{"title":"Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) in Plant Innate Immunity: Applying the Danger Model and Evolutionary Perspectives.","authors":"Kiwamu Tanaka, Martin Heil","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100146","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Danger signals trigger immune responses upon perception by a complex surveillance system. Such signals can originate from the infectious nonself or the damaged self, the latter termed damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Here, we apply Matzinger's danger model to plant innate immunity to discuss the adaptive advantages of DAMPs and their integration into preexisting signaling pathways. Constitutive DAMPs (cDAMPs), e.g., extracellular ATP, histones, and self-DNA, fulfill primary, conserved functions and adopt a signaling role only when cellular damage causes their fragmentation or localization to aberrant compartments. By contrast, immunomodulatory peptides (also known as phytocytokines) exclusively function as signals and, upon damage, are activated as inducible DAMPs (iDAMPs). Dynamic coevolutionary processes between the signals and their emerging receptors and shared co-receptors have likely linked danger recognition to preexisting, conserved downstream pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":"59 ","pages":"53-75"},"PeriodicalIF":10.2,"publicationDate":"2021-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38908603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Interkingdom Signaling Interference: The Effect of Plant-Derived Small Molecules on Quorum Sensing in Plant-Pathogenic Bacteria.","authors":"Janak Raj Joshi, Netaly Khazanov, Amy Charkowski, Adi Faigenboim, Hanoch Senderowitz, Iris Yedidia","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-095740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-095740","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the battle between bacteria and plants, bacteria often use a population density-dependent regulatory system known as quorum sensing (QS) to coordinate virulence gene expression. In response, plants use innate and induced defense mechanisms that include low-molecular-weight compounds, some of which serve as antivirulence agents by interfering with the QS machinery. The best-characterized QS system is driven by the autoinducer <i>N</i>-acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL), which is produced by AHL synthases (LuxI homologs) and perceived by response regulators (LuxR homologs). Several plant compounds have been shown to directly inhibit LuxI or LuxR. Gaining atomic-level insight into their mode of action and how they interfere with QS enzymes supports the identification and design of novel QS inhibitors.Such information can be gained by combining experimental work with molecular modeling and docking simulations. The summary of these findings shows that plant-derived compounds act as interkingdom cues and that these allomones specifically target bacterial communication systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":"59 ","pages":"153-190"},"PeriodicalIF":10.2,"publicationDate":"2021-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38962020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jie-Yin Chen, Steven J Klosterman, Xiao-Ping Hu, Xiao-Feng Dai, Krishna V Subbarao
{"title":"Key Insights and Research Prospects at the Dawn of the Population Genomics Era for <i>Verticillium dahliae</i>.","authors":"Jie-Yin Chen, Steven J Klosterman, Xiao-Ping Hu, Xiao-Feng Dai, Krishna V Subbarao","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-121925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-121925","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The genomics era has ushered in exciting possibilities to examine the genetic bases that undergird the characteristic features of <i>Verticillium dahliae</i> and other plant pathogens. In this review, we provide historical perspectives on some of the salient biological characteristics of <i>V. dahliae</i>, including its morphology, microsclerotia formation, host range, disease symptoms, vascular niche, reproduction, and population structure. The kaleidoscopic population structure of this pathogen is summarized, including different races of the pathogen, defoliating and nondefoliating phenotypes, vegetative compatibility groupings, and clonal populations. Where possible, we place the characteristic differences in the context of comparative and functional genomics analyses that have offered insights into population divergence within <i>V. dahliae</i> and the related species.Current challenges are highlighted along with some suggested future population genomics studies that will contribute to advancing our understanding of the population divergence in <i>V. dahliae</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":"59 ","pages":"31-51"},"PeriodicalIF":10.2,"publicationDate":"2021-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38823448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Research Advances in Potyviruses: From the Laboratory Bench to the Field.","authors":"Xiuling Yang, Yinzi Li, Aiming Wang","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-114550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-114550","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Potyviruses (viruses in the genus <i>Potyvirus</i>, family <i>Potyviridae</i>) constitute the largest group of known plant-infecting RNA viruses and include many agriculturally important viruses that cause devastating epidemics and significant yield losses in many crops worldwide. Several potyviruses are recognized as the most economically important viral pathogens. Therefore, potyviruses are more studied than other groups of plant viruses. In the past decade, a large amount of knowledge has been generated to better understand potyviruses and their infection process. In this review, we list the top 10 economically important potyviruses and present a brief profile of each. We highlight recent exciting findings on the novel genome expression strategy and the biological functions of potyviral proteins and discuss recent advances in molecular plant-potyvirus interactions, particularly regarding the coevolutionary arms race. Finally, we summarize current disease control strategies, with a focus on biotechnology-based genetic resistance, and point out future research directions.