Atmospheric Research最新文献

{"title":"Impact of Rossby wave trains triggered by two successive typhoons in 2023 on local air pollutant concentrations in China","authors":"Xin Liu ,&nbsp;Jianing Feng ,&nbsp;Lu Liu ,&nbsp;Hongxiong Xu ,&nbsp;Dajun Zhao ,&nbsp;Hui Wang ,&nbsp;Yike Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108768","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108768","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Air pollution is strongly linked to local and synoptic-scale atmospheric conditions, and tropical cyclones (TCs) are recognized as high-wind systems that facilitate pollutant scavenging. A key question is whether TC-triggered Rossby wave trains exert direct or remote indirect influences on pollutant concentrations. Using multi-source reanalysis datasets, this study examined the dynamic impacts of the Rossby wave trains from two successive TCs in 2023 (Doksuri, TC1; Khanun, TC2) on central China's pollutant concentrations. Results showed a prominent Rossby wave train was excited by TC1; its alternating anticyclone (A) - cyclone (C) structure drove periodic high-low pressure oscillations in the study area. Pollutant concentrations correlated with wave train phases: cyclonic phases (TC1/TC2/C1) brought strong ascent, enhanced winds, and precipitation, reducing PM2.5 and CO rapidly; anticyclonic phases (A0/A1/A2) caused subsidence and weak winds, worsening diffusion and increasing pollutants. TC1 directly affected local pollution by passing through the area. TC2 propagated northward over the ocean with no direct impact on the study area, but its wave train blocked mid-latitude energy transport, forcing mid-latitude high-pressure energy southward and inducing secondary pollution. This study is the first to quantify TC-Rossby wave train effects on pollutant diffusion (direct/indirect), providing a novel perspective for TC-air pollution links.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 108768"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145968540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atmospheric aerosol light scattering and absorption properties in the urban area of Milan (Italy): A focus on aerosol typing","authors":"Stefano Rimoldi ,&nbsp;Marcus Acton-Bond ,&nbsp;Vera Bernardoni ,&nbsp;Laura Cadeo ,&nbsp;Gianluigi Valli ,&nbsp;Cristina Colombi ,&nbsp;Rosario Cosenza ,&nbsp;Manousos-Ioannis Manousakas ,&nbsp;Benjamin Chazeau ,&nbsp;Roberta Vecchi","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108776","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108776","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, aerosol absorption and scattering properties were investigated to gather additional information on aerosol types and sources. During a one-year campaign in Milan (Italy), a multi-wavelength aethalometer and a nephelometer were operated in parallel. Scattering coefficients are in general scarcely available at urban sites and this was the very first dataset for Milan and, more generally, for an urban site in the Po valley which is a well-known pollution hot-spot in Europe.</div><div>Time patterns of the absorption and scattering coefficients throughout the year were investigated and Absorption/Scattering Ångström Exponents (AAE and SAE, respectively) were also computed to relate the optical properties to fossil vs. wood fuel combustion emission sources and to small vs. large particle size. The average daily trends for the absorption coefficients reflected the behaviour of the sources, with peaks in the morning due to traffic emissions observed in all seasons, and high values during the night as a consequence of lower mixing heights and, in winter, of domestic heating emissions, too.</div><div>To gain knowledge about aerosol types and origin an innovative cluster analysis approach using AAE and SAE led to the identification of different aerosol types; this is an easy-to-implement approach which could be applied in monitoring networks for near-real time aerosol types identification. Moreover, episodes affected by specific aerosol types (i.e., fire event, desert dust air mass transport…) were singled out applying a more refined approach combining five intensive optical parameters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 108776"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145995752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergy between land-sea breeze dynamics and photochemistry governs the diurnal variability of primary and secondary organic aerosols in a tropical coastal atmosphere","authors":"Suresh K.R. Boreddy,&nbsp;Vijayakumar S. Nair,&nbsp;Prashant Hegde,&nbsp;S. Suresh Babu","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108777","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108777","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coastal tropical regions are ideal for studying sources and processes of organic aerosols (OA) due to their high humidity and solar radiation, with land- and sea-breeze circulations influencing OA transport. However, their molecular characteristics in these areas are not well understood. This study analysed PM₁₀ samples from Thumba (8.5°N, 76.9°E, approximately 3 m above sea level, a coastal location in tropical India), collected on day and night basis during the pre-monsoon period, detecting various classes of organic molecular markers including biomass-burning, biological, aromatic compounds, phthalates, and biogenic secondary organic compounds using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Results showed that total quantified organic compounds were twice as abundant during the daytime, indicating that