Atmospheric Research最新文献

{"title":"Improving aerosol retrieval from FY-3D/MERSI by parameterizing a binary quadratic spectral surface reflectance model with urban percentage and vegetation index","authors":"Weiqian Ji ,&nbsp;Leiku Yang ,&nbsp;Xin Pei ,&nbsp;Huan Liu ,&nbsp;Yidan Si ,&nbsp;Kaimin Sun ,&nbsp;Yizhe Fan ,&nbsp;Ping Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaoqian Cheng ,&nbsp;Xiaofeng Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108291","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108291","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Medium Resolution Spectral Imager (MERSI) Dark Target (DT) algorithm, adapted from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) DT algorithm, demonstrated aerosol retrieval performance similar to that of MODIS Collection 6.1 (C6.1) DT products. However, discrepancies arose in urban areas, where MERSI retrievals tended to exhibit noticeable positive biases, primarily due to the inadequate representation of urban surface reflectance. To address this issue, this study developed an enhanced algorithm by parameterizing a binary quadratic spectral surface reflectance model using urban percentage (UP) and vegetation index, named the MERSI DT_UP algorithm. Global validation against Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) measurements showed that MERSI DT_UP retrievals in 2019 exhibited greater accuracy than MERSI DT retrievals. The correlation coefficient between satellite retrievals and AERONET for MERSI DT_UP (<em>R</em> = 0.882) was higher than that for MERSI DT (<em>R</em> = 0.875), and the mean bias was reduced to −0.001 from 0.018. Additionally, the percentage of matchups falling within the expected error envelope (within EE%) of ± (0.05 + 0.2τ) increased by 1.5 %. Across different urbanization levels, MERSI DT_UP retrievals showed significant reductions in mean biases (ranging from 0.003 to 0.217) and notable increases in within EE% (ranging from 2.2 % to 49.3 %) compared to original results. Moreover, improvements were also observed on moderately vegetated and moderately bright surfaces, as demonstrated by the error dependence analysis. The proposed surface reflectance model supports the algorithm development for MERSI and holds potential for application to other sensors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 108291"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144291363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The potential relationship between urban background pollution and urban-rural differences of biomass burning aerosol radiative effects in the North China Plain","authors":"Zhigang Li ,&nbsp;Xin Yang ,&nbsp;Hong Tang ,&nbsp;Lu Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108287","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108287","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate quantitative assessment of biomass burning (BB) aerosol radiative effects (BBARE) in the North China Plain is a key scientific issue in regional aerosol radiative effects research. However, there is currently a lack of comparative analysis between BBARE based on observation and model simulations of BBARE, especially with regard to the differences between the two BBARE estimates in urban-rural differences. This study focuses on 10 typical BB events that affected Beijing during July, September and October 2014 in the North China Plain, and quantifies the BBARE at various radiation stations using both observational data-based machine learning approach and the WRF-Chem model. Based on the quantitative results, the BBARE obtained through the two methods was analysed in direct comparison and in terms of urban-rural differences. Direct comparison results indicate that the BBARE simulated by WRF-Chem shows an overall underestimation compared to the results based on observations. In terms of urban-rural differences in BBARE, observation-based BBARE was on average 91.28 % lower in urban stations than in rural stations, while model-simulated BBARE showed the opposite urban-rural difference (the urban stations' BBARE was on average 38.52 % higher than rural stations). This urban-rural difference in BBARE based on observations is due to the fact that urban SSR is more severely affected by background aerosols, resulting in limited changes in SSR caused by additional BB aerosols. However, the model simulation only considers the reduction in SSR caused by increased BB aerosols, neglecting the influence of pre-existing aerosol. By identifying these disparities, this study will help to enhance the accuracy of model simulations of BBARE.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 108287"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144291438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rainfall seasonality changes and underlying climatic causes in global land monsoon regions","authors":"Shulin Deng ,&nbsp;Chunhua Lu ,&nbsp;Hao Chen ,&nbsp;Xuanhua Song ,&nbsp;Tan Chen ,&nbsp;Ni Yang ,&nbsp;Yanhong Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108288","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108288","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Changes in rainfall seasonality can have far-reaching impacts on the livelihood of population, agricultural production, and ecosystem sustainability. However, the changes in rainfall seasonality and associated climatic causes are largely unclear, especially in global land monsoon regions. Here, we analyzed the variations of rainfall seasonality during 