Atmospheric Research最新文献

{"title":"Evidence of localized H₂O increases and O₃ recovery in the Antarctic lower stratospheric vortex: MLS observations and BDC variability during late winter to spring","authors":"Jackson Hian-Wui Chang ,&nbsp;Chee Fuei Pien ,&nbsp;Justin Sentian ,&nbsp;Raul R. Cordero ,&nbsp;Maggie Chel-Gee Ooi ,&nbsp;Yong Jie Wong","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108428","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108428","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We examined the interannual variability in ozone (O₃) and water vapor (H₂O) in the lower stratospheric vortex over Antarctica using 19 years of measurements (2004–2022) from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS). We focused on the period of the southern hemisphere winter (11–20 September), late winter (21–30 September), and spring (1–10 October) because O₃ and H₂O dynamics show the most variation during these times. We used a low-pass filter to focus on variations lasting 10 days or longer. The Mann Kendall test and regression analysis were employed to identify linear or non-linear trends. Our findings showed that the vortex-average O₃ increased at 0.01 ppm yr⁻¹. In contrast, the vortex-averaged H₂O showed no significant trend, although localized increases in H₂O were significantly obvious across all latitudes. In addition to the well-known effects of the Montreal Protocol, we hypothesize that the localized increase in H₂O is driven by the redistribution of water vapor due to strengthened Brewer-Dobson circulation (BDC) dynamics, characterized by enhanced horizontal transport, which, however, is insufficient to induce significant changes in vortex-averaged H₂O. The observed out-of-phase trend between the vertical and horizontal branches of the BDC serves to validate our BDC speed calculation. These results highlight the complex interplay between dynamics and chemistry in the polar stratosphere, emphasizing that while O₃ recovery continues, localized changes in H₂O do not yet significantly impact the vortex-averaged H₂O levels. Our study provides new insights and observational evidence into the role of BDC dynamics and stratospheric ozone recovery, underscoring the importance of both chemical and dynamic processes in shaping the future evolution of the stratospheric ozone layer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 108428"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144890832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of multi-source merged precipitation products using independent gauge observations","authors":"Huiwen Zhang ,&nbsp;Lingna Wei ,&nbsp;Ying Zhu ,&nbsp;Jianhong Zhou ,&nbsp;Songyan Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaosong Sun ,&nbsp;Xiaoqi Kang ,&nbsp;Man Gao ,&nbsp;Zheng Duan ,&nbsp;Wade T. Crow ,&nbsp;Jianzhi Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108427","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108427","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Data merging is widely applied to improve large-scale precipitation estimates. However, traditional merging algorithms rely heavily on gauge observations and suffer from increased uncertainties in data-sparse regions. Statistical uncertainty analysis (SUA) offers a potential solution by estimating merging weights analytically and thereby reducing dependence on gauge data. However, the comparative effectiveness of SUA-merged and traditional gauge-merged precipitation datasets remains unclear, largely due to the scarcity of truly independent validation data. Here, using 268 wholly independent rain gauges, we show that SUA-based merging can effectively suppress random errors and outperform remote sensing and reanalysis products. Notably, compared to traditional gauge-merged datasets, SUA-merged precipitation demonstrates averagely stronger correlation with independent observations and lower root-mean-square errors. These results provide direct evidence for the ability of SUA to mitigate reliance on gauge data, especially in observation-scarce regions. However, SUA-merged products still show limitations with regards to accurately classifying rain/no-rain events, highlighting the need for future enhancements targeting false precipitation detection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 108427"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144842459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of three scale-aware planetary boundary layer schemes in WRF Model during Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics","authors":"Yuhuan Li ,&nbsp;Min Chen ,&nbsp;Shiguang Miao ,&nbsp;Gaojie Zhang ,&nbsp;Qianqian Huang ,&nbsp;Shuting Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108416","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108416","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study employs the WRF-based RMAPS-ST numerical weather prediction model to conduct 1-km resolution simulations of the Beijing Winter Olympic Games on February 2022. An inter-comparison of the SH, the SMS and the IUM scale-aware PBL schemes is conducted. The performance of YSU as a traditional PBL scheme is also evaluated as a baseline. The investigation focuses on their ability to forecast over three distinct competition areas, Beijing (BJ), Yanqing (YQ), and Zhangjiakou (ZJK), each characterized by different terrain. The results reveal that the IUM and SMS schemes generally outperform the YSU and the SH schemes, particularly in the BJ area, where IUM exhibits