene J. Matyas ,&nbsp;Dasol Kim ,&nbsp;Stephanie E. Zick ,&nbsp;Kimberly M. Wood","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Moisture plays a key role in the energetics of hurricanes. Using a convolutional autoencoder, a state-of-the-art deep learning approach to spatial pattern classification, with <em>k</em>-means we identified four representative clusters of total column water vapor (TCWV) patterns around North Atlantic hurricanes. These four clusters exhibit distinct spatial distributions of TCWV in terms of amount, symmetry, and areal extent. Cluster 1 has a compact, symmetric, and moderate moisture pattern which we refer to as medium moisture symmetrical. Cluster 2 is high moisture symmetrical as these hurricanes have an abundance of moisture with a widespread and symmetric pattern. Cluster 3 is low moisture asymmetrical as it represents the driest conditions especially in the northwest. Cluster 4 has high moisture near the center but exhibits a pattern with the strongest contrast between dryness in the northwest and wetness in the southeast, thus we label it high moisture asymmetrical. Each cluster has distinct geographical and temporal distributions, indicating differences in dynamic and thermodynamic environmental conditions associated with each cluster's moisture pattern. Additionally, hurricane intensity, size, and precipitation features vary among the four clusters, characteristics which are closely associated with the moisture and environmental conditions of each cluster. Our study's application of a deep learning method in classifying spatial patterns of moisture around hurricanes highlights the importance of moisture conditions in a hurricane's evolution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"322 ","pages":"Article 108114"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143842631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dissolved organic carbon in wet deposition around the Danjiangkou Reservoir, China: Temporal patterns, sources, and ecological implications in different sites","authors":"Pan Huo ,&nbsp;Haoxin Jia ,&nbsp;Xinyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Xin Lei ,&nbsp;Wenhao Zhang ,&nbsp;Pengcheng Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite the recognized significance of wet deposition of atmospheric dissolved organic carbon (DOC), its dynamics within large reservoir catchments remain poorly understood. This study investigated the spatiotemporal variations in rainwater DOC concentrations and deposition fluxes across urban, agricultural, and reservoir areas around the Danjiangkou Reservoir in China. Volume-weighted mean (VWM) DOC concentrations varied significantly, with the highest levels observed in urban areas (7.52 mg C L⁻¹) compared to agricultural (4.94 mg C L⁻¹) and reservoir areas (4.66 mg C L⁻¹). Elevated DOC concentrations occurred seasonally in spring and winter, likely due to reduced rainfall scavenging, increased heating emissions, and stable atmospheric conditions favoring pollutant accumulation. Source apportionment indicated dominant terrestrial contributions to rainwater DOC. Agricultural activities, mineral dust, and mobile emissions were associated with DOC in agricultural and reservoir areas, whereas stationary sources like coal combustion and industrial emissions contributed more to urban areas. Stepwise multiple regression analysis identified rainfall amount and electrical conductivity (EC) as significant DOC concentration predictors, reflecting atmospheric washout and terrestrial influences. Monthly DOC fluxes ranged from 0.24 to 14.12 kg C ha⁻¹ in different sites, highlighting the temporal variability driven by precipitation. Summer witnessed the highest regional DOC deposition fluxes across all regions (16.43–25.88 kg C ha⁻¹), over twofold higher than spring and winter. The urban area had the highest annual DOC deposition flux (56.07 kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), followed by the reservoir (34.77 kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and agricultural areas (30.29 kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Annually, atmospheric wet deposition contributes an estimated 1898 t of DOC to the reservoir, potentially enriching the upper two meters by 1.74 mg C L⁻¹. This study enhances the understanding of DOC wet deposition dynamics in a large reservoir catchment, emphasizing the importance of considering atmospheric inputs in reservoir water quality management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"321 ","pages":"Article 108115"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143759417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiative anomalies associated with extreme precipitation of November 2023 in equatorial Central Africa","authors":"Kevin Kenfack ,&nbsp;Lucie A. Djiotang Tchotchou ,&nbsp;Francesco Marra ,&nbsp;Katinka Bellomo ,&nbsp;Alain T. Tamoffo ,&nbsp;Brice C. Tchana ,&nbsp;Francine C. Donfack ,&nbsp;Thierry C. Fotso-Nguemo ,&nbsp;Roméo S. Tanessong ,&nbsp;Zéphirin Yepdo Djomou ,&nbsp;Derbetini A. Vondou","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108090","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108090","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>November 2023 was marked by abnormally heavy rainfall across equatorial Central Africa, causing considerable material damage and loss of life. The present study investigates the underlying mechanisms by examining the vertical advection of moisture and moist static energy (MSE) anomalies and the net energy flux components. We find that the vertical moisture and MSE advection components are mostly induced by vertical velocity anomalies (increase of up to 5 mm/day in moisture and 80 <span><math><mi>W</mi><mspace></mspace><msup><mi>m</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> in MSE) rather than by specific humidity and MSE anomalies. Additionally, mean sea level pressure and 2 m temperature are significantly larger than climatology. The increase (decrease) in the mean net long (short) wave radiation of up to 30 <span><math><mi>W</mi><mspace></mspace><msup><mi>m</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> at the top of the atmosphere and at the surface favored conditions of atmospheric instability. Analysis of the net energy flux indicates positive anomalies dominated by radiative anomalies (increase of up to 30 <span><math><mi>W</mi><mspace></mspace><msup><mi>m</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>), mainly along the Gulf of Guinea, while in the eastern Congo Basin, a decrease (up to −27 <span><math><mi>W</mi><mspace></mspace><msup><mi>m</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>) in the energy balance was observed during the formation of this extreme rainfall event. The results of this study highlight the importance of considering thermodynamic processes associated with radiative effects to accurately anticipate such events. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for improving projections of climate extremes under the influence of global warming.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"321 ","pages":"Article 108090"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143759415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative study of snow sublimation in the Altai Mountains","authors":"He Jianqiao ,&nbsp;He Xiaodong ,&nbsp;Jiang Xi ,&nbsp;Zhang Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The sublimation of snow has a major impact on the global climate. We present a simple empirical formula that allows snow sublimation to be quantified on the interannual scale in the Altai Mountains. This empirical formula is based on the fitting of measured temperature and snow water equivalent (SWE) data for midwinter collected between 2011 and 2018 at the Koktokay snow station, located at the outlet of the Kayiertesi River Basin. The results suggest that there is a best-fitting linear relationship (<em>r</em> = −0.98; <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001) between the temperature and snow sublimation rates. The low sublimation rate, which was only 0.2 mm day⁻¹, corresponded to a low air temperature and high relative humidity, and the sublimation loss accounted for 2.6 % and 5.6 % of the annual precipitation and snowfall, respectively. Based on the proposed empirical formula and the hourly meteorological data from the ERA5 Land reanalysis, we calculated the sublimation rate in the Irtysh River Basin from 2011 to 2018. The results reveal that the cumulative snow sublimation loss was 14.3 mm y⁻¹, comprising 8.2 % of the snowfall and 3.9 % of the annual precipitation. Due to the relative ease of collecting field observations of the temperature and SWE, this simple formula, which has a high level of goodness of fit, is more applicable to the study of issues related to snow mass balance over long time scales in the Altai Mountains, and it also provides support for local snowmelt flood warning and water resource management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"321 ","pages":"Article 108109"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143738170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}