1960–2022, and explored the possible effects of global climate teleconnections (CTs) on rainfall seasonality changes in global land monsoon regions using interpretable machine learning and multivariate wavelet coherency method. The results show that rainfall seasonality weakens significantly in northeastern South Asian, northeastern South American, and most parts of southern North African and South African monsoon regions, but enhances significantly in southern South Asian, northern North African, and southwestern South American monsoon regions. Rainfall seasonality also experiences an abrupt change in all hotspots during 1960–2022. We also find that many CTs are nonmonotonically related to rainfall seasonality in these hotspots, and the key CTs that explain the variations in rainfall seasonality differ across different hotspots using interpretable machine learning. The coupled influences of the key CTs on rainfall seasonality are also significant at certain scales during different periods in these hotspots. However, the key CTs have undergone changes, with stronger impacts on rainfall seasonality in almost all hotspots since 1990s. The findings of this study offer a robust scientific foundation that significantly contributes to enhancing agricultural productivity, fostering ecosystem sustainability, and promoting water resources management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 108288"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of non-parametric method for evapotranspiration estimation across extreme conditions","authors":"Xinqu Wu ,&nbsp;Yuanbo Liu ,&nbsp;Rong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108279","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108279","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET) estimation faces constraint due to complicate parameterization. The non-parametric (NP) method offers an efficient alternative, but its effectiveness across diverse environments, particularly under extreme conditions, is uncertain. This study leverages data from 131 global flux stations across various climate and landcover types to assess the NP method's accuracy, focusing on extreme scenarios spanning from dry to wet and from hot to cold. Our results indicate substantial variability, with absolute errors ranging from −41.7 to 26.8 W/m² and relative errors between 0.4 % and 98.1 %. The NP method tends to overestimate ET in hot, dry conditions, and underestimate in cold, wet conditions, with performance declining under extremes. Cold climates exhibit the largest biases, with particularly severe underestimation in extreme wet (−54.5 W/m²) and cold (−69.2 W/m²) conditions. Closed shrublands demonstrate the largest overestimation (73.2 W/m²) in extreme hot conditions. Across stations, three error patterns are observed: (i) overestimation in dry-hot regions caused by a high difference between equilibrium and actual ET, (ii) underestimation in humid regions resulting from a low difference, and (iii) underestimation in cold regions arising from large surface-air temperature gradients, causing an excessive integral term resulting in overcorrection. These errors could be amplified under extreme conditions, reducing model performance and highlighting the NP method's sensitivity to hydroclimatic extremes while offering insights for improving its accuracy and robustness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 108279"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144291375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of stratus clouds on aerosol distribution in South China based on aircraft measurements","authors":"Jianqiu Gao ,&nbsp;Zhujie Li ,&nbsp;Junxia Li ,&nbsp;Gang Wang ,&nbsp;Chang Chen ,&nbsp;Songwei He ,&nbsp;Zhiyuan Shu ,&nbsp;Shaoyu Hou ,&nbsp;Junjun Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108278","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108278","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To study the distribution characteristics of aerosols and clouds in South China under the influence of typical weather systems such as the southern trough, this paper analyzed the distribution and sources of aerosols and cloud droplets based on six flight observations conducted in Guangdong during the spring of 2024. The results indicated that aerosol number concentrations often peak above cloud tops or in the regions between two cloud layers. The average aerosol number concentration outside the clouds at high altitudes (2000–4100 m) ranged from 501 to 1617 cm⁻³, while in the near-surface layer it was 970 to 2168 cm⁻³, with an effective diameter averaging 0.27 to 0.5 μm. The concentration inside the clouds significantly decreased, and the diameter increased. The aerosol particle spectrum displayed a bimodal distribution, with peaks at 0.15 μm and 0.29 μm. The number concentration of particles smaller than 0.3 μm within the clouds declined, while the proportion of particles larger than 0.5 μm increased. The cloud droplet spectrum displayed a multimodal distribution, with the main peak occurring at a diameter of around 5 μm and secondary peaks found at diameters in the range of 10 to 16 μm. As the cloud layer thickened, the droplet spectrum broadened, large droplet concentrations increased, and small droplet concentrations decreased. Under the influence of non-precipitating stratus clouds in South China, the average aerosol scavenging efficiency was 0.47. The mean cloud droplet number concentration, liquid water content, and effective diameter were 67.3 cm⁻³, 