Arkhiv patologii最新文献

{"title":"[Classification of non-small cell lung cancer according to the WHO 2021: from morphology to personalized therapy].","authors":"G A Frank, A M Avdalyan, I M Telezhnikova","doi":"10.17116/patol20268801160","DOIUrl":"10.17116/patol20268801160","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study analyzes the modern (2021) WHO classification of lung tumors and reviews publications in Russian and English from databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, ClinicalTrials.gov, eLibrary, and CyberLeninka. The aim of this review is to identify key changes in the 2021 WHO classification compared to the 2015 edition and assess their significance for the diagnosis and personalized treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Special attention is given to the handling of small biopsy specimens, which requires an integrated approach involving morphological examination, immunohistochemistry, and molecular genetic testing.</p>","PeriodicalId":8548,"journal":{"name":"Arkhiv patologii","volume":"88 1","pages":"60-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146050260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Heterogeneity of mismatch repair protein expression in tumors].","authors":"E E Porubayeva, N V Danilova","doi":"10.17116/patol20268801173","DOIUrl":"10.17116/patol20268801173","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The genes of mismatch repair system (MMR) are responsible for correcting errors in DNA replication. MMR defects (dMMR) lead to mutations in microsatellites - repetitive nucleotide base sequences - resulting in microsatellite instability (MSI). Determination of dMMR/MSI status in tumors is an important factor for the development of patient management tactics, as the dMMR/MSI phenotype serves as both a marker of favorable prognosis and a predictor of response to immunotherapy in tumors of many localizations. MMR status is assessed via immunohistochemistry (IHC) on histological material. However, in some cases heterogeneity of intratumoral MMR protein expression (MMR heterogeneity) becomes an obstacle to this. MMR heterogeneity (areas of weak/absent staining on the background of normal expression) is poorly studied, especially in gastric cancer, in contrast to colorectal cancer and endometrial cancer. The lack of a methodology for interpreting this phenomenon leads to significant difficulties in stratifying patients who are indicated for dMMR/MSI status determination. The article systematizes current data on MMR heterogeneity in gastric cancer and tumors of other localizations, discusses molecular mechanisms, clinical significance and recommendations to overcome diagnostic limitations.</p>","PeriodicalId":8548,"journal":{"name":"Arkhiv patologii","volume":"88 1","pages":"73-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146050249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[The features of cancer-associated fibroblasts as components of tumor stroma in bladder cancer].","authors":"I N Sycheva, N A Oleynikova","doi":"10.17116/patol20268802187","DOIUrl":"10.17116/patol20268802187","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The subject of the study is the data from the world literature on tumor-associated fibroblasts (CAF) and their target markers, on the relationship of this group of cells with clinical and prognostic characteristics. Tumor-associated fibroblasts are a heterogeneous group of cells of the mesenchymal microenvironment in the tumor stroma that play a significant role in tumor development and disease progression, and are also directly related to treatment tactics. Current trends in bladder cancer (BC) research include the investigation of these cell groups and their target markers. The following open internet resources were used to search for literature sources: PubMed, National Library of Medicine, and The Human Protein Atlas. Sources were selected using keywords (indicated in the appropriate field) and publication dates. CAFs and their immunohistochemical markers can be used not only to improve diagnostic panels of urothelial carcinomas, but also to potentially improve the selection criteria for patient groups for the application of various treatment strategies, including minimally invasive methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":8548,"journal":{"name":"Arkhiv patologii","volume":"88 2","pages":"87-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147697277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Pathological anatomy of the liver in patients who died from COVID-19 in the acute period and in the late stages after the new coronavirus infection].","authors":"S F Krasnenkova, O V Zayratyants, A S Kontorshchikov, K Yu Midiber, V V Pechnikova, L M Mikhaleva","doi":"10.17116/patol20268802127","DOIUrl":"10.17116/patol20268802127","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>A comparative analysis of morphological changes in the liver in patients who died from COVID-19 and non-communicable diseases after the new coronavirus infection.