</p>","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":"59 ","pages":"1-29"},"PeriodicalIF":10.2,"publicationDate":"2021-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38902404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Roshni R Kharadi, Jeffrey K Schachterle, Xiaochen Yuan, Luisa F Castiblanco, Jingyu Peng, Suzanne M Slack, Quan Zeng, George W Sundin
{"title":"Genetic Dissection of the <i>Erwinia amylovora</i> Disease Cycle.","authors":"Roshni R Kharadi, Jeffrey K Schachterle, Xiaochen Yuan, Luisa F Castiblanco, Jingyu Peng, Suzanne M Slack, Quan Zeng, George W Sundin","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-095540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-095540","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fire blight, caused by the bacterial phytopathogen <i>Erwinia amylovora</i>, is an economically important and mechanistically complex disease that affects apple and pear production in most geographic production hubs worldwide. We compile, assess, and present a genetic outlook on the progression of an <i>E. amylovora</i> infection in the host. We discuss the key aspects of type III secretion-mediated infection and systemic movement, biofilm formation in xylem, and pathogen dispersal via ooze droplets, a concentrated suspension of bacteria and exopolysaccharide components. We present an overall outlook on the genetic elements contributing to <i>E. amylovora</i> pathogenesis, including an exploration of the impact of floral microbiomes on <i>E. amylovora</i> colonization, and summarize the current knowledge of host responses to an incursion and how this response stimulates further infection and systemic spread. We hope to facilitate the identification of new, unexplored areas of research in this pathosystem that can help identify evolutionarily susceptible genetic targets to ultimately aid in the design of sustainable strategies for fire blight disease mitigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":"59 ","pages":"191-212"},"PeriodicalIF":10.2,"publicationDate":"2021-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38947494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sebastien Duplessis, Cecile Lorrain, Benjamin Petre, Melania Figueroa, Peter N Dodds, M Catherine Aime
{"title":"Host Adaptation and Virulence in Heteroecious Rust Fungi.","authors":"Sebastien Duplessis, Cecile Lorrain, Benjamin Petre, Melania Figueroa, Peter N Dodds, M Catherine Aime","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-121149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-121149","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rust fungi (Pucciniales, Basidiomycota) are obligate biotrophic pathogens that cause rust diseases in plants, inflicting severe damage to agricultural crops. Pucciniales possess the most complex life cycles known in fungi. These include an alternation of generations, the development of up to five different sporulating stages, and, for many species, the requirement of infecting two unrelated host plants during different parts of their life cycle, termed heteroecism. These fungi have been extensively studied in the past century through microscopy and inoculation studies, providing precise descriptions of their infection processes, although the molecular mechanisms underlying their unique biology are poorly understood. In this review, we cover recent genomic and life cycle transcriptomic studies in several heteroecious rust species, which provide insights into the genetic tool kits associated with host adaptation and virulence, opening new avenues for unraveling their unique evolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":"59 ","pages":"403-422"},"PeriodicalIF":10.2,"publicationDate":"2021-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39053775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"<i>Rice stripe virus</i>: Exploring Molecular Weapons in the Arsenal of a Negative-Sense RNA Virus.","authors":"Yi Xu, Shuai Fu, Xiaorong Tao, Xueping Zhou","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-113020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-113020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rice stripe disease caused by <i>Rice stripe virus</i> (RSV) is one of the most devastating plant viruses of rice and causes enormous losses in production. RSV is transmitted from plant to plant by the small brown planthopper (<i>Laodelphax striatellus</i>) in a circulative-propagative manner. The recent reemergence of this pathogen in East Asia since 2000 has made RSV one of the most studied plant viruses over the past two decades. Extensive studies of RSV have resulted in substantial advances regarding fundamental aspects of the virus infection. Here, we compile and analyze recent information on RSV with a special emphasis on the strategies that RSV has adopted to establish infections. These advances include RSV replication and movement in host plants and the small brown planthopper vector, innate immunity defenses against RSV infection, epidemiology, and recent advances in the management of rice stripe disease. Understanding these issues will facilitate the design of novel antiviral therapies for management and contribute to a more detailed understanding of negative-sense virus-host interactions at the molecular level.</p>","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":"59 ","pages":"351-371"},"PeriodicalIF":10.2,"publicationDate":"2021-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39054319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pradeep Kachroo, Tessa M Burch-Smith, Murray Grant