0.02 g·m⁻³, and 9.4 μm, respectively. Long-range transport originating from South Asia and Southeast Asia is suggested as a potential contributing factor to the elevated high-altitude aerosol concentrations. The research findings deepen the understanding of cloud and aerosol microphysical characteristics in the South China region. This contributes to the evaluation of climate models and provides guidance for artificial weather modification operations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 108278"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144261453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of rainfall in Italy over the last 200 years: Interactions between climate indices and global warming","authors":"Marco Luppichini ,&nbsp;Monica Bini","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study contributes to a better understanding of past climate variability and mesoscale dynamics in the Mediterranean Basin, a region with notable sensitivity to climate change.We investigate the variations of rainfall amount and intensity by analyzing centenary time series in Italy. The study area offers an ideal setting for analyzing these dynamics due to its unique geographical position. The rainfall time series are compared to the climate indices time series to understand the influences of the mesoscale atmospheric teleconnections and of the possible changes in rainfall regimes due to an increase of the sea surface temperatures. The study is conducted by applying statistical methods on more than 100 time series. The results show that most regions of Italy have been affected by a decrease in rainfall amount and an increase in rainfall intensity over the last 200 years. This work also highlights that these patterns are correlated to positive phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation and to an increase in sea surface temperatures. The trends of climate indices thus suggest a decrease in the amount and an increase in the intensity of future rainfall distribution, with severe consequences in terms of water availability and geo-related risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 108276"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144254324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of fine and coarse aerosols on the summer precipitation structure and microphysics over the Yangtze River Delta region","authors":"Heyuan Peng ,&nbsp;Xiong Hu ,&nbsp;Weihua Ai ,&nbsp;Junqi Qiao ,&nbsp;Xianbin Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aerosols influence precipitation processes through complex mechanisms, yet their effects on different precipitation types and regional characteristics remain insufficiently understood, particularly in coastal high-pollution areas such as the Yangtze River Delta (YRD). This study investigates the response characteristics of convective and stratiform precipitation to clean, coarse aerosol-polluted, and fine aerosol-polluted conditions using summer data from 2014 to 2023 from GPM DPR, MERRA-2, Himawari-8/9 AHI, and ERA-5 over the YRD, and further explores the sensitivity of aerosols to thermodynamic (RH) and dynamic (CAPE) meteorological conditions. Key findings include: (1) In convective precipitation, the suppression of precipitation and lowering of cloud-top height under coarse aerosol-polluted conditions result from moisture competition, whereas the enhancement of precipitation under fine aerosol-polluted conditions is attributed to the condensation nuclei enhancement and coalescence growth effect. (2) Stratiform precipitation exhibits a “lower-layer promotion-upper-layer inhibition” boomerang variation effect under polluted conditions. (3) Aerosol pollution enhances the coalescence process and weakens the breakup process (which was more significant under coarse aerosol-polluted conditions). (4) Under polluted conditions, the increase in RH leads to enhanced coalescence and suppressed breakup, whereas the elevation of CAPE results in the opposite effect on these processes. These findings highlight the critical role of aerosol type in modulating precipitation mechanisms, providing a foundation for refining parameterizations in weather and climate models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 108277"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of the representation of in-cloud mixing effect in the planetary boundary layer scheme on the simulated track of tropical cyclone Infa (2021)","authors":"Qijun Huang ,&nbsp;Xu Zhang ,&nbsp;Xuesong Zhu ,&nbsp;Yijie Zhu ,&nbsp;Yilin Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108274","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108274","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The impact of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) scheme on the simulated track of TC InFa (2021) is explored in this study. The TC track and intensity are accurately captured in the experiment with the eddy-diffusivity mass-flux (EDMF) PBL scheme. Conversely, the TC exhibits a noticeably slower translation speed and deviates significantly from the observed track in the experiment using the Yonsei University (YSU) PBL scheme. The potential vorticity tendency (PVT) budget analysis reveals that the diabatic heating related to the asymmetric convection within the TC inner-core has a negative impact on the translation speed of TC. The in-cloud mixing effect in the YSU scheme is conducive to transporting the moisture from the boundary layer to the upper levels, promoting the development of