Susan N Christo, Simone L Park, Scott N Mueller, Laura K Mackay
{"title":"The Multifaceted Role of Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells.","authors":"Susan N Christo, Simone L Park, Scott N Mueller, Laura K Mackay","doi":"10.1146/annurev-immunol-101320-020220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-immunol-101320-020220","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Regionalized immune surveillance relies on the concerted efforts of diverse memory T cell populations. Of these, tissue-resident memory T (T<sub>RM</sub>) cells are strategically positioned in barrier tissues, where they enable efficient frontline defense against infections and cancer. However, the long-term persistence of these cells has been implicated in a variety of immune-mediated pathologies. Consequently, modulating T<sub>RM</sub> cell populations represents an attractive strategy for novel vaccination and therapeutic interventions against tissue-based diseases. Here, we provide an updated overview of T<sub>RM</sub> cell heterogeneity and function across tissues and disease states. We discuss mechanisms of T<sub>RM</sub> cell-mediated immune protection and their potential contributions to autoimmune disorders. Finally, we examine how T<sub>RM</sub> cell responses might be durably boosted or dampened for therapeutic gain.</p>","PeriodicalId":8271,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of immunology","volume":"42 1","pages":"317-345"},"PeriodicalIF":26.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141465851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annual review of immunologyPub Date : 2024-06-01Epub Date: 2024-06-14DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-090122-041354
Keigo Kawashima, Francesco Andreata, Cristian Gabriel Beccaria, Matteo Iannacone
{"title":"Priming and Maintenance of Adaptive Immunity in the Liver.","authors":"Keigo Kawashima, Francesco Andreata, Cristian Gabriel Beccaria, Matteo Iannacone","doi":"10.1146/annurev-immunol-090122-041354","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-immunol-090122-041354","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The liver's unique characteristics have a profound impact on the priming and maintenance of adaptive immunity. This review delves into the cellular circuits that regulate adaptive immune responses in the liver, with a specific focus on hepatitis B virus infection as an illustrative example. A key aspect highlighted is the liver's specialized role in priming CD8+ T cells, leading to a distinct state of immune hyporesponsiveness. Additionally, the influence of the liver's hemodynamics and anatomical features, particularly during liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, on the differentiation and function of adaptive immune cells is discussed. While the primary emphasis is on CD8+ T cells, recent findings regarding the involvement of B cells and CD4+ T cells in hepatic immunity are also reviewed. Furthermore, we address the challenges ahead and propose integrating cutting-edge techniques, such as spatial biology, and combining mouse models with human sample analyses to gain comprehensive insights into the liver's adaptive immunity. This understanding could pave the way for novel therapeutic strategies targeting infectious diseases, malignancies, and inflammatory liver conditions like metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis and autoimmune hepatitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":8271,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of immunology","volume":" ","pages":"375-399"},"PeriodicalIF":26.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139740281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annual review of immunologyPub Date : 2024-06-01Epub Date: 2024-06-14DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-083122-043836
Ming O Li, Jing Zhang, Zijian Xu, Xian Zhang, Peng Li, Andrew E Cornish
{"title":"Multilayered Immunity by Tissue-Resident Lymphocytes in Cancer.","authors":"Ming O Li, Jing Zhang, Zijian Xu, Xian Zhang, Peng Li, Andrew E Cornish","doi":"10.1146/annurev-immunol-083122-043836","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-immunol-083122-043836","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lymphocytes spanning the entire innate-adaptive spectrum can stably reside in tissues and constitute an integral component of the local defense network against immunological challenges. In tight interactions with the epithelium and endothelium, tissue-resident lymphocytes sense antigens and alarmins elicited by infectious microbes and abiotic stresses at barrier sites and mount effector responses to restore tissue homeostasis. Of note, such a host cell-directed immune defense system has been recently demonstrated to surveil epithelial cell transformation and carcinoma development, as well as cancer cell metastasis at selected distant organs, and thus represents a primordial cancer immune defense module. Here we review how distinct lineages of tissue-resident innate lymphoid cells, innate-like T cells, and adaptive T cells participate in a form of multilayered cancer immunity in murine models and patients, and how their convergent effector programs may be targeted through both shared and private regulatory pathways for cancer immunotherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":8271,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of immunology","volume":" ","pages":"647-677"},"PeriodicalIF":26.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139995424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annual review of immunologyPub Date : 2024-06-01Epub Date: 2024-06-14DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-090222-101050
Corey N Miller, Michael R Waterfield, James M Gardner, Mark S Anderson