the lowest root-mean-square error (RMSE) for 2-m temperature and 10-m wind speed. In YQ, with its complex topography, there are no significant discrepancies among the schemes, while SMS improves wind speed forecasts in ZJK. An abrupt nocturnal warming and a gusty wind case are chosen to further demonstrate the performance in all schemes. Results show that IUM scheme can reproduce these two cases, attributed to its stronger turbulence mixing length. These findings underscore the importance of scale-aware PBL schemes in improving high-resolution weather forecasts and diverse meteorological conditions. The IUM scheme, in particular, emerges as a promising tool for future numerical weather prediction applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 108416"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144842461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the opposite shift trends between extremely high and low planetary boundary layer height in China","authors":"Man Yue ,&nbsp;Yawen Liu ,&nbsp;Minghuai Wang ,&nbsp;Xinyi Dong ,&nbsp;Jianping Guo ,&nbsp;Yuwen Niu ,&nbsp;Honghui Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108425","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108425","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interactions between aerosols and the planetary boundary layer (PBL) play a crucial role in aggravating air quality and modulating regional climate. Despite intensive studies exploring the aerosol-PBL interaction predominantly focused on short-term haze events, uncertainties remain in understanding this interaction over longer timescales. To fill this gap, we investigate the long-term trends of extremely high and low PBL height (PBLH) across China, utilizing multi-observed datasets and sensitivity experiments conducted with the Community Atmosphere Model version 6 (CAM6) with full chemistry. Here the extremely high (low) PBLH is defined as mean values of the daily PBLH higher (lower) than 90th (10th) percentile for each season. Our analysis reveals a significant increase in extremely high PBLH during the period 1979–2003 (seasonal ranging from +283.36 to +326.80 m/decade), followed by a pronounced reversal to declining trends during 2004–2016 (−321.45 to −178.83 m/decade). The trend shift is primarily driven by variations in surface sensible heat fluxes. Conversely, extremely low PBLH exhibits an obvious “negative to positive” trend shift around 2007 during 2000–2016, especially over Eastern and Central China (ECC) with a mean trend magnitude of +153.2 m/decade after 2007. The long-term trend of extremely low PBLH is dominated by changes in shortwave atmosphere absorption, which are influenced by the direct radiative effect of black carbon (BC) aerosols. Comparative simulations with BC's direct radiative effect turning on/off further demonstrate the reduced BC aerosols after 2007 diminishes the shortwave atmosphere absorption and enhances the surface shortwave radiation, thereby promoting an increase in extremely low PBLH, and vice versa. These findings highlight the distinct mechanisms influencing the long-term trend of extremely high and low PBLH over China, and provide new insights into the long-term variability of PBLH and its relationship with aerosols.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 108425"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144827976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative case studies of environmental factors and vortex features in developing and non-developing tropical disturbances over the Bay of Bengal","authors":"Arpita Munsi ,&nbsp;Amit P. Kesarkar","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108426","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108426","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pre-existing tropical disturbances often serve as a precursor to tropical cyclone (TC) formation. However, a very small percentage of these disturbances turn up as TCs, depending on the environmental conditions. Disturbances that remain non-developed throughout their lifespan have very similar characteristics to the disturbances that develop as a TC. Therefore, it is important to comprehend the environmental factors responsible for transforming tropical disturbances into tropical cyclones. In this study, we analyzed the environmental conditions surrounding the disturbance vortex, as well as the structural evolution of the vortices during the pre-genesis stage, for two non-developing and two developing disturbances (which later evolved into different categories) over the Bay of Bengal. The analysis was conducted using output data from the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model, blackbody temperature observations from INSAT-3D, and daily Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature analysis data. All the disturbances processed over the Indian Ocean warm pool region where the sea surface temperature (SST) was above the threshold of TC genesis. However, the SST anomaly was negative ahead of the non-developing disturbance and positive for the developing disturbances. The main characteristics of the developing disturbances that differed from the non-developing disturbance are the upright structure of the vortex with undistorted vortex core from the dry air intrusion, larger area coverage of cold cloud top with persistent cyclonically spiral cloud bands centred at the vortex core, and the extension of the strong ascending region over time. The intensity of low-level vorticity