photochemical processes are the primary sources. Phthalates and aromatics were the dominant compounds throughout the sampling period. This suggests that OA production primarily results from plastic evaporation during the day, while municipal solid waste burning occurs mostly at night, as confirmed by higher daytime phthalate emissions and nighttime terephthalic acid emissions (a tracer of plastic combustion). The presence of primary sugars and sugar alcohols during the day implies that plant emissions (pollen, spores) are significant sources of primary OA. In contrast, nighttime hydroxy and polyacids indicate secondary OA formation associated with anthropogenic emissions. Furthermore, monoterpene-derived secondary organic products were more prevalent than those from isoprene, especially during daylight hours. OA particles from biomass burning were minimal, as evidenced by lower levels of anhydrosugars and lignin/resin products. Overall, the present study highlights that the photochemical degradation of phthalates and the burning of municipal solid waste containing plastics are significant sources of OA at Thumba during the pre-monsoon, with land-sea breeze transport and photodegradation/evaporation influencing their diurnal variation. The prominence of phthalates and aromatics highlight the importance of understanding airborne nanoplastics and their climate effects in tropical coastal atmospheres.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 108777"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145995739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of circulation and topography on the accumulation and dissipation of regional PM2.5 pollution in the Sichuan Basin, Southwestern China","authors":"Xiaodong Wu ,&nbsp;Yan Yu ,&nbsp;Li Li ,&nbsp;Xin Zheng ,&nbsp;Yuelin Liu ,&nbsp;Chang Yan ,&nbsp;Guangming Shi ,&nbsp;Fumo Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108788","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108788","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Regional PM_2.5 pollution frequently affects the Sichuan Basin in wintertime, posing significant risks to air quality and public health. In this study, six PM_2.5 pollution events (2016–2019) were analyzed by utilizing hourly PM_2.5 observations and reanalysis data to uncover the meteorological and topographic factors governing the accumulation and dissipation of these pollution events. During the accumulation phase, regional pollution developed in three patterns, with average increases in PM_2.5 concentrations of 59.88%, 49.23% and 88.87%, respectively. In the dissipation phase, two patterns were identified, occurring in 25% and 75% of the cases, respectively. Based on weather classification, background circulation characteristics were identified, including pollution-prone types (Type1, Type2), types with dual-effect (Type3, Type6), and clean types (Type5). During the accumulation phase, variations in the upper-level northeastern cold vortex and subtropical high affected mid-level troughs and ridges, while deep basin topography and mountain ranges hindered vertical and horizontal pollutant dispersion, resulting in three distinct accumulation patterns. In the dissipation phase, plateau subsidence and northern cold fronts acted as primary clearing mechanisms, with cold air intrusion most effective for pollutant removal. These results highlight the role of local meteorology in shaping pollution evolution and provide a foundation for improved regional forecasting and tailored control strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 108788"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145995756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer structure over the Cosmonaut Sea and Bellinsgauzen Sea during summer 2021","authors":"Ting Qiu ,&nbsp;Qinghua Yang ,&nbsp;Bo Han ,&nbsp;Xingya Xi ,&nbsp;Zhongya Cai ,&nbsp;Shijie Peng ,&nbsp;Changwei Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108778","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108778","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) structure over the Southern Ocean not only determines air-sea interactions but also influences local synoptic processes. However, due to the scarcity of observations, it has been rarely investigated. Here, based on the radiosonde observations conducted during the 37th Chinese Antarctic Scientific Expedition, the characteristics of the ABL structure over the Cosmonaut Sea and Bellinsgauzen Sea in the 2021 summer are revealed. The main findings are as follows: (1) The mean ABL height (<em>ABLH</em>) is lower in the ice-covered region than in the open water region, as enhanced radiative cooling and weakened sea-air heat exchange suppress the development of ABL. (2) The Thorpe method can well describe the vertical distribution of turbulent dissipation rate (<em>ε</em>) in ABL, and suggests that there is a noticeable difference in the vertical profile of <em>ε</em> between convective boundary layer and near-neutral boundary layer. (3) A case study of the most intense cyclone in January shows that the mean <em>ABLH</em> is higher during the cyclone period than during non-cyclone periods. Cold advection brought by the cyclone destabilizes stable stratification aloft, promoting the coupling of cloud and ABL. Concurrently, the cyclone-driven strong winds enhance low-level jets, intensify vertical shear, and thereby foster turbulent mixing. Together, these mechanisms strengthen turbulent activity and deepen the <em>ABLH</em> during the cyclone period.