Applied Spectroscopy最新文献

{"title":"Rapid-Scan Fourier Transform Infrared Difference Spectroscopy with Two-Dimensional Correlation Analysis to Show the Build-Up of Light-Adapted States in Bacterial Photosynthetic Reaction Centers.","authors":"Alberto Mezzetti, Marco Malferrari, Giovanni Venturoli, Francesco Francia, Winfried Leibl, Isao Noda","doi":"10.1177/00037028241304806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00037028241304806","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Time-resolved, rapid-scan Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) difference spectra have been recorded upon illumination on photosynthetic reaction centers (RCs) from <i>Rhodobacter sphaeroides</i> under fixed hydration conditions (relative humidity = 76%). Two different illumination schemes were adopted. Whereas the use of a laser flash (duration: 7 ns) made it possible to follow the kinetics of recombination of the light-induced state P⁺Q_A^- to the neutral state PQ_A, the use of a 20.5 s continuous light from a lamp made it possible to follow both the build-up of a steady-state P⁺Q_A^- population and its decay to PQ_A. Comparison between P⁺Q_A^-/PQ_A FT-IR difference spectra obtained under (or 650 ms after) continuous illumination and obtained after one laser flash show small but meaningful differences, reflecting structural changes in the light-adapted state produced by the 20.5 s period of illumination. These differences are strikingly similar to those observed when comparing FT-IR difference spectra reflecting charge separation in photosystem II in light-adapted states and non-light-adapted states (c.f. Sipka et al., \"Light-Adapted Charge-Separated State of Photosystem II: Structural and Functional Dynamics of the Closed Reaction Center\". Plant Cell. 2021. 33(4): 1286-1302). Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy analysis revealed that in all the observed series of time-resolved FT-IR difference spectra (under illumination, after illumination, and after a laser flash), marker bands at 1749, 1716, and 1668 cm^-1 all evolve synchronously, demonstrating that electron transfer reactions and protein backbone response (at least the one reflected by the 1668 cm^-1 band) are strongly correlated. Conversely, for spectra under and after continuous illumination, many asynchronicities are observed for (still unassigned) bands throughout the whole 1740-1200 cm^-1 region, reflecting a more complicated molecular scenario in the RC upon build-up of the light-adapted state and during its relaxation to the resting neutral state.</p>","PeriodicalId":8253,"journal":{"name":"Applied Spectroscopy","volume":" ","pages":"37028241304806"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143027828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Local Adaptive Fusion Regression (LAFR) for Local Linear Multivariate Calibration: Application to Large Datasets.","authors":"Robert Spiers, John H Kalivas","doi":"10.1177/00037028241308538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00037028241308538","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Impeding linear calibration models from accurately predicting target sample analyte amounts are the target sample-wise deviations in measurement profiles (e.g., spectra) relative to calibration samples. Target sample measurement shifts are due to uncontrollable factors, compositely termed matrix effects, such as temperature, instrument drift, and sample composition divergences relative to analyte and other species amounts altering inter and intramolecular interactions. One approach to circumvent the matrix effect matching problem is to use local modeling where a library with thousands of samples and respective reference analyte values is mined for unique calibration sets matched to each target sample, including analyte amounts between calibration and target samples. Current local modeling methods suffer because it is wrongly assumed similar measurements between calibration and target samples translate to a complete locally matched calibration set. Measurements can be similar, but the underlying matrix effects (and analyte amount) can be drastically different. The presented procedure named local adaptive fusion regression (LAFR) solves this matrix effect matching problem with crucial local modeling paradigm shifts. Expertise with LAFR is unnecessary because input hyperparameters are self-optimized. The capabilities of LAFR to form highly dense localized linear calibration sets matched to target samples spectrally and analyte amounts are verified using a well-studied nonlinear benchmark near-infrared (NIR) meat dataset, a NIR sugarcane dataset covering four major process steps with multiple subgroups within, and a NIR soil database of 98 910 samples spanning the contiguous USA. While LAFR is tested on NIR datasets, it is applicable to other measurement systems affected by matrix effects in a broad sense.