{"title":"An Emerging Role for Chloroplasts in Disease and Defense.","authors":"Pradeep Kachroo, Tessa M Burch-Smith, Murray Grant","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-115813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-115813","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chloroplasts are key players in plant immune signaling, contributing to not only de novo synthesis of defensive phytohormones but also the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species following activation of pattern recognition receptors or resistance (R) proteins. The local hypersensitive response (HR) elicited by R proteins is underpinned by chloroplast-generated reactive oxygen species. HR-induced lipid peroxidation generates important chloroplast-derived signaling lipids essential to the establishment of systemic immunity. As a consequence of this pivotal role in immunity, pathogens deploy effector complements that directly or indirectly target chloroplasts to attenuate chloroplast immunity (CI). Our review summarizes the current knowledge of CI signaling and highlights common pathogen chloroplast targets and virulence strategies. We address emerging insights into chloroplast retrograde signaling in immune responses and gaps in our knowledge, including the importance of understanding chloroplast heterogeneity and chloroplast involvement in intraorganellular interactions in host immunity.</p>","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":"59 ","pages":"423-445"},"PeriodicalIF":10.2,"publicationDate":"2021-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39357271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"One Hundred Years of Hybrid Necrosis: Hybrid Autoimmunity as a Window into the Mechanisms and Evolution of Plant-Pathogen Interactions.","authors":"Lei Li, Detlef Weigel","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-114826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-114826","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hybrid necrosis in plants refers to a genetic autoimmunity syndrome in the progeny of interspecific or intraspecific crosses. Although the phenomenon was first documented in 1920, it has been unequivocally linked to autoimmunity only recently, with the discovery of the underlying genetic and biochemical mechanisms. The most common causal loci encode immune receptors, which are known to differ within and between species. One mechanism can be explained by the guard hypothesis, in which a guard protein, often a nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat protein, is activated by interaction with a plant protein that mimics standard guardees modified by pathogen effector proteins. Another surprising mechanism is the formation of inappropriately active immune receptor complexes. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of hybrid necrosis and discuss how its study is not only informing the understanding of immune gene evolution but also revealing new aspects of plant immune signaling.</p>","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":"59 ","pages":"213-237"},"PeriodicalIF":10.2,"publicationDate":"2021-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38947493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Origins and Immunity Networking Functions of EDS1 Family Proteins.","authors":"Dmitry Lapin, Deepak D Bhandari, Jane E Parker","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012840","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The EDS1 family of structurally unique lipase-like proteins EDS1, SAG101, and PAD4 evolved in seed plants, on top of existing phytohormone and nucleotide-binding-leucine-rich-repeat (NLR) networks, to regulate immunity pathways against host-adapted biotrophic pathogens. Exclusive heterodimers between EDS1 and SAG101 or PAD4 create essential surfaces for resistance signaling. Phylogenomic information, together with functional studies in <i>Arabidopsis</i> and tobacco, identify a coevolved module between the EDS1-SAG101 heterodimer and coiled-coil (CC) HET-S and LOP-B (CC<sub>HELO</sub>) domain helper NLRs that is recruited by intracellular Toll-interleukin1-receptor (TIR) domain NLR receptors to confer host cell death and pathogen immunity. EDS1-PAD4 heterodimers have a different and broader activity in basal immunity that transcriptionally reinforces local and systemic defenses triggered by various NLRs. Here, we consider EDS1 family protein functions across seed plant lineages in the context of networking with receptor and helper NLRs and downstream resistance machineries. The different modes of action and pathway connectivities of EDS1 family members go some way to explaining their central role in biotic stress resilience.</p>","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":"58 ","pages":"253-276"},"PeriodicalIF":10.2,"publicationDate":"2020-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012840","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37926498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}