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 108778"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145995757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tropical Cyclone Intensity Sensitivity to Sea Surface Temperature and Mixed Layer Depth","authors":"Evan David Wellmeyer ,&nbsp;Antonio Ricchi ,&nbsp;Rossella Ferretti","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108726","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108726","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapidly intensifying tropical cyclones (TCs) are among the most dangerous and least predictable weather systems. In this work, we focus on two intense Atlantic TCs that showed rapid intensification (RI, defined as at least 36 hPa deepening in 24 h) and which impacted the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. This study focused on how sea surface temperature (SST) and ocean mixed-layer depth (OMLD) modulate the rapid intensification (RI) and maximum intensity (MI) of two hurricanes, Wilma and Rita (2005). Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with a simplified 1D ocean model, 20 simulations were performed to systematically vary SST (±1–3 °C) and OMLD (doubled or halved), as well as remove observed SST anomalies (SSTA). Results show that SST dominates TC intensity changes from around 15–20 hPa °C⁻¹, and correspondingly higher deepening rates. Warmer simulations also exhibit an increased energy transfer from the ocean, supporting increased near-surface equivalent potential temperature, a more symmetrical wind field and elevated accumulated cyclone energy (ACE). By contrast, deeper OMLD enhances thermodynamic support but is constrained by SST conditions, limiting the total surface heat flux in the storm's vicinity. Results also stress that remote heat fluxes across a broader region, not just beneath the storm core, play a crucial role in determining maximum intensity and deepening. Westward landfall shifts up to 300 km are observed in +3 °C scenarios, emphasizing the potential of ocean heat in altering trajectories. These findings highlight the critical importance of accurately representing upper-ocean thermal structures to improve predictions of TC intensity and trajectories, particularly as warmer future SSTs may lead to more frequent and dynamically evolving hurricanes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 108726"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145895030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal Variability of China's 800 mm Precipitation Isohyet (1961–2022): Multi-scale Analysis of its Migration and Impact on Hydroclimatic Extremes","authors":"Shaowei Ning ,&nbsp;Le Chen ,&nbsp;Rujian Long ,&nbsp;Yuliang Zhou ,&nbsp;Yi Cui ,&nbsp;Min Zhang ,&nbsp;Lichang Xu ,&nbsp;Juliang Jin ,&nbsp;Thapa bthapa","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108770","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108770","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Under global climate change, precipitation variability and extreme events pose significant challenges to regional ecological security and water resource management. This study proposes the Dynamic Line Scanning Method (DLSM) to quantitatively assess the migration of China's 800 mm precipitation isohyet during 1961–2022. Using long-term precipitation data, we systematically examined its spatial and temporal variation, explored links with drought–flood regimes and extreme precipitation, and identified the main drivers. Results indicate that the isohyet experienced a two-phase shift: an initial southward retreat followed by accelerated northward movement after 2001, with the latter trend markedly intensifying. These shifts have directly influenced regional drought–flood patterns and altered the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events. Analysis further reveals that the East Asian Summer Monsoon Index (EASMI) is the dominant factor driving the isohyet's movement. Overall, this study provides novel methodological insights and robust empirical evidence regarding the dynamics of precipitation isohyets in China in the context of climate change. The findings enhance understanding of hydroclimatic variability and offer a scientific foundation for developing region-specific adaptation and water management strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 108770"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145962701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A profiled hydrometeor classification algorithm for dual-frequency precipitation radar onboard GPM core observatory","authors":"Jiajia Tang ,&nbsp;Xiong Hu ,&nbsp;Weihua Ai ,&nbsp;Shensen Hu ,&nbsp;Xianbin Zhao ,&nbsp;Li Wang ,&nbsp;Zhonghui Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108785","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108785","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A profiled hydrometeor classification algorithm (HCA) for the dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) onboard the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission (GPM DPR-HCA) was developed using retrievals from a ground-based radar. A four-dimensional feature vector consisting of Ku- and Ka-band reflectivity, the dual-frequency ratio, and air temperature from the GPM DPR was selected as input features and collocated with hydrometeor classifications from the ground-based dual-polarization radar in Guangzhou (GZ) to generate a labeled dataset. The average feature vector of each class was taken as its centroid. Euclidean distances between a sample and the centroid vectors of hydrometeor classes were computed, and the class with the minimum distance was assigned to the sample. Applying the GPM DPR-HCA to a precipitation