Artificial organs最新文献

{"title":"When Machine Perfusion Falls Short: Identifying Risks of Liver Graft Failure After Normothermic Machine Perfusion","authors":"Lauren E. Matevish,&nbsp;Abdullah K. Malik,&nbsp;Milana Harris,&nbsp;Ahmad Anouti,&nbsp;Taylor M. Coe,&nbsp;Simon Moosburner,&nbsp;Nathanael Raschzok,&nbsp;Arjmand Mufti,&nbsp;Parsia A. Vagefi,&nbsp;Madhukar S. Patel","doi":"10.1111/aor.70195","DOIUrl":"10.1111/aor.70195","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Machine perfusion technology has redefined donor and recipient criteria for liver transplantation. Despite increasing adoption, data regarding graft and recipient factors associated with unsuccessful normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) outcomes remain limited.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network database was used to retrospectively identify adult patients undergoing deceased donor liver transplantation with NMP preservation between January 10, 2021, and December 31, 2024. Populations were stratified by 1-year graft status, with donor and recipient factors compared. Logistic regression identified factors independently associated with NMP graft failure, and center analyses assessed program-level impacts.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Among 4928 NMP cases, 398 (8.1%) experienced 1-year graft failure. They were more frequently admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) at transplant (21.1% vs. 10.6%, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) and had more complex abdominal histories, including higher rates of TIPS(17.0% vs. 12.0%), prior abdominal surgery (64.1% vs. 54.7%), and prior liver transplant (10.3% vs. 3.4%) (all <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). Regression analysis identified increased odds of graft failure with MELD score 35 (aOR 2.10 [1.21–3.63]), low recipient functional status (aOR 2.05 [1.31–3.21]), and prior abdominal surgery (aOR 1.33 [1.01–1.76]). Alcohol-associated liver disease (aOR 0.36 [0.23–0.56]) was the only factor conferring a protective effect. Centers with higher-than-expected standardized NMP graft failure rates were higher-volume programs with low-risk case mixes; no centers had persistently high standardized failure rates throughout the study period.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Recipient factors, particularly those conferring surgical complexity, are more significantly associated with NMP graft failure than donor factors. Despite increased adoption of perfusion technologies to mitigate donor and operative risk, transplant provider clinical judgment remains critical for optimizing recipient-donor matching and outcomes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":8450,"journal":{"name":"Artificial organs","volume":"50 10","pages":"1407-1417"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/aor.70195","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148468679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Progress in the Field of Artificial Organs","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/aor.70235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aor.70235","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8450,"journal":{"name":"Artificial organs","volume":"50 10","pages":"1331-1332"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149072639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mean Arterial Pressure, Forward Flow, and Right-Sided Hemodynamics During the First 24 h of Monitoring After HeartMate 3 Implantation.","authors":"Kentaro Okamoto, Kimito Minami, Chase Donaldson, Jean Deschamps, Marcelo Gama de Abreu, Shigeki Fujitani, Takaki Naito, Tatsutoshi Shimatani, Muneyuki Takeuchi","doi":"10.1111/aor.70258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aor.70258","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Early postoperative blood pressure targets after HeartMate 3 implantation are largely extrapolated from older devices and chronic-phase data. We examined associations of mean arterial pressure (MAP) with cardiac output (CO), pulmonary artery pulsatility index (PAPi), and acute kidney injury (AKI).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort included adults undergoing HeartMate 3 implantation with postoperative catheter/MAP monitoring and preoperative right heart catheterization. Spline mixed-effects models evaluated 25 hourly observations from the first available monitoring record. Renal analyses examined 24-h time-weighted average MAP and percentage of monitored time below mean perfusion pressure (MPP) 60 mmHg.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis set contained 75 patients; adjusted CO/PAPi models included 72 complete-case patients. CO curves had a broad mid-range maximum, but tests did not support nonlinearity (p = 0.067) or a MAP-by-time interaction (p = 0.733). PAPi was generally lower at higher MAP and varied with time (interaction p = 0.002). Additional available-outcome analyses identified AKI in 21/73 patients by 72 h and 24/70 by 7 days; 19 events occurred within 24 h. Per 10-percentage-point increase in time with MPP < 60 mmHg, adjusted odds ratios were 1.25 (95% CI 1.02-1.58), and 1.18 (0.98-1.46), respectively. Estimates attenuated with a preoperative creatinine reference.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>MAP was associated with PAPi, whereas the statistical evidence for the observed CO pattern depended on how time was modeled. Renal findings remain exploratory because exposure and AKI frequently overlapped. These observations do not establish an optimal pressure target.