Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Living in the middle of the edge: an insight into ancient subsistence practices in Myanmar","authors":"Anna Willis,&nbsp;Baptiste Pradier,&nbsp;Laura Rogers,&nbsp;Siân Halcrow,&nbsp;Torsten Kleffmann,&nbsp;Joe Cali,&nbsp;Dafne Koutamanis,&nbsp;Brandon Mahan,&nbsp;Alex McCoy-West,&nbsp;U Saw Naing Oo,&nbsp;Daw Kay Thwe Oo,&nbsp;T. O. Pryce","doi":"10.1007/s12520-025-02265-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12520-025-02265-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The origins of agriculture have been a focal point of interest in Southeast Asia because of the profound influence domestication of cereal crops had on the ancient inhabitants of the region. Historically, an emphasis has been placed on the movement of farmers from China into Southeast Asia during the Neolithic, however, the origin of agriculture in Myanmar remains unknown. Recently, stable carbon and oxygen isotope analyses have provided insight into the subsistence practices of two prehistoric communities, Oakaie 1 and Nyaung’gan, living in north-central Myanmar during the late Neolithic and early Bronze Age, ca. 1300 − 700 BCE, but lacked the temporal resolution to identify any changes in the intensification of agriculture. Here, we report new C and O stable isotope analysis of individuals from Oakaie 1, and the UNESCO World Heritage complex of Halin excavated between 2017 and 2020. With a longer chronological sequence —dating between ca. 2700 BCE and 1300 CE— Halin provides the opportunity to examine diachronic changes in these practices. The results suggest individuals from Myanmar had a mixed subsistence economy focused on C₃/C₄ resources during the late Neolithic to Bronze Age and a less variable subsistence focused on C₃ resources in the Iron Age, possibly associated with the intensification of wet rice agriculture and changes in water management practices. Situated in north-central Myanmar on the edge of mainland Southeast Asia, we suggest that southwest China, with a subsistence economy of rice and millet, played a role in the movement of this mixed farming strategy into Myanmar.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8214,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","volume":"17 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12520-025-02265-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145168359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ancient glass on the silk road's Qinghai route: scientific analysis of glass beads unearthed from Xuewei tomb No. 1 at the Reshui cemetery in 2018","authors":"Xingyu Du,&nbsp;Jianhua Han,&nbsp;Qianqian Wang,&nbsp;Jianfeng Cui","doi":"10.1007/s12520-025-02263-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12520-025-02263-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper focuses on the glass beads unearthed from Xuewei Tomb No. 1 in 2018, located in Reshui Township, Dulan County, Qinghai Province, dating to the eighth century CE. Using experimental techniques such as LA-ICP-AES, LA-ICP-MS, optical microscopy, and SEM–EDS, the study reveals that the glass beads belong to the plant ash soda-lime glass. Different colored beads were produced using metal ions (copper, iron) or lead–tin yellow pigment as colorants, and were manufactured through drawing and hot-forming techniques. Based on these analyses, it is concluded that the glass beads originated from Central Asia. The transmission route likely passed through the Pamir Plateau, south of the Tarim Basin, via the Shule, Yutian, Qiemo and Ruoqiang region, and then south of the Qaidam Basin, eventually reaching Dulan county. This research provides important material evidence for further discussion of the Tuyuhun tomb cultural attributes and deeper investigation of the Qinghai route of the Silk Road.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8214,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","volume":"17 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145167226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First stage in technological production of Stone Age animal teeth pendants: evidence from Zvejnieki (Latvia) and wider social implications","authors":"Aija Macāne,&nbsp;Kerkko Nordqvist,&nbsp;Kristiina Mannermaa,&nbsp;Andy Needham,&nbsp;Diederik Pomstra,&nbsp;Gabriel Cifuentes Alcobendas,&nbsp;Jānis Reblis,&nbsp;Ilga Zagorska,&nbsp;Aimée Little","doi":"10.1007/s12520-025-02260-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12520-025-02260-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Animal teeth were amongst the most common materials utilised for personal ornament production during the Stone Age, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. The hunter-gatherer cemetery site of Zvejnieki (Latvia) (7500–2500 cal. BC) is a clear example of this, with more than 2000 animal teeth excavated from grave contexts. Animal tooth pendants from the site have received significant scholarly attention, largely focusing on their faunal identification, type of use, placement within graves, as well as aspects of their production. Considerably less attention, however, has been given to the process of extracting teeth and the corresponding physical traces this might leave behind. This is true for Zvejnieki, but also for teeth extraction for the purposes of personal ornamentation across early prehistory more generally. To address this gap, we have employed experimental archaeological methods to critically evaluate possible Stone Age techniques of tooth extraction from key ungulate species, assessing the diagnostic traces created on the tooth itself and on the skull or mandible. The results suggest that several different methods of tooth extraction are viable, but cooking animals using boiling or a pit method is highly efficient. These methods lead to high extraction rates with no tooth damage, while also rendering the meat from the skull edible and the bones usable for other applications, such as tool production. Our research provides insights into the relationships between different spheres of hunter-gatherer life and death at Zvejnieki, specifically the acquisition of game animals, their treatment, and how this interacts with the extraction and processing of materials for craftwork and food preparation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8214,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","volume":"17 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12181117/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144473859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resolving