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Morphological changes in the liver were studied in 37 patients who died from COVID-19 without previous pathology or bacterial superinfection and 10 from cardiovascular diseases within 40 to 300 days after COVID-19. H&E, Van Gieson, V. Picro-Mallory were used, immunohistochemical (IHC) reactions with antibodies to S-protein of SARS-CoV-2 and receptors for angiotensin converting enzyme type 2 (ACE 2).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>S-protein of SARS-CoV-2 expression is found in cholangiocytes, vascular endothelium and mononuclear cells of portal tract infiltrate, and single hepatocytes, ACE 2 - in cholangiocytes and hepatocytes. Liver changes are consistent with the morphology of hypoxic hepatitis in combination with COVID-associated microangio-, coagulo-, and cholangiopathy. In some patients, secondary sclerosing cholangitis and liver fibrosis are formed in the outcome of the disease.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study results do not allow us to exclude the role of SARS-CoV-2 in the pathogenesis of liver damage in COVID-19. Specific features of hypoxic hepatitis in COVID-19 are microangio-, coagulo- and cholangiopathy. Many other factors, the effect of which was excluded as much as possible from the study (bacterial superinfection, hepatotoxic drugs etc.) also play a large role in the pathogenesis of its pathology in COVID-19.</p>","PeriodicalId":8548,"journal":{"name":"Arkhiv patologii","volume":"88 2","pages":"27-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147697326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Dyshormonogenetic goiter in a patient with congenital hypothyroidism: clinical, morphological and genetic features].","authors":"D A Pastuhova, A V Babushkin, A M Lapshina, E B Bricheva, N Yu Kalinchenko, L S Urusova, A Yu Abrosimov, E V Nagaeva","doi":"10.17116/patol20268803159","DOIUrl":"10.17116/patol20268803159","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dyshormonogenetic goiter (DG) is a rare genetic disorder of thyroid gland development resulting from deficiencies in enzymes involved in thyroid hormone synthesis. Clinical manifestations include congenital hypothyroidism (CH), thyroid enlargement, and nodule formation. Morphologically, the thyroid gland exhibits histoarchitectural heterogeneity and cellular polymorphism, which can mimic malignant neoplasms and complicate differential diagnosis. Morphological examination revealed pronounced polymorphism of thyroid nodules without signs of malignancy. The pathogenic heterozygous variant was detected in the TPO gene by molecular genetic analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":8548,"journal":{"name":"Arkhiv patologii","volume":"88 3","pages":"59-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148275591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Evolution of integrated morphological prognostic indices in breast cancer diagnosis. Total malignancy score and nottingham prognostic index].","authors":"V V Kometova, L M Mikhaleva, V V Rodionov, M V Rodionova, L A Ashrafyan","doi":"10.17116/patol20268803192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17116/patol20268803192","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Breast cancer (BC) is a complex, clinically and morphologically heterogeneous disease for which integral morphological and molecular genetic parameters are of key importance. This paper describes the evolution of semiquantitative tumor grading systems, beginning with the classical Greenough, Patey-Scarff, and Bloom-Richardson systems and ending with modern mathematical methods based on the grade of BC malignancy. Integral prognostic indices are presented in detail, including the Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI), its modifications (NPI+, METASTASIS), the Total malignancy score (TMS), as well as new digital models and artificial intelligence algorithms predicting lymph node metastasis (LN) and response to therapy. The advantages of these indices in risk stratification and treatment selection are highlighted, as are their limitations related to tumor heterogeneity, dependence on research methods, and the need for integration with molecular genetic testing and digital technologies to further improve a personalized approach to breast cancer patient care. The following open scientific online resources were used to search for literature sources: PubMed, eLibrary, and the National Library of Medicine. Sources were selected using keywords (indicated in the appropriate field) and publication dates.