Pradeep Kachroo, Tessa M Burch-Smith, Murray Grant
{"title":"An Emerging Role for Chloroplasts in Disease and Defense.","authors":"Pradeep Kachroo, Tessa M Burch-Smith, Murray Grant","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-115813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-115813","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chloroplasts are key players in plant immune signaling, contributing to not only de novo synthesis of defensive phytohormones but also the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species following activation of pattern recognition receptors or resistance (R) proteins. The local hypersensitive response (HR) elicited by R proteins is underpinned by chloroplast-generated reactive oxygen species. HR-induced lipid peroxidation generates important chloroplast-derived signaling lipids essential to the establishment of systemic immunity. As a consequence of this pivotal role in immunity, pathogens deploy effector complements that directly or indirectly target chloroplasts to attenuate chloroplast immunity (CI). Our review summarizes the current knowledge of CI signaling and highlights common pathogen chloroplast targets and virulence strategies. We address emerging insights into chloroplast retrograde signaling in immune responses and gaps in our knowledge, including the importance of understanding chloroplast heterogeneity and chloroplast involvement in intraorganellular interactions in host immunity.</p>","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":"59 ","pages":"423-445"},"PeriodicalIF":10.2,"publicationDate":"2021-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39357271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"One Hundred Years of Hybrid Necrosis: Hybrid Autoimmunity as a Window into the Mechanisms and Evolution of Plant-Pathogen Interactions.","authors":"Lei Li, Detlef Weigel","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-114826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-114826","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hybrid necrosis in plants refers to a genetic autoimmunity syndrome in the progeny of interspecific or intraspecific crosses. Although the phenomenon was first documented in 1920, it has been unequivocally linked to autoimmunity only recently, with the discovery of the underlying genetic and biochemical mechanisms. The most common causal loci encode immune receptors, which are known to differ within and between species. One mechanism can be explained by the guard hypothesis, in which a guard protein, often a nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat protein, is activated by interaction with a plant protein that mimics standard guardees modified by pathogen effector proteins. Another surprising mechanism is the formation of inappropriately active immune receptor complexes. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of hybrid necrosis and discuss how its study is not only informing the understanding of immune gene evolution but also revealing new aspects of plant immune signaling.</p>","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":"59 ","pages":"213-237"},"PeriodicalIF":10.2,"publicationDate":"2021-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38947493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Origins and Immunity Networking Functions of EDS1 Family Proteins.","authors":"Dmitry Lapin, Deepak D Bhandari, Jane E Parker","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012840","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The EDS1 family of structurally unique lipase-like proteins EDS1, SAG101, and PAD4 evolved in seed plants, on top of existing phytohormone and nucleotide-binding-leucine-rich-repeat (NLR) networks, to regulate immunity pathways against host-adapted biotrophic pathogens. Exclusive heterodimers between EDS1 and SAG101 or PAD4 create essential surfaces for resistance signaling. Phylogenomic information, together with functional studies in <i>Arabidopsis</i> and tobacco, identify a coevolved module between the EDS1-SAG101 heterodimer and coiled-coil (CC) HET-S and LOP-B (CC<sub>HELO</sub>) domain helper NLRs that is recruited by intracellular Toll-interleukin1-receptor (TIR) domain NLR receptors to confer host cell death and pathogen immunity. EDS1-PAD4 heterodimers have a different and broader activity in basal immunity that transcriptionally reinforces local and systemic defenses triggered by various NLRs. Here, we consider EDS1 family protein functions across seed plant lineages in the context of networking with receptor and helper NLRs and downstream resistance machineries. The different modes of action and pathway connectivities of EDS1 family members go some way to explaining their central role in biotic stress resilience.