</p>","PeriodicalId":8450,"journal":{"name":"Artificial organs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149068848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heart Donation After Controlled Circulatory Death in Noncardiac Surgery Hospitals With a Mobile Heart Team: A Case Series From an Italian Regional Program and Integrated Review of the Literature.","authors":"Maria Benedetto, Valentina Roncarati, Arianna Campana, Erika Cordella, Domenico Nocera, Sofia Martin-Suarez, Luca Botta, Davide Pacini, Letizia Perinati, Massimo Baiocchi, Tommaso Tonetti, Fabrizio Monaco","doi":"10.1111/aor.70255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aor.70255","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Controlled donation after circulatory death (cDCD) with thoracoabdominal normothermic regional perfusion (TA-NRP) has emerged worldwide as a strategy to expand the heart donor pool. In Italy, however, its implementation is constrained by a particularly restrictive setting, shaped by the mandatory 20-min asystolic no-touch period and by the absence of cardiac surgery units in most donor hospitals. Against this backdrop, the Emilia-Romagna Regional Transplant Network developed a mobile DCD Heart Team capable of performing TA-NRP in peripheral hospitals. We report a case series of 19 cDCD donors managed with TA-NRP within a regional program based at a high-volume tertiary university hospital, all with prolonged functional warm ischemic time (FWIT). Seventeen hearts (89.5%) were successfully procured and transplanted, with a median FWIT of 41 (37.5-52) minutes, and serial transesophageal echocardiography and hemodynamic assessment supported real-time monitoring of myocardial recovery. No recipient required postcardiotomy veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO), and no primary graft dysfunction or 30-day mortality were observed. These findings support TA-NRP heart procurement as a feasible and clinically effective procedure-even in centers without onsite cardiac surgery-when a dedicated mobile heart team is available, thereby encouraging the broad adoption of cDCD heart procurement within the Italian legislative and organizational context.</p>","PeriodicalId":8450,"journal":{"name":"Artificial organs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149068912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineering an Implantable Bioartificial Pancreas to Balance Transport, Containment, and Retrieval.","authors":"Haijie Shi, Yumin Li, Cong He, Bo Sun","doi":"10.1111/aor.70254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aor.70254","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>An implantable bioartificial pancreas must accommodate a therapeutically meaningful cell dose while simultaneously maintaining oxygen and nutrient transport, glucose-responsive insulin secretion, immune protection, cellular containment, mechanical integrity, and surgical retrievability. Although promising results have been obtained in preclinical models, these advances have not consistently translated into clinically meaningful endocrine function.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This narrative review integrates experimental, computational, preclinical, and clinical evidence relevant to implantable bioartificial pancreas design. Particular attention is given to the coupled effects of cell size and loading density, membrane and device geometry, oxygen supply, vascular proximity, extracellular matrix, foreign-body response, mechanical integrity, containment, and retrieval. Published quantitative examples are distinguished from model assumptions, illustrative calculations, and proposed engineering criteria.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Available evidence indicates that device performance is governed by interacting rather than independent constraints. Increasing cell loading can compromise oxygenation, whereas reducing diffusion distance may increase device footprint or complicate retrieval. Cell-excluding membranes do not necessarily prevent soluble inflammatory injury, and improved oxygenation can introduce additional maintenance requirements and failure modes. Clinical experience further shows that cell survival alone does not ensure therapeutically meaningful insulin secretion. Accordingly, dynamic transport testing, containment assessment, hydrated mechanical testing, host-response evaluation, and planned retrieval should be evaluated within the same device configuration.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Progress toward a clinically useful bioartificial pancreas requires reproducible endocrine function at a surgically manageable scale, explicit evaluation of soluble immune injury and oxygen-support failure, and documented complete retrieval. Configuration-matched testing and predefined engineering benchmarks may improve interpretation of both successful and unsuccessful implant studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":8450,"journal":{"name":"Artificial organs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149029751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Repeat Impella 5.5 During Single Hospitalization: A Single Center Experience.","authors":"Sarah Madira, Naman Baraya, Mehran Rahimi, Kunal Kotkar, Mary Sullivan, Irene Fischer, Kyle Stumbaugh, Bianca Jenkins, Ralph J Damiano, Tsuyoshi Kaneko, Muhammad F Masood, Amit A Pawale","doi":"10.1111/aor.70249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aor.70249","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The Impella 5.5 device is a temporary mechanical circulatory support device widely used in patients with refractory cardiogenic shock. However, device-related or device-associated complications, as well as recurrent cardiogenic shock after device removal, may necessitate repeat implantation during the same hospitalization.