was unable to identify the developing potential of the disturbances. The synchronous incremental variation of the kinetic energy density of primary and secondary circulations and the vertical helicity in the developing disturbances was helpful for their sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 108426"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144830379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncertainty in projected changes of Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall by CMIP6 models","authors":"K.P. Sooraj ,&nbsp;Pascal Terray ,&nbsp;Ajinkya M. Aswale","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A robust and trustworthy rainfall projection over the Indian landmass is vital for devising climate adaptation strategies. However, past studies show large inter-model spread in Indian Summer monsoon (ISM) rainfall projections thus calling for more detailed investigations on the underlying process. In the present study, we investigate this aspect using Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) model projections (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways, SSP5–8.5) and historical simulations. The Multi-Model Ensemble mean (MME) results show intensification of ISM rainfall at the end of the 21st century with ISM rainfall increasing by 1.6 ± 0.8 mm/day under SSP5–8.5 scenario. A moisture budget analysis for the MME further infers that the thermodynamic effect (TH) due to global warming plays a dominant role in enhancing ISM rainfall in the projections, with its dynamic counterpart (DY) assuming an additional contribution. It is also revealed that both DY and TH terms contribute to the inter-model uncertainty in ISM rainfall, but with DY dominating over the other this time. The inter-model uncertainty in DY and ISM rainfall changes is linked to inter-model spread in interhemispheric thermal contrast which in-turn depends on the diversity in Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity (ECS) and Global Mean Temperature (GMT) among the models. Intriguingly, when we remove the inter-model diversity in ECS through a GMT scaling, an Atlantic meridional surface temperature gradient, involving both land and ocean, emerges as a crucial driver in controlling the uncertainty in both DY and ISM rainfall changes, and drives large-scale monsoon circulation changes over African and the Indian subcontinents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 108424"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144890842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of high anthropogenic aerosol levels on fog evolution in the North China Plain: A case-based physical mechanistic analysis","authors":"Tingting Ju ,&nbsp;Bingui Wu ,&nbsp;Jianbo Yang ,&nbsp;Meng Tian ,&nbsp;Yunchen Liao ,&nbsp;Hailing Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108414","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108414","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Existing findings regarding the impacts of aerosol concentrations on fog are inconsistent and have primarily focused on the influence of low aerosol levels. In this study, the effects of high aerosol levels on fog were investigated using the WRF-Chem model to assess the extent to which aerosol levels affect fog in the North China Plain (NCP). The results showed that liquid water content (<em>LWC</em>), fog duration, and fog-top heights all increased nonlinearly with increasing aerosol concentrations, exhibiting a high growth rate when PM_2.5 concentration was below 200 μg m⁻³, and gradually leveling off thereafter. However, when PM_2.5 concentration exceeded 427 μg m⁻³, <em>LWC</em>, fog duration, and fog-top height all rapidly decreased with increasing aerosol concentrations, due to suppressing effect induced by aerosol-radiation interaction (ARI) overweighed promoting effect of aerosol-cloud interaction (ACI) on fog. Meanwhile, excessive cloud condensation nuclei suppressed fog through the intense competitions for vapor and the evaporation of smaller droplets. The results suggested that a PM_2.5 concentration in the range of 395–427 μg m⁻³ is the critical threshold that suppressed fog in the NCP, and current pollution levels remain below this threshold. In addition, we analyzed the individual effects of ARI, ACI, black carbon (BC) and non-BC aerosols on fog under current pollution level. The results suggested that ARI effect played a dominant role during the fog–haze episode, while the effect of ACI on fog was negligible. Furthermore, the results showed that BC played a leading role in fog formation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 108414"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144842458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microphysical analysis on the impacts of reduced aerosol concentrations on tropical cyclone precipitation in South China Area","authors":"Ho Yi Lydia Mak ,&nbsp;Yi Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaoming Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108405","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108405","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Previous studies have discovered that an increase in aerosol concentration could affect the development of precipitation and tropical cyclones. However, with increasing efforts to mitigate climate change, the amount of anthropogenic aerosols in the atmosphere is expected to decrease in the future. This study aims at understanding how such a reduction in aerosol number concentration could affect the precipitation pattern of tropical cyclones through case studies of Typhoon Haikui and Koinu. The Thompson aerosol-aware microphysics scheme in the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model is used, and the water-friendly aerosol number concentration is reduced by a factor of 100. For both tropical cyclones, a reduction in aerosol results in consistent expansion of precipitation area due to the enhanced warm rain process. However, the total precipitation of Koinu decreases while that of Haikui increases, depending on whether warm-rain or ice-phase processes dominate and whether upper-level convection is altered.