{"title":"Aire in Autoimmunity.","authors":"Corey N Miller, Michael R Waterfield, James M Gardner, Mark S Anderson","doi":"10.1146/annurev-immunol-090222-101050","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-immunol-090222-101050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The role of the autoimmune regulator (Aire) in central immune tolerance and thymic self-representation was first described more than 20 years ago, but fascinating new insights into its biology continue to emerge, particularly in the era of advanced single-cell genomics. We briefly describe the role of human genetics in the discovery of Aire, as well as insights into its function gained from genotype-phenotype correlations and the spectrum of Aire-associated autoimmunity-including insights from patients with Aire mutations with broad and diverse implications for human health. We then highlight emerging trends in Aire biology, focusing on three topic areas. First, we discuss medullary thymic epithelial diversity and the role of Aire in thymic epithelial development. Second, we highlight recent developments regarding the molecular mechanisms of Aire and its binding partners. Finally, we describe the rapidly evolving biology of the identity and function of extrathymic Aire-expressing cells (eTACs), and a novel eTAC subset called Janus cells, as well as their potential roles in immune homeostasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":8271,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of immunology","volume":" ","pages":"427-53"},"PeriodicalIF":26.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139740280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annual review of immunologyPub Date : 2024-06-01Epub Date: 2024-06-14DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-083122-035233
Abena K Kwaa, Joel N Blankson
{"title":"Immune Responses in Controllers of HIV Infection.","authors":"Abena K Kwaa, Joel N Blankson","doi":"10.1146/annurev-immunol-083122-035233","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-immunol-083122-035233","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Elite controllers are a heterogeneous group of people living with HIV who control viral replication without antiretroviral therapy. There is substantial evidence that at least some elite controllers are infected with replication-competent virus, thus they may serve as a model of a functional cure of HIV. The mechanisms responsible for virologic control have been actively studied. The most objective data support CD8+ T cell-based mechanisms of control, but other immune responses, mediated by antibodies and natural killer cells, may also play a role in controlling viral replication. In this article, we review the evidence for different mechanisms of immune control in these remarkable individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":8271,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of immunology","volume":" ","pages":"21-33"},"PeriodicalIF":26.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41189502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Poxvirus Immune Evasion.","authors":"Bruno Hernaez, Antonio Alcamí","doi":"10.1146/annurev-immunol-090222-110227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-immunol-090222-110227","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Poxviruses have evolved a wide array of mechanisms to evade the immune response, and we provide an overview of the different immunomodulatory strategies. Poxviruses prevent the recognition of viral DNA that triggers the immune responses and inhibit signaling pathways within the infected cell. A unique feature of poxviruses is the production of secreted proteins that mimic cytokines and cytokine receptors, acting as decoy receptors to neutralize the activity of cytokines and chemokines. The capacity of these proteins to evade cellular immune responses by inhibiting cytokine activation is complemented by poxviruses' strategies to block natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells, often through interfering with antigen presentation pathways. Mechanisms that target complement activation are also encoded by poxviruses. Virus-encoded proteins that target immune molecules and pathways play a major role in immune modulation, and their contribution to viral pathogenesis, facilitating virus replication or preventing immunopathology, is discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":8271,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of immunology","volume":"42 1","pages":"551-584"},"PeriodicalIF":26.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141465850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annual review of immunologyPub Date : 2024-06-01Epub Date: 2024-06-14DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-052523-015141
Doureradjou Peroumal, Partha S Biswas
{"title":"Kidney-Specific Interleukin-17 Responses During Infection and Injury.","authors":"Doureradjou Peroumal, Partha S Biswas","doi":"10.1146/annurev-immunol-052523-015141","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-immunol-052523-015141","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The kidneys are life-sustaining organs that are vital to removing waste from our bodies. Because of their anatomic position and high blood flow, the kidneys are vulnerable to damage due to infections and autoinflammatory conditions. Even now, our knowledge of immune responses in the kidney is surprisingly rudimentary. Studying kidney-specific immune events is challenging because of the poor regenerative capacity of the nephrons, accumulation of uremic toxins, and hypoxia- and arterial blood pressure-mediated changes, all of which have unexpected positive or negative impacts on the immune response in the kidney. Kidney-specific defense confers protection against pathogens. On the other hand, unresolved inflammation leads to kidney damage and fibrosis. Interleukin-17 is a proinflammatory cytokine that has been linked to immunity against pathogens and pathogenesis of autoinflammatory diseases. In this review, we discuss current knowledge of IL-17 activities in the kidney in the context of infections, autoinflammatory diseases, and renal fibrosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":8271,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of immunology","volume":" ","pages":"35-55"},"PeriodicalIF":26.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71420222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annual review of immunologyPub Date : 2024-06-01Epub Date: 2024-06-14DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-090222-101331