</p>","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":"58 ","pages":"253-276"},"PeriodicalIF":10.2,"publicationDate":"2020-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012840","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37926498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Progress in Biological Control of Weeds with Plant Pathogens.","authors":"Louise Morin","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012823","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plant pathogens have played an important role in weed biological control since the 1970s. So far, 36 fungal pathogens have been authorized for introduction across 18 countries for the classical biological control of weeds. Their safety record has been excellent, but questions continue to be asked about the risk that they could transfer to other plants. Quantitative data documenting their impact on the weed populations are still limited. Of the 15 bioherbicides based on living microorganisms that have ever been registered, only two were commercially available at the time of this review. The development and commercialization of bioherbicides in affluent countries are still plagued by technological hurdles and limited market potential. Not-for-profit small-scale production and distribution systems for bioherbicides in low-income countries may have potential as an inexpensive approach to controlling pervasive weeds. The types of research underpinning biological control approaches and challenges encountered are highlighted using specific examples.</p>","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":"58 ","pages":"201-223"},"PeriodicalIF":10.2,"publicationDate":"2020-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012823","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37916309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Epigenetic Mechanisms in Nematode-Plant Interactions.","authors":"Tarek Hewezi","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012805","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epigenetic mechanisms play fundamental roles in regulating numerous biological processes in various developmental and environmental contexts. Three highly interconnected epigenetic control mechanisms, including small noncoding RNAs, DNA methylation, and histone modifications, contribute to the establishment of plant epigenetic profiles. During the past decade, a growing body of experimental work has revealed the intricate, diverse, and dynamic roles that epigenetic modifications play in plant-nematode interactions. In this review, I summarize recent progress regarding the functions of small RNAs in mediating plant responses to infection by cyst and root-knot nematodes, with a focus on the functions of microRNAs. I also recapitulate recent advances in genome-wide DNA methylation analysis and discuss how cyst nematodes induce extensive and dynamic changes in the plant methylome that impact the transcriptional activity of genes and transposable elements. Finally, the potential role of nematode effector proteins in triggering such epigenome changes is discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":"58 ","pages":"119-138"},"PeriodicalIF":10.2,"publicationDate":"2020-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012805","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37939602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bruno Favery, Géraldine Dubreuil, Ming-Shun Chen, David Giron, Pierre Abad
{"title":"Gall-Inducing Parasites: Convergent and Conserved Strategies of Plant Manipulation by Insects and Nematodes.","authors":"Bruno Favery, Géraldine Dubreuil, Ming-Shun Chen, David Giron, Pierre Abad","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012722","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gall-inducing insects and nematodes engage in sophisticated interactions with their host plants. These parasites can induce major morphological and physiological changes in host roots, leaves, and other tissues. Sedentary endoparasitic nematodes, root-knot and cyst nematodes in particular, as well as gall-inducing and leaf-mining insects, manipulate plant development to form unique organs that provide them with food from feeding cells. Sometimes, infected tissues may undergo a developmental switch resulting in the formation of aberrant and spectacular structures (clubs or galls). We describe here the complex interactions between these plant-reprogramming sedentary endoparasites and their infected hosts, focusing on similarities between strategies of plant manipulation. We highlight progress in our understanding of the host plant response to infection and focus on the nematode and insect molecules secreted in planta. We suggest thatlooking at similarities may identify convergent and conserved strategies and shed light on the promise they hold for the development of new management strategies in agriculture and forestry.</p>","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":"58 ","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":10.2,"publicationDate":"2020-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012722","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38316418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tolerance of Plants to Pathogens: A Unifying View.","authors":"Israel Pagán, Fernando García-Arenal","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012749","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Increasing evidence indicates that tolerance is a host defense strategy against pathogens as widespread and successful as resistance. Since the concept of tolerance was proposed more than a century ago, it has been in continuous evolution. In parallel, our understanding of its mechanistic bases and its consequences for host and pathogen interactions, ecology, and evolution has grown. This review aims at summarizing the conceptual changes in the meaning of tolerance inside and outside the field of phytopathology, emphasizing difficulties in demonstrating and quantifying this trait. We also discuss evidence of tolerance and current knowledge on its genetic regulation, mechanisms, and role in host-pathogen coevolution, highlighting common patterns across hosts and pathogens. We hope that this comprehensive review attracts more plant pathologists to the study of this key plant defense response.