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 108405"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144829095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"VOCs-driven ozone extremes during dry and wet heatwaves in the Jiangsu–Shandong–Henan–Anhui Boundary: Integrating meteorological forcings and SHAP interpretation","authors":"Chaolong Wang ,&nbsp;Sufan Zhang ,&nbsp;Yisheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Shanshan Cui ,&nbsp;Xiaofei Qin ,&nbsp;Alex Guenther ,&nbsp;Jianhui Bai ,&nbsp;Dasa Gu ,&nbsp;Jinhua Du ,&nbsp;Jingchao Tang ,&nbsp;Wanxiang Yao ,&nbsp;Ming Wang ,&nbsp;Yingjie Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108396","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108396","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change is driving more frequent and severe dry and wet heatwaves, yet a clear picture of how each type influences ozone (O₃) production in areas characterized by intricate industry and geography are still lacking. This study examines O₃ formation during heatwaves, focusing on interactions among meteorological factors, atmospheric chemistry, and pollutant emissions in a unique industrial area at the junction of Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan, and Anhui provinces of northern China in summer 2022 and 2023. This study integrates hourly data of temperature, relative humidity (RH), solar radiation (SF), 115 VOCs, and other atmospheric pollutants, and quantifies the contribution of each factor using machine learning models combined with SHAP. Results show that SF is the main driver influencing O₃, contributing 13.7 μg/m³ during dry heatwaves and 5.0 μg/m³ during wet heatwaves. RH and atmospheric diffusion conditions are distinct between the dry and wet heatwaves. PMF indicates that industrial emissions dominate O₃ formation during dry heatwaves while biogenic VOCs dominate during wet heatwaves. For VOCs, during dry heatwaves the SHAP values for styrene, propene and isoprene were 9.1, 4.4 and 3.8 μg/m³, respectively, significantly affecting O₃ formation; In wet heatwaves, styrene, propene and acetaldehyde dominate, with SHAP values of 6.7, 4.3 and 2.5 μg/m³ respectively. Diurnal analysis indicates that while styrene and propene boost O₃ during daytime (9:00–17:00), their effects reverse in the early morning (6:00–8:00). In contrast, isoprene contributes positively (2.85 μg/m³) during dry heatwaves and negatively (−2.92 μg/m³) during wet ones. Overall, the study offers an efficient framework for understanding O₃ formation in extreme weather and informs targeted pollution control strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 108396"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144810368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic vortex initialization for tropical cyclone predictions utilizing PV-ω equation and nudging","authors":"Lv Leyang ,&nbsp;Xuyang Ge ,&nbsp;Melinda Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108400","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108400","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To improve the initial vortex structure for tropical cyclones (TCs) in numerical predictions, this study proposes a dynamic vortex initialization procedure that combines the inversion of PV-ω equation with the Grid Nudging technique. A statistical relationship between precipitation rate and latent heating profiles is first derived from numerical model simulations. In practice, the GPM-IMERG satellite-retrieved precipitation rate is used to derive the heating rate, which then drives the PV-ω equation to obtain the secondary circulation of the TC. In order to construct a physically realistic thermodynamic field in the initial TC set up, the Grid Nudging technique is employed. In this process, the momentum fields are anchored, enabling the adjustment between the thermodynamic and the momentum fields to occur through model integration.</div><div>Application of this dynamic initialization procedure on the simulation of Typhoon Lekima (2019) successfully improves the prediction of Lekima's rapid intensification. The asymmetrical secondary circulation, constrained by satellite-retrieved precipitation rates, along with the reasonable thermodynamic structure and momentum fields, contribute to forecast improvement. Furthermore, during the rapid intensification phase, the model simulation captures key characteristics of upper-level asymmetric convective activity under vertical wind shear, such as strong upward motion in the upshear-left quadrant, which could result in an “outflow blocking” mechanism consistent with observations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"327 ","pages":"Article 108400"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144780686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}