</p>","PeriodicalId":8253,"journal":{"name":"Applied Spectroscopy","volume":" ","pages":"37028241308538"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143021984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Confocal Raman Microscopy for Measuring In Situ Temperature-Dependent Structural Changes in Poly(Ethylene Oxide) Thin Films.","authors":"Miharu Koh, Jay P Kitt, Andrew D Pendergast, Joel M Harris, Shelley D Minteer, Carol Korzeniewski","doi":"10.1177/00037028241310904","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00037028241310904","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Crystallization from the melt is a critical process governing the properties of semi-crystalline polymeric materials. While structural analyses of melting and crystallization transitions in bulk polymers have been widely reported, in contrast, those in thin polymer films on solid supports have been underexplored. Herein, in situ Raman microscopy and self-modeling curve resolution (SMCR) analysis are applied to investigate the temperature-dependent structural changes in poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) films during melting and crystallization phase transitions. By resolving complex overlapping sets of spectra, SMCR analysis reveals that the thermal transitions of 50 µm thick PEO films comprise two structural phases: an ordered crystalline phase and a disordered amorphous phase. The ordered structure of the crystalline PEO film entirely disappears as the polymer is heated; conversely, the disordered structure of the amorphous PEO film reverts to the ordered structure as the polymer is cooled. Broadening of the Raman bands was observed in PEO films above the melting temperature (67 °C), while sharpening of bands was observed below the crystallization temperature (45 °C). The temperatures at which these spectral changes occurred were in good agreement with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements, especially during the melting transition. The results illustrate that in situ Raman microscopy coupled with SMCR analysis is a powerful approach for unraveling complex structural changes in thin polymer films during melting and crystallization processes. Furthermore, we show that confocal Raman microscopy opens opportunities to apply the methodology to interrogate the structural features of PEO or other surface-supported polymer films as thin as 2 µm, a thickness regime beyond the reach of conventional thermal analysis techniques.</p>","PeriodicalId":8253,"journal":{"name":"Applied Spectroscopy","volume":" ","pages":"37028241310904"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142998925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-Gas Sensor Employing Wavelength-Stabilized Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy and H-Infinity Filtering Algorithm.","authors":"Dingli Xu, Qiannan Cai, Gang Zhang, Qiang Ge, Linguang Xu","doi":"10.1177/00037028241310463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00037028241310463","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A compact dual-gas sensor based on the two near-infrared distributed feedback diode lasers and a multipass cell has been established for the simultaneous measurement of methane (CH₄) and acetylene (C₂H₂). The time division multiplexing calibration-free direct absorption spectroscopy is used to eliminate the cross interference in the application of multicomponent gas sensors. A wavelength stabilization technique based on the proportion integration differentiation feedback control is developed to suppress laser wavelength drift and an H-infinity (H_∞) filter algorithm to reduce the system noise. The results show that the detection sensitivity of CH₄ and C₂H₂ reaches 39.9 parts per billion (ppb) and 47.3 ppb in the optimal integration time of 556 s and 312 s, respectively. In addition, the 31 consecutive hours measured results of CH₄ in outdoor ambient air show that the proposed detection technology is very suitable for high-precision in-situ measurement of trace gases.</p>","PeriodicalId":8253,"journal":{"name":"Applied Spectroscopy","volume":" ","pages":"37028241310463"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142943365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Near Real-Time Measurement of Airborne Carbon Nanotubes with Metals Using Raman-Spark Emission Spectroscopy.","authors":"Lina Zheng, Jialin Li, Jing Huang, Wenting Feng, Yuhan Zhan, Dou Liu","doi":"10.1177/00037028241307258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00037028241307258","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We present a near real-time measurement method that combines Raman and spark emission spectroscopy to quantitatively analyze the molecular structure of airborne single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), as well as detect toxic metals within CNTs. A corona-based aerosol microconcentrator was used for airborne CNTs sampling to enhance the measurement accuracy and sensitivity. The intensity of the characteristic Raman bands of CNTs and atomic emission lines of metals exhibited a linear relationship with the analyte mass, yielding high coefficient <i>R</i>² values. By carefully selecting appropriate signal peaks for calibration, we achieved a limit of detection (LOD) in terms of air concentration as low as 0.09 μg/m³ for SWCNT and 0.81 μg/m³ for MWCNT with a sampling time of 10 min. Additionally, our method exhibited excellent performance in measuring metals, with a mass LOD of 0.8-0.9 ng for Co and Ni and a mass LOD of 35.09 ng for Fe. The method performed well for the measurement of CNT and relevant metal composition with advantages of near real-time monitoring, low LOD, and portable use, making it a valuable tool for various applications in nanomaterial analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":8253,"journal":{"name":"Applied Spectroscopy","volume":" ","pages":"37028241307258"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142943366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Focusing