Atmospheric Research最新文献

{"title":"Evolution of the western North Pacific subtropical high and impact of Asian precipitation from spring to summer","authors":"Wencai Liu, Ning Shi, Huijun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.107909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.107909","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the JRA55 monthly reanalysis datasets and simplified numerical experiments, this study identifies several key regions in which precipitation has an evident influence on the seasonal march of the western North Pacific Subtropical High (WNPSH) from spring to summer. In May, there is an evident positive feedback between the developed trough low and the increased precipitation mainly around the Bay of Bengal with the aid of the thermal supply from the underlying ocean. This positive feedback facilitates the breakdown of the SH and the formation of the WNPSH as an independent circulation system. In June, Meiyu precipitation occurs and in turn stimulates an anticyclonic anomaly in the northwestern Pacific, which contributes as much as approximately 77 % to the first northward advance of the WNPSH therein. The second northward advance of the WNPSH in July is closely associated with the increased precipitation around Indian subcontinent, as the latter can explain as much as approximately 50 % of the observed vorticity anomaly over East Asia. After August, the precipitation increment pattern is almost reversed with respect to that during the previous months. Accordingly, the WNPSH retreats southward and gradually merges with the Iran High, restoring to a zonally uniform distribution pattern.","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142939722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface energy distribution over the Tibetan Plateau and Southern Plain: Impact on convection development in dual coupling regime classification","authors":"Chenyi Yang, Yaoming Ma, Yuan Yuan, Hongchao Zuo","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107906","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to comprehend the impact of surface states on precipitation and convection, with a focus on the Tibetan Plateau. The study examines the effects of energy distribution on the plateau and southern lowlands, comparing differences between the two regions through WRF simulations. The results reveal that changes in surface energy distribution can trigger both direct and indirect feedback on convective precipitation, and that the surface energy distribution controls how the total surface energy contributes to precipitation. This is reflected not only in effects on the spatial distribution, magnitude, and type of precipitation, but also on the timing and height of cloud formation. The study also examines the role of specific microphysical processes to the generation and dissipation of rainfall. The microphysical processes related to cold cloud rainfall are more significantly affected by surface energy distribution and exhibit negative feedback. The higher the proportion of cold cloud processes, the more significant the negative feedback. This coupling state characteristics are not limited by regions and can be generalized. Finally, this study investigated the boundary layer variables and microphysical variables in the entrainment layer and found that the existence of negative feedback in the dry coupling regime mainly depends on the stronger collision and aggregation effects brought about by the larger particles and stronger vertical motion.","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142939718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Future winter snowfall and extreme snow events in the Pyrenees","authors":"Josep Bonsoms, Juan I. López-Moreno, Marc Lemus-Cánovas, Marc Oliva","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.107912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.107912","url":null,"abstract":"Snowfall is a crucial climate variable in mountainous regions: it influences hydrological and ecosystem dynamics and has a major impact on socioeconomic activities. This study examines the future changes (2024 to 2100) in winter (December, January and February, included) snowfall and extreme snow events in the Pyrenees, using a high-resolution dataset (2.5 km) derived from multiple CMIP5 General Circulation Models (GCMs) under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 greenhouse gas scenarios, forced with the SAFRAN model. Winter snowfall shifts are examined considering accumulated snowfall (SF), extreme snowfall (Percentile &gt;95th; SF95) per season, and return period levels (RPs) based on fitting Generalized Extreme Value to annually maximum SF. The data indicate an overall decline in SF across the entire mountain range and at all elevations. Trend analysis reveals a statistically significant negative evolution of SF (Tau Mann-Kendall &gt;0.3; <ce:italic>p</ce:italic>-value ≤0.05) for most of the mountain range under RCP8.5. Projections for the end of the 21st century (2080–2100 period) anticipate reductions ranging from −9 % (RCP4.5; 2500–3000 m) to −29 % (RCP8.5; 1000–1500 m) compared to the historical climate (1960–2006 period). SF95 projections range from +2 % (RCP4.5; 2500–3000 m) to −25 % (RCP8.5; 2500–3000 m) for the same periods. Annual maximum extreme snowfall RPs indicate decreases over the historical period, regardless of the scenario and elevation range. These changes are attributed to warming and declining precipitation (P), with maximum P reductions reaching reduction of −24 % for RCP8.5 (2080–2100 period). Differences among GCMs contribute to a variability of ±20 % around the average multi-model mean. These