Darshan N Kasal, Lindsey M Warner, Astra S Bryant, Elia Tait Wojno, Jakob von Moltke
{"title":"Systemic Immune Modulation by Gastrointestinal Nematodes.","authors":"Darshan N Kasal, Lindsey M Warner, Astra S Bryant, Elia Tait Wojno, Jakob von Moltke","doi":"10.1146/annurev-immunol-090222-101331","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-immunol-090222-101331","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infection has applied significant evolutionary pressure to the mammalian immune system and remains a global economic and human health burden. Upon infection, type 2 immune sentinels activate a common antihelminth response that mobilizes and remodels the intestinal tissue for effector function; however, there is growing appreciation of the impact GIN infection also has on the distal tissue immune state. Indeed, this effect is observed even in tissues through which GINs never transit. This review highlights how GIN infection modulates systemic immunity through (<i>a</i>) induction of host resistance and tolerance responses, (<i>b</i>) secretion of immunomodulatory products, and (<i>c</i>) interaction with the intestinal microbiome. It also discusses the direct consequences that changes to distal tissue immunity can have for concurrent and subsequent infection, chronic noncommunicable diseases, and vaccination efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":8271,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of immunology","volume":" ","pages":"259-288"},"PeriodicalIF":26.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139566327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annual review of immunologyPub Date : 2024-06-01Epub Date: 2024-06-14DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-090222-100246
Ainsley Lockhart, Daniel Mucida, Angelina M Bilate
{"title":"Intraepithelial Lymphocytes of the Intestine.","authors":"Ainsley Lockhart, Daniel Mucida, Angelina M Bilate","doi":"10.1146/annurev-immunol-090222-100246","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-immunol-090222-100246","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The intestinal epithelium, which segregates the highly stimulatory lumen from the underlying tissue, harbors one of the largest lymphocyte populations in the body, intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs). IELs must balance tolerance, resistance, and tissue protection to maintain epithelial homeostasis and barrier integrity. This review discusses the ontogeny, environmental imprinting, T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, and function of intestinal IELs. Despite distinct developmental pathways, IEL subsets share core traits including an epithelium-adapted profile, innate-like properties, cytotoxic potential, and limited TCR diversity. IELs also receive important developmental and functional cues through interactions with epithelial cells, microbiota, and dietary components. The restricted TCR diversity of IELs suggests that a limited set of intestinal antigens drives IEL responses, with potential functional consequences. Finally, IELs play a key role in promoting homeostatic immunity and epithelial barrier integrity but can become pathogenic upon dysregulation. Therefore, IELs represent intriguing but underexamined therapeutic targets for inflammatory diseases and cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":8271,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of immunology","volume":" ","pages":"289-316"},"PeriodicalIF":26.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11608099/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139566322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annual review of immunologyPub Date : 2024-06-01Epub Date: 2024-06-14DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-101921-035222
Arnaud Mary, Renzo Mancuso, Michael T Heneka
{"title":"Immune Activation in Alzheimer Disease.","authors":"Arnaud Mary, Renzo Mancuso, Michael T Heneka","doi":"10.1146/annurev-immunol-101921-035222","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-immunol-101921-035222","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, and with no efficient curative treatment available, its medical, social, and economic burdens are expected to dramatically increase. AD is historically characterized by amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles, but over the last 25 years chronic immune activation has been identified as an important factor contributing to AD pathogenesis. In this article, we review recent and important advances in our understanding of the significance of immune activation in the development of AD. We describe how brain-resident macrophages, the microglia, are able to detect Aβ species and be activated, as well as the consequences of activated microglia in AD pathogenesis. We discuss transcriptional changes of microglia in AD, their unique heterogeneity in humans, and emerging strategies to study human microglia. Finally, we expose, beyond Aβ and microglia, the role of peripheral signals and different cell types in immune activation.</p>","PeriodicalId":8271,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of immunology","volume":" ","pages":"585-613"},"PeriodicalIF":26.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139995423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}