</p>","PeriodicalId":8548,"journal":{"name":"Arkhiv patologii","volume":"88 3","pages":"92-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148275781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[The variable adaptive response of human basal ganglia neurons to ischemic injury].","authors":"V S Sukhorukov, T I Baranich, P L Anufriev, O V Velts, D N Voronkov, M S Ryabova, D S Lazarev, A V Egorova, I G Charyeva, A N Yatskovskiy, V V Glinkina","doi":"10.17116/patol20268803139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17116/patol20268803139","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Arterial hypertension is a socially significant disease, one of whose complications is cerebral ischemia. Various mechanisms are involved in the adaptation of neurons to hypoxia, including those modulating mitochondrial activity, the autophagy system, and the regulation of apoptosis.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To study the immunohistochemical features of markers of autophagy, mitochondrial dynamics and regulation of apoptosis in neurons during chronic diffuse and focal ischemia in grade II-III hypertension in the region of the basal ganglia (BG) of humans.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The brain of deceased patients with grade II-III hypertension with and without lacunar infarcts (LI) in the area of the BG, and control cases with the absence of hypertension, was studied. Immunohistochemical analysis of the proteins Drp-1, Opa-1, Mfn-2, Beclin-1, SQSTM-1, and Bcl-2 was performed, followed by determination of their staining intensity in three zones at different distances from the LI center.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The LI zones were characterized by varying changes in the studied markers. Peri-infarction zones 1 and 2, closest to the LI center, were characterized by increased levels of the markers Bcl-2, Beclin-1, SQSTM1, Opa-1, and Mfn-2 compared to control cases. In the zone furthest from the infarction center, a decrease in the SQSTM-1 marker and an increase in the Drp-1 marker were observed compared to other LI zones. In cases of hypertension without the development of LI, an increase in the Beclin-1 level and an increase in the Opa-1 level were observed compared to control cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The degree of ischemic damage can determine the pattern of the neuron's adaptive response: in areas with the most severe ischemic damage, the Bcl-2-mediated mechanism of protection from apoptosis is activated and the balance of mitochondrial dynamics shifts towards the predominance of the fusion of these organelles. With a relatively low severity of ischemia, a shift in the balance of mitochondrial dynamics towards the division of these organelles was found; in the case of moderate severity of ischemic damage, activation of both division and fusion of mitochondria is observed.</p>","PeriodicalId":8548,"journal":{"name":"Arkhiv patologii","volume":"88 3","pages":"39-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148275818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Pathomorphological features of eosinophilic esophagitis before and after treatment with proton pomp inhibitors].","authors":"E N Motylev, L M Mikhaleva, K S Maslenkina, A I Mikhalev, M Y Gushchin, E O Zentsova, A E Birukov, V O Kaybysheva","doi":"10.17116/patol20268802137","DOIUrl":"10.17116/patol20268802137","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is characterized by predominant eosinophilic infiltration of esophageal mucosa, >15 eosinophils in a high power field (HPF). Proton pomp inhibitors (PPI) are medications of choice to start therapy of EoE.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To perform histological and morphometric analysis of biopsy pieces of esophageal mucosa before and after treatment with PPI.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Of the 84 patients newly diagnosed with EoE, 30 were in the PPI therapy group. Patients underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy with biopsy for initial diagnosis and follow-up evaluation. Biopsy specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, combined PAS/Alcian blue staining and Mallory staining to detect fibrosis. Morphometric analysis was performed using the Eosinophilic Esophagitis Histologic Scoring System (EoEHSS) for initial diagnosis and Eosinophilic Esophagitis Histology Remission Score (EoEHRS) to assess the onset of remission.