Archives of Razi Institute最新文献

{"title":"Pinocembrin Isolated from Nigerian Propolis Prevents Elevation of Cytokines Implicated in the Aetiology of Diabetic Retinopathy in Rat Models of Diabetes Mellitus.","authors":"Mustafa Oladayo Ibrahim, Lukman Jimoh, Tanko Yusuf","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.783","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.783","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Propolis, a resin produced by bees-, contains the flavonoid compound pinocembrin, which shows promise for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory applications, though its therapeutic potential remains underexplored. Diabetic retinopathy, a common complication of diabetes, involves retinal inflammation and vascular damage. Previous research indicates that Nigerian propolis may have anti-hyperglycemic effects and the ability to lower glycosylated hemoglobin levels. This study evaluated the protective effects of pinocembrin, extracted from Nigerian propolis, against diabetic retinopathy in a streptozotocin-induced rat model. Diabetes was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats through a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin, resulting in sustained hyperglycemia. The diabetic rats were then administered oral pinocembrin at a dose of 50 mg/kg daily for 8 weeks. Pinocembrin effectively mitigated the elevation of inflammatory mediators, including Interleukin-1 (IL-1), Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), within the retinal tissues of the treated diabetic rats. Furthermore, pinocembrin enhanced levels of the antioxidant enzymes such as Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px), and also improved glycemic control and glycosylated hemoglobin levels. The results indicate that pinocembrin possesses significant therapeutic potential for preventing or mitigating diabetic retinopathy. Its capacity to regulate inflammatory processes and strengthen antioxidant defenses underscores its potential as a treatment strategy for managing this vision-threatening complication associated with diabetes mellitus.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"80 3","pages":"783-790"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12936799/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147324158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Authentication of RBK (Razi Bovine Kidney) Cell Line Derived from Primary Kidney Cell.","authors":"Maghami Masoumeh, Lotfi Mohsen, Sotoodehnejadnematalahi Fattah, Mohammadi Ashraf","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.759","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.759","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>RBK cell line, derived from primary bovine kidney cell, was established and introduced by Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute. RBK cell line has been transformed into continuous cell line through serial passaging of primary cell. Based on experiments conducted, the RBK cell line demonstrates high sensitivity to viruses. As cell line identification is crucial to confirm the validity of experimental results, and can ensure their credibility, accurate authentication helps prevent unreliable findings. Misidentification of the cell line or its contamination can lead to unreliable results as well as waste of resources. Forecasting the origin of a cell line, as it directly contributes to its value; the more detailed the origin, the more valuable the cell line is considered. Contamination is a serious concern in cell culture because it can significantly affect the physiology and viability of cell lines. Therefore, based on standard guidelines, it is necessary to implement various assays to ensure contaminant-free cultures and confirm the identity of cell lines. For accurate identification, verification and authentication of a cell line, various methods must be applied simultaneously. In this study, purification and identification of RBK cell line were investigated using molecular tests such as PCR, PCR-RFLP and real time PCR based on mitochondrial DNA. The present study provides the authentication of RBK cell line and demonstrates that the RBK is free of adventitious agents, including Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) and Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVDV). Considering the RBK cell line's capability for unlimited proliferation, stability and sensitivity to viruses, the present study introduces this cell line as a reliable tool for viral research, which can contribute to numerous important scientific advances.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"80 3","pages":"759-768"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12936603/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147324572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Double Jeopardy: The Intersection of COVID-19 and Pregnancy in an Educational Hospital, Northern Iran, Gorgan.","authors":"Hosseini Seyedeh Delafruz, Banaee Mahdis, Yasaghi Mohammad, Rastegar Mostafa, Hassanpour Mina, Kashani Elham, Sabzi Zahra, Cools Piet, Tabarraei Alijan","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.629","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.629","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the onset of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 pandemic, controversial theories emerged regarding the potential consequences of the virus on pregnant women and delivery outcomes. Over the past three years, various studies have reported various data on pregnant women infected with covid and pregnancy-related complications, including preterm birth, stillbirth, preeclampsia, cesarean delivery. However; the exact influence of the virus and possibility of vertical transmission remained unclear. Here, we described the clinical features and delivery outcomes in 16 laboratory confirmed COVID-19-infected mothers who referred to a hospital in northern Iran from August 2020 to December 2021. We collected Clinical records, laboratory results, and chest CT scans,as well as samples as maternal peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood, placental blood, vaginal secretions, placental tissue, breast milk after the first lactation, neonatal throat swab, and peripheral blood. We evaluated all the aforementioned specimens based on molecular and serological assays to answer the questions raised on the possibility of vertical transmission of COVID-19 and transfer of maternal immunity to the neonates. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was not detected in vaginal secretions and placental tissue. SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies were detected in 15 and 4 maternal blood samples, respectively, in one breast milk sample (IgM), two umbilical cord blood (IgG) samples, two placental blood (IgG) and two neonatal blood (IgG) samples. Chest CT scans of abnormal cases revealed typical signs of viral pneumonia. The current study suggests an association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and an increased risk of preterm birth. However, no intrauterine vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 was identified. These results also suggest passive IgG transfer from infected mothers to their neonates.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"80 3","pages":"629-637"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12936623/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147324492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalent Infectious Causes of Abortion in the Ruminant Population in Iran- A Literature Review.","authors":"Hassani Masoud, Menzies Paula, Alamian Saeed, Esmaeili Hossein","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.569","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.569","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Abortion is one of the most crucial problems for ranchers in Iran, in terms of economics, animal healthcare, and zoonotic diseases. The farm animal industry in Iran suffers major economic losses due to abortion each year. Until now, some epizootological studies have been conducted on infectious agents of ruminant abortion in Iran. However, there is no comprehensive information on the ruminant abortion status in Iran. Our goal was to collect all the available information on common infectious causes of abortion in ruminants in Iran to better understand the situation in the country. This review covers all published documents in the main English and Persian-language databases on infectious agents causing abortion inruminants (cattle, sheep, goats, camels and buffalo) in Iran from 1980 to May, 2024.Although ruminant abortion in Iran has multifactorial etiologies, the present study identified infectious diseases as a significant risk factor for abortion in ruminants . Important putative infectious agents that cause abortion in sheep and goats include toxoplasmosis, chlamydiosis, brucellosis and coxiellosis, while in cattle, the important infectious agents include neosporosis, BVDV and BoHV-1. According to our results, a well-defined control strategy for preventing and controlling infectious abortion in Iran should be based on further epidemiological studies on the cause of abortion, accurate recordkeeping, laboratory analysis, control of animal trafficking from neighboring countries and from one region to another within the country, the employment of good biosecurity practices that inhibit the introduction and spread of infectious causes of abortion, and the use of vaccination programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"80 3","pages":"569-584"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12936592/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147324482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Monkey Pox- Dental Implications and Public Health Emergency.","authors":"Arul Queen Alice, V Rakshagan, Mahalingam Padmapriya, Debnath Dipanjan","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.549","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.549","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A viral disease that is mostly limited to African area is monkey pox (MPX). However, it has recently re-emerged in several places outside of nations where the disease is prevalent. Humans may acquire the virus through contact with infected individuals, contaminated materials, or diseased animals. Symptoms include fever, headache, and enlarged lymph nodes, followed by the development of painful skin sores. Typically, monkey pox is a self-limiting illness that gets better on its own without medical intervention. However, It canoccasionally be dangerous, especially for those with compromised immune systems. An interprofessional team comprising physicians, nurses, virologists, dentists, veterinarians, and public health specialists who can quickly detect MPX infection in people and animals, implement preventative measures, and start public health reporting builds a strong defense against a potential catastrophic outbreak. An improved patient outcome will be facilitated by the interprofessional paradigm. Infection management in dentistry may face new difficulties as a result of the re-emerging global outbreak of monkey pox. Given the recent spread of MPXV in non-endemic areas where dentists are not accustomed to include this illness in the differential diagnosis, it is now expected that all dental healthcare providers be knowledgeable about the oral signs of MPX. This knowledge is essential for conducting adequate oral screening and implementing the necessary infection control measures within dental practices. As the dental setup is more prone for aerosol cross infection, strict infection control measures have to be followed. In this article we have focussed on the dental implications of MPX disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"80 3","pages":"549-553"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12936617/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147324566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expanded Leptospirosis Syndrome - An Unusual Case.","authors":"Sahu Shiv Narayan, Das Nilanjana, Panda Prasan Kumar, Tiwari Ashutosh, Das Merina","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.801","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.801","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Leptospirosis, caused by Leptospira species, is known for hepatorenal dysfunction in severe cases. Emerging evidence shows atypical manifestations, complicating diagnosis, especially in regions where it mimics other tropical illnesses like Dengue or Malaria. A healthy young female presented with high-grade fever, headache, malaise, vomiting, epigastric pain, and altered sensorium. Examination revealed conjunctival injection, meningeal signs, and abdominal tenderness. Liver function tests showed transaminitis with direct hyperbilirubinemia and albumin reversal, while renal function tests were normal. An ECG showed sinus tachycardia with non-specific ST segment changes. Elevated cardiac biomarkers trended downward with monitoring. Fundoscopy was normal, but a CT scan revealed cerebral edema. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis indicated meningitis, and MRI confirmed meningoencephalitis. Based on clinical findings and modified Faine's criteria, leptospirosis was diagnosed. Multi-organ involvement was evident, excluding renal dysfunction. The patient responded well to treatment and was discharged in stable condition. This case highlights an unusual presentation of leptospirosis with multi-organ involvement but no renal dysfunction. Such atypical cases are increasingly recognized, similar to expanded Dengue syndrome. Early recognition of these presentations is crucial for appropriate management to prevent adverse outcomes. Clinicians must be aware of these evolving patterns for timely diagnosis and improved prognosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"80 3","pages":"801-805"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12936795/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147324570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Cloning and Expression of the Fusion (F) Gene from Newcastle Disease virus in <i>Escherichia coli</i>: A Platform for Further Studies.","authors":"Parvas Sahere, Galehdari Hamid, Seyfi Abad Shapouri Masoud Reza, Fayazi Jamal","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.645","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.645","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting most avian species. The fusion protein in the ND virus serves as the target for immune response. The goal of this study was to develop the DNA vaccine using a fusion gene from the Newcastle virus. A new candidate DNA vaccine against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been developed. This innovative vaccine uses a fusion gene that encodes immunogenic proteins derived from NDV. The hypothesis behind this approach is that the fusion gene induces a strong immune response against the virus, potentially leading to long-term immunity in vaccinated individuals. Fusion gene RNA was extracted from the Newcastle virus and amplified by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Afterwards, it was sub-cloned in the pTG-19T vector, then into the expression vector pET43.1a E. coli BL21. Gene expression was induced by IPTG. The fusion protein was subjected to Sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Sequencing and PCR results confirmed the successful cloning of the fusion gene into the vector. Digestion results showed the target gene had been successfully inserted in the pET43.1a plasmid. SDS-PAGE revealed a protein band of about 54.7 kDa. Analysis of the constructs in E. coli cells demonstrated successful expression of gene inserts in vitro. Our results indicate that the fusion protein produced by pET43.1a in E. coli can be used as a DNA vaccine. However, a weak band of expressed protein was observed, indicating that the fusion protein produced by pET43.1a in E. coli was not highly efficient. This survey encourages further research to test the produced protein as a vaccine in vivo and in vitro.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"80 3","pages":"645-650"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12936587/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147324508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histopathological Diagnosis and Detection of <i>Avian Pathogenic Escherichia Coli</i> Virulence Genes in Broiler Chickens in Indonesia.","authors":"Jellia Wibisono Freshinta, Yoppy Ro Candra Adhitya, Mardijanto Arief, Rahayu Puji Astuti Nussa Olan, Alias Kendek Irfan, Christy Artha Allsya, Andika Bhayangkara Muhammad","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.693","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.693","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Colibacillosis is a disease in poultry that often occurs in poultry farms in developing countries, including Indonesia. This disease is generally caused by cage or environmental sanitation problems, as well as poor poultry husbandry patterns. Colibacillosis, caused by <i>Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli</i> (APEC) infection, is one of the significant health problems in the poultry industry, especially in Indonesia, with clinical symptoms such as emaciation decreased appetite, impaired growth, diarrhea, dirty or sticky feathers around the vent, bloated intestines ,and white feces. This study aims to V histopathological identification and detect virulence genes of Avian pathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> in broiler chickens. The methods used included organ sampling such as heart, liver, jejunum ,and cecum, which were then processed for histopathological preparation using Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) staining. In addition, molecular diagnosis was performed using <i>Polymerase Chain Reaction</i> (PCR) technique to detect virulence genes, <i>iroN</i> and <i>hlyF</i>. The results showed that avian pathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> isolates were present in chickens suspected of colibacillosis, with positive blood agar culture showing hemolysin production (β-hemolysis), and the gene encoding <i>hlyF</i> was found positive but the gene encoding iroN was not. Histopathology results of liver, heart, jejunum ,and cecum