Effects on Laser-Induced Plasma Parameters: Applications to a Graphite Target Under Martian Atmospheric Conditions.","authors":"Kouider Benbaier, Ahmed Abdelmalek, Zeyneb Bedrane, Noureddine Melikechi","doi":"10.1177/00037028241307675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00037028241307675","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Under various atmospheric conditions, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a powerful technique for elemental analysis, including in Earth- and Mars-like environments. However, understanding the plasma behavior and its dependence on ambient pressure and laser parameters remains a challenge. In this study, a numerical model based on a three-temperature Eulerian radiation framework under non-local thermodynamic equilibrium conditions is employed to investigate the interaction of a nanosecond laser pulse with a graphite target under helium (He) and carbon dioxide (CO₂ atmospheres. The aim is to provide insights into the effects of focusing conditions and ambient pressure (3 to 9 mbar and 1000 mbar) on plasma parameters relevant to both Earth- and Mars-like settings. Our results show that increased ambient pressure significantly enhances electron and ion densities, while the focusing conditions influence the temperature and fluid velocity of plasma species, as well as the spatial distribution and intensity of the plasma, ultimately affecting its diagnostic potential. These findings are critical for optimizing LIBS applications in planetary exploration and contribute to improving quantitative analyses under varying atmospheric compositions.</p>","PeriodicalId":8253,"journal":{"name":"Applied Spectroscopy","volume":" ","pages":"37028241307675"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142920652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<ArticleTitle xmlns:ns0=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\">Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy Performance and Procedures for High-Throughput <ns0:math><ns0:msup><ns0:mi>δ</ns0:mi><ns0:mn>18</ns0:mn></ns0:msup></ns0:math>O and <ns0:math><ns0:msup><ns0:mi>δ</ns0:mi><ns0:mn>2</ns0:mn></ns0:msup></ns0:math>H Measurement in Water Using \"Express\" Mode.","authors":"Nir Galili, Thomas M Blattmann, Anna Somlyay, Nora Gallarotti, Timothy I Eglinton, Jordon D Hemingway","doi":"10.1177/00037028241302355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00037028241302355","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) is rapidly becoming an invaluable tool to measure hydrogen (δ²H) and oxygen (δ¹⁸O) isotopic compositions in water, yet the long-term accuracy and precision of this technique remain relatively underreported. Here, we critically evaluate one-year performance of CRDS δ²H and δ¹⁸O measurements at ETH Zurich, focusing on high throughput (~200 samples per week) while maintaining required precision and accuracy for diverse scientific investigations. We detail a comprehensive methodological and calibration strategy to optimize CRDS reliability for continuous, high-throughput analysis using Picarro's \"Express\" mode, an area not extensively explored previously. Using this strategy, we demonstrate that CRDS achieves long-term precision better than ±0.5‰ for δ¹⁸O and ±1.0‰ for δ²H (±1σ) on three United States Geological Survey (USGS) reference materials treated as unknowns.¹⁸ Specifically, reported results for each reference material over this one-year period are: (i) USGS W-67444: <math><msup><mi>δ</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></math>H = <math><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>399.32</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.96</mn></mrow><mtext>‰</mtext></math>, <math><msup><mi>δ</mi><mn>18</mn></msup></math>O = <math><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>51.07</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.45</mn></mrow><mtext>‰</mtext></math> (<math><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>30</mn></math>), (ii) USGS W-67400: <math><msup><mi>δ</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></math>H = <math><mrow><mn>2.55</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.49</mn></mrow><mtext>‰</mtext></math>, <math><msup><mi>δ</mi><mn>18</mn></msup></math>O = <math><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1.85</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.13</mn></mrow><mtext>‰</mtext></math> (<math><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>140</mn></math>), and (iii) USGS-50: <math><msup><mi>δ</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></math>H = <math><mrow><mn>33.68</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.91</mn></mrow><mtext>‰</mtext></math>, <math><msup><mi>δ</mi><mn>18</mn></msup></math>O = <math><mrow><mn>5.03</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.04</mn></mrow><mtext>‰</mtext></math> (<math><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>21</mn></math>). We also address challenges such as aligning our analytical uncertainties with the narrower uncertainties of International Atomic Energy Agency reference materials, and mitigating inherent CRDS issues like memory and matrix effects when analyzing environmental samples. Our review provides a practical framework for CRDS applications in hydrology, paleoclimatology, and biogeochemistry, underscoring the importance of continuous evaluation and methodological refinement to ensure accuracy and precision in δ²H and δ¹⁸O analyses.