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In initial biopsies peak eosinophil count comprised 46 (25-89) eosinophils HPF, rates of basal zone hyperplasia and dilated intercellular spaces were both 100%, followed by lamina propria fibrosis (98.04%), surface epithelial alteration (77.38%), eosinophilic abscesses (57.14%), eosinophil surface layering (28.57%) and dyskeratosis (21.43%). Using EoEHSS, the total score for the grade was 12 (8-13.75) and the total score for the stage was 10 (8-12). Peak eosinophil count after the treatment alleviated in all the patients (4 (1-12) eosinophils HPF, <i>p</i><0.05). The severity and the extent of other parameters has significantly decreased. Using EoEHSS, the total score for the grade was 4 [3-8] and the total score for the stage was 4 (3-7), <i>p</i><0.05.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Not only peak eosinophil count, but structural changes of esophageal mucosa should be taken into account while evaluating biopsies for initial diagnostic and to analyze the treatment response. EoEHRS remission criteria were reached in 40% patients on PPI therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":8548,"journal":{"name":"Arkhiv patologii","volume":"88 2","pages":"37-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147697316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[The effect of storage duration on the preservation of DNA and the feasibility of genetic studies in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples].","authors":"A D Kolina, N A Oleynikova, Yu Yu Andreeva, N V Danilova","doi":"10.17116/patol20268804135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17116/patol20268804135","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the concentration of isolated DNA from archived paraffin blocks of cervical cancer using real-time PCR and to study its relationship with the storage period of samples.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>DNA was extracted from paraffin blocks of 62 cervical cancer samples using a commercial DNA extraction kit (BioLink LLC, Russia). The amount of <i>HER2/neu</i> gene DNA extracted was assessed by real-time PCR using the Real-time-PCR-HER2/neu kit (BioLink LLC, Russia) according to the manufacturer's instructions. All samples were divided into 3 groups depending on the storage period of the paraffin blocks: group 1 (0-5 years), group 2 (5-8 years), group 3 (8-10 years).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The concentration of DNA extracted from paraffin blocks of cervical cancer stored for 0-5 years was 10.00 ng/<i>μ</i>l [2.70-10.00], which is statistically significantly higher than the values obtained for blocks stored for 5-8 years (0.20 ng/<i>μ</i>l [0.20-0.40]) and 8-10 years (0.20 ng/<i>μ</i>l [0.20-0.20]) (P=0.019631 and P=0.000003, respectively), no significant differences were found between samples stored for 5-8 years and 8-10 years. When studying the dynamics of DNA concentration over time in groups with storage periods of 0-5 years and more than 5 years, a decrease of 9.80 ng/<i>μ</i>l (98.0%) (<i>p</i><0.01) was detected.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The concentration of extracted DNA from paraffin blocks of cervical cancer significantly decreases over time and reaches threshold values after more than 5 years of storage, which must be taken into account when planning retrospective study.</p>","PeriodicalId":8548,"journal":{"name":"Arkhiv patologii","volume":"88 4","pages":"35-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148629325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Errors and difficulties in diagnosing bronchiolar adenoma].","authors":"I V Dvorakovskaya, G A Raskin, S N Bugrov, Yu V Perminov, A O Nefedov, M M Mortada","doi":"10.17116/patol20268803154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17116/patol20268803154","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article presents a rare clinical case of a 65-year-old female patient with bilateral lung lesions who underwent surgery for a ciliated muconodular papillary tumor/bronchiolar adenoma. The article highlights the challenges of differential diagnosis with adenocarcinoma during the preliminary examination stage during surgical planning, as well as the issues that arise during intraoperative examination. Multislice computed tomography data and the results of histological and immunohistochemical studies are presented. The histological features of proximal and distal types of bronchiolar adenoma are discussed. The differential diagnosis of bronchiolar adenoma from mucinous adenocarcinoma is discussed, along with a list of immunohistochemical markers used. Using this case as an example, the author presents the results of molecular genetic studies on bronchiolar adenoma, as well as published data.</p>","PeriodicalId":8548,"journal":{"name":"Arkhiv patologii","volume":"88 3","pages":"54-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148275772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}