results anticipate major terrestrial ecosystem changes in the Pyrenees, including significant spatiotemporal changes in hydrological resources potentially affecting millions of people living in large lowland cities.","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142939726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of new particle formation events at high-altitude location of Western Himalayan Region, Tehri Garhwal, India","authors":"Karan Singh, Alok Sagar Gautam, N. Jeni Victor, Sanjeev Kumar, Swapnil S. Potdar, Kaupo Komsaare, Devendraa Siingh","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107903","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the observation site Himalayan Cloud Observatory is located at the high-altitude location (30.34 N, 78.40 E, 1706 m above mean sea level) and established at Swami Ram Tirth Campus, Badshahithaul, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand in the western Himalaya. We have identified and characterized the new particle formation events for 12-months period (January to December 2021) of continuous monitoring of the aerosol size distribution using NanoScan Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer. We have observed 51 new particle formation events out of 278 days of observations having 14 % frequency of new particle formation occurrence. New particle formation events were most frequent in March-April-May (pre-monsoon) and least frequent in June-July-August-September (monsoon). This trend is linked to high temperatures, strong solar radiation, and low relative humidity in pre-monsoon, which enhance the formation of low-volatility organic compounds, while in monsoon, wet scavenging reduces aerosol precursor gases. The seasonal mean of growth rate (GR&lt;ce:inf loc=\"post\"&gt;11.5-27.4 nm&lt;/ce:inf&gt;), formation rate (J&lt;ce:inf loc=\"post\"&gt;11.5&lt;/ce:inf&gt;), coagulation sink (CoagS&lt;ce:inf loc=\"post\"&gt;11.5-27.4&lt;/ce:inf&gt;) and condensation sink (CS&lt;ce:inf loc=\"post\"&gt;TOT&lt;/ce:inf&gt;, 11.5-154 nm) during the study period were 1.27 ± 0.23 nm h&lt;ce:sup loc=\"post\"&gt;-1&lt;/ce:sup&gt;, 0.12 ± 0.08 cm&lt;ce:sup loc=\"post\"&gt;-3&lt;/ce:sup&gt; s&lt;ce:sup loc=\"post\"&gt;-1&lt;/ce:sup&gt;, 2.92 ± 1.65 × 10&lt;ce:sup loc=\"post\"&gt;-5&lt;/ce:sup&gt; s&lt;ce:sup loc=\"post\"&gt;-1&lt;/ce:sup&gt; and 9.91 ± 3.13 × 10&lt;ce:sup loc=\"post\"&gt;-3&lt;/ce:sup&gt; s&lt;ce:sup loc=\"post\"&gt;-1&lt;/ce:sup&gt; respectively. Seasonal distributions show particles within 11.5–100 nm predominantly originate from secondary emissions, while particles 100–154 nm result from both direct and nucleated process, highlighting the seasonal sources of particles at Himalayan Cloud Observatory. A significant reduction (by 25 %) found in incoming solar radiation on non-event days limits the oxidation of precursor gases, thereby inhibiting particle formation. Polar bivariate analysis reveals that winter airmasses, transported via mountain winds from the southwest and northeast, introduce mixed particle sizes. In contrast, the localized concentration of particles with elevated GR&lt;ce:inf loc=\"post\"&gt;11.5-27.4 nm&lt;/ce:inf&gt; and J&lt;ce:inf loc=\"post\"&gt;11.5&lt;/ce:inf&gt; during pre-monsoon highlights the role of aerosol precursors, condensable vapours, and favorable meteorological conditions, emphasizing new particle formation as the dominant particle source. Comparison with prior cloud condensation nuclei study at Himalayan Cloud Observatory reveals that new particle formation significantly supplements cloud condensation nuclei production beyond primary emissions, especially in pre-monsoon. The satellite-based observation of sulfur dioxide and formaldehyde complement and support the condensable vapours during event days at Himalayan Cloud Observatory. In summary, this research offers fresh perspectives on the characteriza","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142939745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced impact of western North Pacific tropical cyclones on El Niño intensity in the past 40 years","authors":"Xingfang Huang, Fei Huang, Hengxin Qu, Tingting Fan, Shibin Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107907","url":null,"abstract":"Tropical cyclones (TCs) in the western North Pacific (WNP) can modulate the intensity of ENSO by weakening the Walker circulation and exciting or enhancing the eastward oceanic Kelvin waves. We find that WNP TCs have played an increasingly important role in the development of El Niño over the past 40 years, and that TCs contribute more to atmospheric circulation, SST and thermocline depth anomalies. The accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) in the WNP shows an enhanced explanatory capability for the Niño 3.4 index. TCs excite oceanic Kelvin waves with greater amplitudes compared to the past. Through diagnostic analysis of the temperature tendency equation, it is also found that TCs contribute more strongly to thermocline feedback and zonal advection feedback three months later. Consequently, it can be concluded that TCs play an increasingly significant positive feedback role in ENSO dynamics in the current climate context.","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"131 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142939717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of cloud vertical structure on the development of tropical cyclones: A case study based on In-Fa (2021)","authors":"Enwang Luo, Guoxing Chen, Wei-Chyung Wang, Jie Feng, Yanhong Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107904","url":null,"abstract":"This study conducted WRF simulations of Typhoon In-Fa (2021), which caused significant damage to the eastern China in 2021, to investigate how cloud vertical structure may affect the development of a tropical cyclone (TC). Specifically, the TC was simulated using two cloud-fraction schemes: the default Xu-Randall (XR) scheme and a newly-developed neural Network-based Scale-Adaptive (NSA) scheme. Results show that the NSA scheme simulates a more eastward TC track than the XR scheme for both the pre-landfall and landfall phases and is closer to the observation. The underlying mechanisms differ between the two phases and are closely associated with the TC asymmetric structure and phase evolution. First, the XR scheme simulates larger cloud fractions than the NSA scheme across the entire TC, yielding a stronger longwave cloud radiative effect (LWCRE). This tends to increase the instability and invigorates the convection. Second, the relatively strong convections in the northeast quadrant of the TC cause a horizontally-distributed cloud layer, where the NSA scheme simulates a less-tilted cloud structure and a more pronounced horizontal gradient of LWCRE, which can amplify the secondary circulation.","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142918073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improvement of microphysics schemes for a warm-sector heavy precipitation over South China","authors":"Hui Xiao, Sheng Hu, Xiantong Liu, Huiqi Li, Songwei He, Lu Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107905","url":null,"abstract":"Numerical prediction of warm-sector heavy precipitation under weak synoptic-scale forcing in South China remains a challenging problem. In this study, the simulation capabilities of four microphysics schemes (WSM6, Thompson, Thompson aerosol-aware, and Morrison) for the heavy rainfall event that occurred during 10–11 May 2022, which featured both a coastal warm-sector rain belt and an inland frontal rain belt, have been evaluated and improved by using polarimetric radar and 2DVDs. The results showed that four schemes effectively reproduced the coastal and inland heavy precipitation amounts but exhibited poor performance in describing raindrop size and number concentration, with noticeable differences among these schemes. Compared to observations, the microphysics schemes tended to produce raindrops with larger size and fewer number concentration. By incorporating the observed relationship between rainwater and generalized intercept parameter into the WSM6 scheme, the simulated raindrop size and number concentration were optimized with real-time diagnosis of raindrop intercept parameter. For the Thompson and Morrison double-moment schemes, modifying the diameter threshold parameter in raindrop self-collection process to enhance raindrop breakup efficiency was the most direct and effective method for improving simulation. Even though the impact of vertical wind shear on raindrop breakup was considered here, there remained a discrepancy between the simulated and observed raindrop sizes and number concentrations. Therefore, the reasons for adjusting this threshold parameter were still unclear. Additionally, using ECMWF-CAMS aerosol reanalysis data as input for Thompson aerosol-aware scheme showed a better representation of aerosol spatial distribution, thereby improving precipitation distribution, especially for the inland rain belt.","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142939724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel dynamical indices for the variations of the South Asia high in a warming climate","authors":"Lu Ma, Shujuan Hu, Bingqian Zhou, Jianjun Peng, Deqian Li","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107901","url":null,"abstract":"The South Asian high (SAH) is an important circulation system that seriously affects the weather and climate over East Asia. Previous studies have proposed related indices based on geopotential height to monitor the intensity and movement of the SAH. However, the SAH indices defined by geopotential height have been questioned by some recent studies due to the overall enhancement of geopotential height in the context of climate warming. To objectively reflect the characteristics of SAH variability, we redefined the corresponding indices using the stream function <ce:italic>R</ce:italic> of horizontal circulation from the three-pattern decomposition of global atmospheric circulation (3P-DGAC) model and studied the interannual and interdecadal variations of SAH. The results indicate that from 1958 to 2023, the area index, intensity index, and eastward ridge point index exhibit significant interannual variability, while the interdecadal signals remain relatively constant. The ridge line index of SAH not only exhibits significant interannual variations but also shows a significant interdecadal movement. Before the late 1980s, the SAH ridge line shifted southward, while after the late 1980s, it shifted northward. Furthermore, the changing characteristics of the SAH defined by the stream function <ce:italic>R</ce:italic> more closely with those of relative vorticity and horizontal wind. The geopotential height presents a spurious interdecadal enhancement of SAH since 1990. The eddy geopotential height overestimates the interdecadal weakening of SAH around 1979. This shows that the stream function <ce:italic>R</ce:italic> provides a more objective and reliable representation of the interdecadal variations of the SAH compared to geopotential height and eddy geopotential height. Therefore, our study provides new research methods and index definitions for understanding the changing characteristics of SAH in the context of global warming, and it also gives important reference