¹⁸.</p>","PeriodicalId":8253,"journal":{"name":"Applied Spectroscopy","volume":" ","pages":"37028241302355"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142920651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optical and Dielectrical Properties of Opal Water Content Determination Using Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy.","authors":"ChuTong Gao, Kexin Pan, ZhiYuan Zheng, Ren Huang, Tong Zhang, Lixian Hao, MingRui Zhang, Qiming Qiu, Shanshan Li, HaoChong Huang, Kunfeng Qiu","doi":"10.1177/00037028241306456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00037028241306456","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The optical and dielectric properties of opals with different water contents were investigated using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. The refractive indices and absorption coefficients showed different trends due to the different water contents. The effective medium theory was used to extract the intrinsic dielectric permittivity of opal from opal-polytetrafluoroethylene mixtures. The extracted dielectric permittivities were fitted using a double Debye model to analyze the microscopic relaxation mechanism.</p>","PeriodicalId":8253,"journal":{"name":"Applied Spectroscopy","volume":" ","pages":"37028241306456"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142891709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing Variability in Non-Invasive Hydration Monitoring Using Raman Spectroscopy.","authors":"Anna S Rourke-Funderburg, Laura J Elstub, Trevor Voss, Richard L Liao, Laura E Masson, Anita Mahadevan-Jansen","doi":"10.1177/00037028241307043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00037028241307043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Significant dehydration can increase thermoregulatory and cardiovascular strain and impair physical and cognitive performance. Despite these negative effects, there are currently no objective, non-invasive tools to monitor systemic hydration. Raman spectroscopy is an optical modality with the potential to fill this gap because it is sensitive to water, provides results quickly, and can be applied non-invasively. In this work, high wavenumber Raman spectroscopy has been developed toward detection of systemic hydration via validation with tissue-mimicking phantoms, followed by three in vivo feasibility studies to investigate the relationship between spectral features and systemic hydration. The area under the curve (AUC) of the water bands and the ratio of water bands to CH bands are Raman-derived metrics that can be used to describe systemic hydration. Here, we determined a trend in decreasing water bands AUC after exercise, although the magnitude of the change was highly variable. In investigating the sources of variability, we identified significant inter-subject variability and a failure of current clinical standards to benchmark our developed technique against. Despite the high variability, we found that multiple anatomical locations were suitable for collecting the spectral measurements. While the high degree of variability may confound the use of Raman spectroscopy for non-invasive hydration monitoring, when implementing additional study standardization, significant differences (<i>p</i> <.05) in spectral metrics can be identified before and after exercise. Raman spectroscopy can allow for rapid, non-invasive detection of systemic hydration, which would improve routine hydration monitoring and reduce the incidence of negative side effects associated with dehydration.</p>","PeriodicalId":8253,"journal":{"name":"Applied Spectroscopy","volume":" ","pages":"37028241307043"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142891707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of Olivine Composition Under Limited Calibration Inputs: Comparative Study of Mid-Infrared Reflection, Raman Scattering, and Laser-Induced Plasma Spectroscopies.","authors":"Sergey G Pavlov, Iris Weber, Ute Böttger, Ulrich Schade, Jörg Fritz","doi":"10.1177/00037028241305162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00037028241305162","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In situ optical analytical spectroscopies offer great geochemical insights due to their capability to resolve the chemical composition of regolith surfaces of rocky celestial bodies. The use of suitable calibration targets improves the precision of mineral determination, which is of critical importance for short-living, low-mobility landers, and enables, in special cases, determination of elemental composition. We investigate the capabilities of three space-relevant optical analytical techniques used for in situ mineralogical analysis, i.e., mid-infrared reflection, Raman light scattering, and laser-induced plasma spectroscopies, to predict the chemical composition of olivine under a limited calibration input, namely using two bulk samples of natural olivine, chemically close to the end-members of the mineral group. We determine the accuracy of the forsterite numbers obtained with each technique and discuss the choice of calibration methods applicable to limited in situ calibration input, which are summarized in recommendations for space instrumentation.</p>","PeriodicalId":8253,"journal":{"name":"Applied Spectroscopy","volume":" ","pages":"37028241305162"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142891710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}