infected with pathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> showed damage in the form of hemorrhage, necrosis, rupture of intestinal villi, erythrocyte accumulation, central venous congestion, and fatty degeneration. Our study demonstrates that <i>avian pathogenic</i> <i>Escherichia coli</i> strains can be isolated from broiler chickens suffering from colibacillosis and cause anatomical pathological changes. This study emphasizes the importance of a better understanding of this pathogen to develop effective prevention and control strategies in the poultry farming industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"80 3","pages":"693-701"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12936606/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147324516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation and Purification of the <i>Burkholderia Mallei</i> Antigenic Proteins and its Use in Diagnostic Tests.","authors":"Babaie Mahdi, Mosavari Nader, Fazilati Mohammad","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.683","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.683","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glanders is a contagious infectious disease caused by <i>Burkholderia mallei</i> that affects both solipeds and carnivores. This disease occasionally leads to human infection through direct contact between humans and infected animals. The recent rise in glanders prevalence has intensified focus on control and eradication programs, emphasizing accurate diagnosis of infected cases using high-performance test. To this end, antigenic proteins were purified from Burkholderia mallei, and the mallein test was optimized using these purified proteins. Finally, the efficacy of antigenic proteins was evaluated using the complement fixation test (CFT). The laboratory strain of <i>B. mallei</i> was selected,and proteins from inactivated bacteria were precipitated using ammonium sulfate (AS) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA). An optimal precipitation method was selected, and the proteins were purified using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Brute mallein was also prepared for comparison. The protein profile of the samples was analyzed using SDS-PAGE. The mallein test was also performed, and results were evaluated using CFT. The AS method was identified as the optimal precipitation method. The protein profile exhibited a range of proteins from low to high molecular weights, appearing as a smear in the brute mallein. Mallein test using AS-participated proteins, the first SEC fraction and the second HPLC fraction yielded significant results, demonstrating erythema diameters of 18.46, 21.70 and 25.37 mm, respectively. These mallein test results were confirmed by CFT. The findings indicated that the purified antigenic proteins improved both mallein test and CFT results. Consequently, these proteins can diagnose glanders correctly and increase the accuracy of the mallein test and CFT.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"80 3","pages":"683-692"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12936624/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147324561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal study of Blood Parasites: <i>DirofilariaImmitis</i> and <i>Dipetalonema Reconditum</i> in the Guard Dogs of Tabriz city, Iran.","authors":"Gilandoust Miyankouh Roya, Garedaghi Yagoob, Amouoghli Tabrizi Bahram","doi":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.623","DOIUrl":"10.32592/ARI.2025.80.3.623","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dirofilariasis, also known as canine heartworm disease, is one of the most dangerous invasive diseases in dogs. Invasion caused by <i>Dirofilaria immitis</i> is the most critical case. Filarial infection has been observed worldwide, involving different agents and species of nematodes.However, <i>D. immitis</i> is more important than other species in dogs. For this study, one hundred guard dog collars were examined from dogs that visited small animal clinics of Tabriz, Iran during the summer of 2023 (May, June, and July), because blood parasites are more prevalent in dogs in summer. A total of 100 blood samples from guard dogsof various ages, sexes, and breeds were examined for blood parasites. Of these, 70 were adult dogs, 30 were puppies, 35 were females, and 65 were males. The prevalence of blood parasites in the dogs was determined using wet blood smear, a centrifuge hematocrit, and modified Knott's technique. The blood parasites found in this study were <i>D. immitis</i>, Dipetalonema reconditum. Out of 100 guard dogs, 9 dogs (9%) were found to be infected with blood parasites. The prevalence of <i>D. immitis</i> and <i>D. Reconditum</i> in our study was 7% and 2%, respectively. Two out of thirty puppies (6.6%) were infected with blood parasites, and in the group of adult dogs, 7 collars out of 70 dog collars (10%) were infected with blood parasites. The highest infection percentage recorded was related to <i>D. immitis</i> with 7 collars (7%) out of 100 cases were positive. The findings showed the highest prevalence of blood parasites in May (10%), followed by June (9.37%) and July (8.33%). The results showed that male dogs more likely to be infected than females. The incidence of blood parasites in was higher than in female dogs. Males were infected at a rate of 9.23%, while females were infected at a rate of 8.57%.The results of this study showed that the prevalence of <i>D. immitis</i> and <i>D. Reconditum</i> in guard dogs in Tabriz, Iran was 7% and 2%, respectively. Guard dogs should be kept in a sanitary environment and regularly tested for blood parasites. To prevent the growth of blood parasites and their dangerous consequences, they should be regularly treated with anti-parasitic drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":8311,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Razi Institute","volume":"80 3","pages":"623-627"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12936605/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147324530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}