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Out of 579 who underwent Impella 5.5 implantation at our institution between January 2020 and 2026, we reviewed the 14 patients who required repeated insertion during a single hospitalization. Indications for repeat implantation were categorized as device-related failure or physiologic deterioration. The primary outcome was survival to hospital discharge. Secondary outcomes included stroke, surgical-site infection, and access-site bleeding.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients had a median age of 57 years, and 79% were male. Indications for repeat implantation were device-related failure in 57% (8/14) and physiologic deterioration in 43% (6/14). Median interval between devices was 10.5 days (IQR, 6-22). Repeat implantation was performed through the same axillary access site in 57% (8/14) and a new access site in 43% (6/14). After initial device insertion, 50% required VA-ECMO and 28%. Survival to hospital discharge was 71% (10/14); however, post-reimplantation complications were frequent, with stroke and access-site bleeding each occurring in 29% of patients and surgical-site infection in 7%. Five patients (36%) underwent durable LVAD implantation and 5 (36%) underwent heart or heart-kidney transplantation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Repeat Impella 5.5 implantation during a single hospitalization was uncommon and was performed in a highly selected cohort with favorable survival outcomes, although accompanied by a substantial rate of neurological and local bleeding complications. These descriptive findings should be interpreted in the context of substantial selection bias, small sample size, and single-center experience.</p>","PeriodicalId":8450,"journal":{"name":"Artificial organs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149015504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Double Uniform Radial Clamping Artificial Anal Sphincter Device.","authors":"Minghui Wang, Yinhao Wang, Siyuan Chen, Hongliu Yu","doi":"10.1111/aor.70253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aor.70253","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Artificial anal sphincters are an important option for patients with severe anal incontinence. However, existing artificial anal sphincters still present safety and effectiveness concerns in animal experiments and clinical applications. Based on these problems, a novel double uniform radial clamping artificial anal sphincter device was proposed.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, a novel double uniform radial clamping artificial anal sphincter device was designed. The constant-force characteristics of the device and its mechanical interaction with intestinal tissue were evaluated using finite element analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The simulation results showed that the maximum equivalent stresses on the outer and inner surfaces of the intestinal wall were approximately 147 and 159 kPa, respectively. Regions of elevated equivalent stress were mainly localized near the bilateral clamping regions. The reaction force of the shape memory alloy constant-force mechanism reached a peak value of 6.23 N at a displacement of 2.48 mm. Over the displacement range of 3.25-6.35 mm, the reaction force remained between 5.78 and 6.07 N, with a mean value of approximately 5.89 N, indicating an approximately constant-force plateau.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The proposed artificial anal sphincter provides a novel double uniform radial clamping design. Finite element analysis characterized the local mechanical response of the intestinal wall and the constant-force behavior of the device, providing preliminary mechanical information for further experimental optimization and in vivo validation.</p>","PeriodicalId":8450,"journal":{"name":"Artificial organs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149015370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decellularized Fetal Porcine Dermis as a Substrate for Skin Models.","authors":"Kohei Kaburagi, Yoshihide Hashimoto, Jun Negishi","doi":"10.1111/aor.70243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aor.70243","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Human skin is mainly composed of an epidermal layer of stratified keratinocytes and a dermal layer containing fibroblasts and extracellular matrix (ECM). Epidermal-dermal models that replicate both the epidermis and dermis are widely used for skin evaluation. However, it remains challenging to reproduce the complex dermal ECM using artificial materials. Although decellularized dermis from human and animal sources is composed of dermal ECM, its application as a substrate for skin models has not progressed due to the difficulty of recellularization in vitro.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We previously reported that cells are more likely to infiltrate into decellularized fetal porcine bone marrow than decellularized adult porcine bone marrow. In the present study, we developed a skin model by seeding human fibroblasts and keratinocytes onto a decellularized fetal porcine dermis (dFPDe).