and methodological guidance for future relevant research.","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142939727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal patterns and hot spots of PM2.5 in Bangladesh","authors":"Juthi Rani Mitra, Kevin Czajkowski","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107898","url":null,"abstract":"Urban areas in Bangladesh have seen alarming levels of particulate matter for an extended period, posing serious threats to public health and economic stability. Particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 μm or smaller, known as PM<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2.5</ce:inf>, can be inhaled by humans and cause serious respiratory and cardiovascular health problems. This study revealed spatial and temporal patterns, seasonal and regional variations, hot spots, and cold spots of PM<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2.5</ce:inf> in Bangladesh. In addition, the relationship between PM<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2.5</ce:inf> and meteorological variables was investigated. The results indicate a positive spatial autocorrelation in PM<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2.5</ce:inf> concentrations, with recent hot spots primarily clustered in the Dhaka, and western parts of the Chittagong divisions. In contrast, cold spots are observed in the Sylhet, Rangpur, and eastern parts of the Chittagong divisions. Seasonal variations revealed notably high PM<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2.5</ce:inf> concentrations during the winter season. Furthermore, annual average PM<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2.5</ce:inf> concentrations showed increasing trends for most divisions in Bangladesh, particularly elevated concentrations in Dhaka, Barisal, Khulna, and Chittagong. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of PM<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2.5</ce:inf> spatial distributions, clusters, and temporal patterns contributing to understanding the variation and distribution of PM<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2.5</ce:inf> concentrations across Bangladesh. The findings of this study can be applied to urban planning by prioritizing areas for new air quality monitoring stations, directing efforts to reduce pollution in hot spot areas, and formulating long-term, source-specific policies to improve air quality and public health.","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142939725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microphysical characteristics of the 2020 record-breaking Meiyu rainfall in Anhui, China","authors":"Qiqi Yang, Shuliang Zhang, Yiheng Chen, Yuhan Jin, Hongyuan Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107900","url":null,"abstract":"The 2020 Meiyu season in Anhui, China, brought unprecedented rainfall, driven by a unique interplay of high precipitation frequency and elevated convective rainfall. This study examines the distinctive microphysical characteristics of raindrop size distribution (DSD) during this record-breaking season, using minute-level data from six disdrometer stations. Brief but intense rain events contributed up to 49.4 % of the total seasonal rainfall in only 6–7 % of the duration, with the mean drop diameter increasing from 1.2 mm to 2.1 mm and the mean normalized intercept parameter rising from 2.7 to 4.1 as rainfall rate intensified. Compared to prior Meiyu studies, our findings reveal distinct DSD patterns with larger raindrops and higher concentrations, reflecting a more convective-dominated structure unique to the 2020 season. Novel <ce:italic>μ</ce:italic>–<ce:italic>Λ</ce:italic> and <ce:italic>Z</ce:italic> − <ce:italic>R</ce:italic> relationships tailored for this event revealed larger raindrop sizes and concentrations compared to past studies. Enhanced dual-polarization radar rainfall prediction models were developed, with relationships between <mml:math altimg=\"si15.svg\"><mml:msub><mml:mi>Z</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"italic\">dr</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:math>, <mml:math altimg=\"si14.svg\"><mml:msub><mml:mi>Z</mml:mi><mml:mi>h</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:math>, <mml:math altimg=\"si16.svg\"><mml:msub><mml:mi>K</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"italic\">dp</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:math>, and rainfall rate (<ce:italic>R</ce:italic>) showing exceptional accuracy, as evidenced by correlation coefficients nearing 1.0 and low RMSE and NMAE values. Additionally, new <ce:italic>KE</ce:italic>–<ce:italic>R</ce:italic> relationships accurately estimated rainfall kinetic energy (<ce:italic>KE</ce:italic>), with Power Law models best representing <mml:math altimg=\"si18.svg\"><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant=\"italic\">KE</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"italic\">time</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:math>–<ce:italic>R</ce:italic> and Logarithmic fits for <mml:math altimg=\"si19.svg\"><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant=\"italic\">KE</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"italic\">mm</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:math>–<ce:italic>R</ce:italic>. These findings demonstrate the importance of DSD-specific insights for understanding microphysical processes and improving QPE accuracy, with implications for flood and soil erosion management in eastern China.","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142918079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}