asymmetric deep convection and the enhancing diabatic heating. This study presents a new perspective, suggesting that the representation of in-cloud mixing in the PBL scheme plays an important role on affecting the TC movement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 108274"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144261382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermodynamics of extreme precipitation related to Atmospheric Rivers in two major Himalayan basins","authors":"Rosa Vellosa Lyngwa ,&nbsp;Munir Ahmad Nayak ,&nbsp;Mohd. Farooq Azam","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108265","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108265","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the extra-tropics, moisture is efficiently transported polewards in the lower troposphere through narrow bands of moisture transport, known as Atmospheric Rivers (ARs). This study identifies ARs that penetrate the southern Himalaya using 6-hourly Integrated Vapor Transport (IVT), and investigates the moisture dynamics, thermodynamics, and moisture sources of the top 8 AR events with substantial precipitation impacts in the Indus Basin (IB) and Ganga Basin (GB), to understand the mechanisms driving extreme AR-related precipitation. Most of these ARs produce over 150 mm/day precipitation (exceeding the 99th percentile of non-zero daily-precipitation) along their central axis and mountain landfall locations, and up to 50 mm/day in the plains. Even the glacierized regions that feed the main basins’ streams receive over 65 mm/day. High-intensity precipitation typically found near southern Himalaya, strongly corresponds to positive moisture convergence and positive advection, with minimal changes in atmospheric moisture content indicating effective translation of AR-moisture to precipitation. Different regions within the ARs experience distinct precipitation mechanisms, with mountains/foothills dominated by orographic uplift even under weak convective conditions, while areas near/on AR-axis are influenced by convective or frontal lifting. The presence of high moisture (IVT), saturated layers, and favourable thermodynamics highlights the ARs' capacity to generate intense precipitation when vertical lift is present. Excess moisture within ARs primarily originates from the Arabian Sea (north, east, and west), followed by Bay of Bengal (north and east), land-based evaporation, and smaller contribution from the Middle Eastern Seas. These case-specific findings demonstrate that ARs are key moisture transport mechanisms to mainland India and the Himalaya, delivering extreme localized precipitation strongly influenced by topography and position of ARs axis. This study offers the first comprehensive understanding of the dynamic and thermodynamic sources of AR moisture, associated precipitation, and the role of the Himalaya in extracting large amounts of moisture from ARs. These findings have important implications for understanding ARs contribution to extreme precipitation in IB and GB, driving mechanisms behind AR-precipitation, and the sources of high moisture content during ARs. These results can help explore potential risks of extreme precipitation, improve AR modeling, and forecasting ARs over these regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 108265"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144279943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of tropical cyclones, southwest monsoon, and tropical cyclone-enhanced southwest monsoon on rainfall variability over the western coast of the Philippines","authors":"Alwin Andriel L. Bathan ,&nbsp;Lyndon Mark P. Olaguera ,&nbsp;Faye Abigail T. Cruz ,&nbsp;Jose Ramon T. Villarin ,&nbsp;Joel T. Maquiling ,&nbsp;Maria Obiminda L. Cambaliza ,&nbsp;John A. Manalo ,&nbsp;Jun Matsumoto","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108273","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108273","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the processes driving interannual variability of rainfall over the western coast of the Philippines during the peak southwest monsoon (SWM) months (July–September) from 1961 to 2022. Specifically, it describes how tropical cyclones (TC), SWM, and TC-enhanced SWM influence SWM rainfall variability. Rainfall measurements from 11 stations along the western coast of the Philippines were classified into three types: direct TC rainfall (P_D), indirect TC rainfall (P_I), and SWM rainfall (P_SM). The yearly contributions of P_D, P_I, and P_SM to SWM rainfall were estimated to be 15.4 %, 33.1 %, and 51.5 %, respectively. Furthermore, four rainfall variability types were found depending on the characteristics of each year's rainfall anomalies: enhanced P_D but suppressed P_SM (D+S-), suppressed P_D but enhanced P_SM (D-S+), enhanced P_I but suppressed P_SM (I+S-), and suppressed P_I but enhanced P_SM (I-S+). Composite analysis using ERA5 data revealed the presence of anomalous winds and circulations unique to each type that causes variations in the TC tracks and the monsoon flow, which accounts for the rainfall variability. Notable ones are the anomalous anticyclone over Taiwan in the D+S- case, which pushes TCs closer to the Philippines, and the anomalous anticyclone east of the Philippines in the I+S- case, which enhances the trade winds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 108273"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144261384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}