case demonstrated that the retrieved hydrometeor profiles agreed well with those from GZ radar. The algorithm was evaluated against the hydrometeor classification results of GZ radar and the GPM DPR-Official phase product. Assessment results showed that PODs exceeded 0.75 for liquid- and mixed-phase hydrometeors, whereas PODs were 0.66 for hail and 0.43 for low-density graupel among solid-phase classes due to substantial feature overlaps. Regional application over the Yangtze-Huai River Valley Region and South China revealed that wet snow, graupel, and ice crystals dominated the mid- and upper levels during stratiform events, while graupel and hail were more frequent in convective events. The accuracy and reliability of the GPM DPR-HCA make it a candidate for the development of hydrometeor classification products of spaceborne precipitation radars.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 108785"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145995750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cloud temperature gradient and inversion distribution in Xi’an, China, based on long-sequence radiosonde data","authors":"Ning Chen ,&nbsp;Qimeng Li ,&nbsp;Huige Di ,&nbsp;Xiao Cheng ,&nbsp;Jiaying Yang ,&nbsp;Shuicheng Bai ,&nbsp;Mei Cao ,&nbsp;Dengxin Hua","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108772","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108772","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Clouds are a critical component of the Earth–atmosphere system, exerting strong influence on climate change and the global water cycle. Temperature is a fundamental parameter governing cloud development and evolution, and its vertical gradient directly shapes the vertical structure of clouds, thereby modulating key cloud physical processes. However, cloud temperature observations remain limited, and previous studies have primarily focused on single-layer clouds (SLC) or a single inversion layer. In this study, ten years of radiosonde data (2014–2023) in Xi’an were used to investigate the occurrence frequency and vertical temperature structure of SLC, double-layer clouds (DLC), and multi-layer clouds (MLC). The results show that the occurrence frequency of SLC tends to decrease over time, while the frequency of DLC and MLC increases year by year in Xi’an. Cloud top heights (CTH) exhibit significant seasonal variations. In SLC, temperature inversions (TI) occur more frequently in the upper cloud during winter and spring and are generally stronger at cloud tops than at cloud bases, with the probability of strong cloud-top TI exceeding that at the cloud base by more than a factor of two. While SLC is dominated by single-layer radiative cooling, TI in DLC and MLC exhibits complex interlayer radiative coupling mechanisms. In DLC and MLC, upper clouds tend to show shallow inversion depths under strong TI, whereas weak TI is associated with deeper inversions. Lower clouds, in contrast, exhibit nearly twice the probability of strong cloud-top TI compared with upper clouds. This pronounced enhancement suggests that radiative forcing from upper clouds plays a key intermediary role in strengthening TI in lower clouds. When temperature gradients are small, however, this enhancement is reduced and inversion development in lower clouds may be suppressed. Overall, these findings clarify the vertical coupling between cloud layers and TI, providing refined insights and valuable observational evidence for future studies on cloud–radiation interactions and cloud physical processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 108772"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145962704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A machine learning-based backward extension of IMERG daily precipitation over the Greater Alpine Region","authors":"Iman Goudarzi ,&nbsp;Davide Fazzini ,&nbsp;Claudia Pasquero ,&nbsp;Agostino Niyonkuru Meroni ,&nbsp;Matteo Borgnino","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108763","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108763","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate knowledge of precipitation at high spatio-temporal resolution is essential for climate studies and hydrological applications, particularly in mountainous regions where traditional models often underperform due to coarse resolution and sparse observational networks. In this study, we present a machine learning-based approach to enhance ERA5 reanalysis precipitation estimates using the satellite-derived IMERG (Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for GPM) product as a reference. We focus on the Greater Alpine Region (GAR), using extreme gradient boosting combined with Shapley additive explanations to identify the most influential ERA5 variables. This method enables the creation of a new daily rainfall dataset, ML-IMEX-GAR (Machine Learning IMERG backward-EXtended precipitation dataset over GAR), at IMERG’s spatial resolution for the historical period 1960–2000.</div><div>Compared to ERA5, ML-IMEX-GAR reduces the spatiotemporal RMSD against IMERG by approximately 14%, and achieves strong agreement with in-situ observational monthly data, with an <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> of 0.87. These findings demonstrate the potential of machine learning to correct reanalysis biases, improve historical precipitation reconstructions, and support climate change research in data-scarce, complex terrains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 108763"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145961703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}