</p>","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":"58 ","pages":"77-96"},"PeriodicalIF":10.2,"publicationDate":"2020-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012749","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37931289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Deep Roots and Splendid Boughs of the Global Plant Virome.","authors":"Valerian V Dolja, Mart Krupovic, Eugene V Koonin","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-030320-041346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-030320-041346","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Land plants host a vast and diverse virome that is dominated by RNA viruses, with major additional contributions from reverse-transcribing and single-stranded (ss) DNA viruses. Here, we introduce the recently adopted comprehensive taxonomy of viruses based on phylogenomic analyses, as applied to the plant virome. We further trace the evolutionary ancestry of distinct plant virus lineages to primordial genetic mobile elements. We discuss the growing evidence of the pivotal role of horizontal virus transfer from invertebrates to plants during the terrestrialization of these organisms, which was enabled by the evolution of close ecological associations between these diverse organisms. It is our hope that the emerging big picture of the formation and global architecture of the plant virome will be of broad interest to plant biologists and virologists alike and will stimulate ever deeper inquiry into the fascinating field of virus-plant coevolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":"58 ","pages":"23-53"},"PeriodicalIF":10.2,"publicationDate":"2020-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-phyto-030320-041346","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37978891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Erica M Goss, Amy E Kendig, Ashish Adhikari, Brett Lane, Nicholas Kortessis, Robert D Holt, Keith Clay, Philip F Harmon, S Luke Flory
{"title":"Disease in Invasive Plant Populations.","authors":"Erica M Goss, Amy E Kendig, Ashish Adhikari, Brett Lane, Nicholas Kortessis, Robert D Holt, Keith Clay, Philip F Harmon, S Luke Flory","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012757","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Non-native invasive plants can establish in natural areas, where they can be ecologically damaging and costly to manage. Like cultivated plants, invasive plants can experience a relatively disease-free period upon introduction and accumulate pathogens over time. Diseases of invasive plant populations are infrequently studied compared to diseases of agriculture, forestry, and even native plant populations. We evaluated similarities and differences in the processes that are likely to affect pathogen accumulation and disease in invasive plants compared to cultivated plants, which are the dominant focus of the field of plant pathology. Invasive plants experience more genetic, biotic, and abiotic variation across space and over time than cultivated plants, which is expected to stabilize the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of interactions with pathogens and possibly weaken the efficacy of infectious disease in their control. Although disease is expected to be context dependent, the widespread distribution of invasive plants makes them important pathogen reservoirs. Research on invasive plant diseases can both protect crops and help manage invasive plant populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":"58 ","pages":"97-117"},"PeriodicalIF":10.2,"publicationDate":"2020-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012757","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38027626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Managing Crop Diseases Under Water Scarcity.","authors":"Cassandra L Swett","doi":"10.1146/annurev-phyto-030320-041421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-030320-041421","url":null,"abstract":"The significance of water scarcity to crop production and food security has been globally recognized as a pivotal sustainability challenge in the UN Sustainable Development Goals (86). The critical link between water scarcity and sustainability is adaptation. Various changes in water use practices have been employed to alleviate production constraints. However, the potential for these changes to influence crop diseases has received relatively little attention, despite the circumglobal importance of diseases on agricultural sustainability. This article reviews what is known about the realized effects of scarcity-driven alterations in water use practices on diseases in the field in order to raise awareness of the potential for both increased disease risk and possible beneficial effects on crop disease management. This is followed by consideration of the primary mechanistic drivers underlying disease outcomes under various water use adaptation scenarios, concluding with a vision for disease-water co-management options and future research needs. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Phytopathology, Volume 58 is August 25, 2020. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":8251,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of phytopathology","volume":"58 ","pages":"387-406"},"PeriodicalIF":10.2,"publicationDate":"2020-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-phyto-030320-041421","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38080684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}