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fibroblasts infiltrated into the dFPDe and keratinocytes formed a stratified epidermal layer on its surface. The compressive elastic modulus and permeability of the dFPDe-based skin model were similar to those of human skin.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results suggest that dFPDe could be a useful substrate for the development of physiological skin models.</p>","PeriodicalId":8450,"journal":{"name":"Artificial organs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149015517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disease-Specific Ventricular Unloading Responses to Impella Support Revealed by Three-Dimensional Pressure-Volume-Flow Landscape Analysis.","authors":"Hisato Takagi","doi":"10.1111/aor.70248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aor.70248","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Impella support alters left ventricular pressure-volume (PV) relations, but disease-specific unloading responses across the full support range remain incompletely characterized. We developed a three-dimensional pressure-volume-flow landscape (3D-PVL) framework to quantify and compare ventricular unloading in acute myocardial infarction (AMI), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), and DCM with mitral regurgitation (DCM + MR).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PV loops were simulated using a closed-loop cardiovascular model at 51 Impella-flow levels from 0 to 5.0 L/min. Loop-centroid displacement and stroke work were normalized to their respective 0-L/min values, and their unscaled direction-sensitive derivatives were combined into a composite response. The response index (RI) quantified integrated response magnitude, while interior peak-response flow (Qpeak) identified the flow level of maximal incremental response among interior flow points. Pressure-volume area (PVA) provided energetic validation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Unloading trajectories differed among disease states despite baseline normalization. Integrated response magnitudes were similar across the three disease models (RI: 1.33, 1.37, and 1.35 for AMI, DCM, and DCM + MR, respectively), whereas interior Qpeak differed at 3.40, 2.90, and 2.70 L/min. DCM + MR showed a renewed response increase at high flow, with its overall maximum occurring at the 5.0-L/min boundary. PVA-based analysis preserved the higher-flow response peak in AMI (3.60 vs. 3.10 and 2.90 L/min in DCM and DCM + MR).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The underlying disease substrate influenced the distribution of ventricular unloading across the Impella-flow range despite similar integrated response magnitudes. The 3D-PVL framework provides quantitative descriptors of disease-specific unloading trajectories rather than clinically validated therapeutic targets.</p>","PeriodicalId":8450,"journal":{"name":"Artificial organs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149011833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthetic Biology and Soft Robotics in Biohybrid Kidney Replacement: A Conceptual Framework and Translational Roadmap.","authors":"Amr Ali Mohamed Abdelgawwad El-Sehrawy, Zeina T Khaleel, Rushen Gafarov, Nisar Ahmad Koka, Mirza R Baig, Shrey Kumar Srivastav, Sarmad S Abdullah, Majid S Jabir, Neeraj Bainsal, Aseel Smerat","doi":"10.1111/aor.70242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/aor.70242","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chronic kidney disease necessitates safer, more continuous kidney replacement therapies (KRT), yet current dialysis and transplantation are constrained by intermittent treatment, organ scarcity, and immunosuppression-related complications.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This conceptual narrative review examines the potential integration of synthetic biology and soft robotics within a biohybrid KRT framework. We define a cyborg nephron as an engineered functional unit coupling living renal/vascular cells with compliant mechanical and fluidic interfaces, organized as a Modular Renal Assist Device (MRAD) with separable filtration, tubular transport, endocrine support, and control modules. Technology readiness levels (TRL) were applied to distinguish established, preclinical, and conceptual components.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Available evidence supports several individual components including cell-based renal bioreactors, microphysiological models, endothelialized blood-contacting surfaces, passive membranes, soft micropumps, and wireless sensing (TRL 3-5). Conversely, autonomous renal gene circuits, active immunoisolation, durable vascular integration, and fully implanted closed-loop control remain predominantly preclinical or conceptual (TRL 1-2). Major barriers include thrombosis, oxygen delivery, cell maturation, genetic stability, mechanical fatigue, power demands, cybersecurity, and regulation of combined living-device products.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The cyborg nephron represents a hypothesis-generating research framework rather than a near-term clinical solution. Staged validation through modular development, conservative safety design, and comparison with simpler alternatives is essential before integrated preclinical testing can be justified.</p>","PeriodicalId":8450,"journal":{"name":"Artificial organs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149011798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}