resources and reality in early Thai iron markets: Primary production behaviours at Ban Kruat District, Buriram Province, northeast Thailand c. AD 200—1450","authors":"Pira Venunan,&nbsp;T. O. Pryce,&nbsp;Surapol Natapintu,&nbsp;Marcos Martinón-Torres","doi":"10.1007/s12520-025-02255-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12520-025-02255-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Iron is something of a dichotomy in late prehistoric/early historic Mainland Southeast Asian studies. It is widely considered a substance capable of catalysing major changes in social complexity. Conversely, iron artefacts are rarely subjected to significant archaeological analysis and are generally assumed to be low value products available locally. In this paper we conduct full archaeometallurgical analysis to ancient primary iron production assemblages from Ban Kruat, Buriram Province, northeast Thailand. The attested iron production took place in a locality with extensive laterite deposits, long thought to be a source of iron. Archaeometric analysis of production remains indicates the strong likelihood that laterites were smelted to iron metal, using recipes and processes that seem to have varied little over centuries. However, as opposed to being the simple exploitation of immediately available resources, the Ban Kruat laterites were considerably richer in iron than the regional average and, furthermore, the direct bloomery reduction process employed by Ban Kruat smelters was being operated at its technical limits. To win iron from a marginal ore, the furnaces were necessarily run very hot and very reducing, which runs the risk of producing unusable cast iron, consumes vast quantities of fuel, and requires a huge labour input. Ban Kruat iron was anything but ‘cheap’. We propose that better/richer ore sources within 100–200 km were inaccessible, but such was the value of this strategic material, local populations would fulfil their iron needs at almost any cost.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8214,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","volume":"17 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145166917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ritual Burials in a Prehistoric Mining Shaft in the Krumlov Forest (Czechia)","authors":"Eva Vaníčková,&nbsp;Kateřina Vymazalová,&nbsp;Lenka Vargová,&nbsp;Zdeněk Tvrdý,&nbsp;Martin Oliva,&nbsp;Kristýna Brzobohatá,&nbsp;Dana Fialová,&nbsp;Radim Skoupý,&nbsp;Vladislav Krzyžánek,&nbsp;Miriam Nývltová Fišáková,&nbsp;Eva Drozdová","doi":"10.1007/s12520-025-02251-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12520-025-02251-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Krumlov Forest (Czechia) revealed one of the largest chert mining fields in Europe, dated from the Mesolithic to the Hallstatt period. The largest shafts of the Late Lengyel culture were located on a slope below a re-deposited boulder. Shaft No. 4 yielded two skeletons of females; the lower one had a newborn placed on her breasts. Both females were found to be the shortest of the then population as a whole; they were weak, diseased and poorly fed during their childhood. By contrast, as adults they were fed with meat and carried out heavy work, which is corroborated by marked muscle attachments and vertebral degeneration. Genetic analysis proved that both females were relatives. In order to complete the story of these women, the conclusions mentioned were supplemented with an anthropological reconstruction of their appearance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8214,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","volume":"17 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12520-025-02251-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145166919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Millet cultivation strategies and changing agropastoral economies in ancient Chifeng, northeast China, 4000–1800 BP","authors":"Yufeng Sun,&nbsp;Xin Jia,&nbsp;Rachel E. B. Reid,&nbsp;Yonggang Sun,&nbsp;Xinyi Liu","doi":"10.1007/s12520-025-02253-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12520-025-02253-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study explores the diachronic changes in labor organizations in the Chifeng region in the context of changing subsistence strategies between 4000 and 1000 BP. We use nitrogen isotope values (δ¹⁵N) of archaeologically recovered grains to inform soil preparations such as manuring or farmyard middening. Our results show a decrease in plant δ¹⁵N values from the Upper Xiajiadian period (UXJD) to the Warring States-Han period (WS-H), suggesting a decrease in per area labor input in manuring activities. This trend may be attributed to several factors, including population growth that necessitated the expansion of cultivation into marginal environments, the increasingly specialized agropastoral systems that spatially separated herding and farming sectors, and labor allocation constraints within such settings. They raise questions about the dynamic interplay between agricultural intensity, demographic pressure, and the compartmentalization of labor in ancient economies.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8214,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","volume":"17 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145167033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variations in dietary patterns in the ancient Greek colony of Abdera: insights from isotopic evidence and Bayesian modelling","authors":"Zisis Anastasios,&nbsp;Georgiadou Angeliki,&nbsp;Ganiatsou Elissavet,&nbsp;Xanthopoulou Panagiota,&nbsp;Kallintzi Constantina,&nbsp;Papageorgopoulou Christina","doi":"10.1007/s12520-025-02242-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12520-025-02242-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Abdera is an ancient Greek colony in northern Aegean. It exhibits a unique foundation history as it was first established in 654 BC by the Ionian city of Klazomenae and in 545 BC by the city of Teos. The first colonial endeavor failed due to harsh living conditions and conflicts with local populations. Exposed to unfamiliar challenges, the settlers faced physical strain and maladies, particularly affecting the subadults, who were deprived of proper care and nutrition during critical periods of life. After about a century, the city of Teos colonized Abdera under the pressure of the Persian attacks. The new colonial endeavor was successful, and the city managed to capitalize on its natural resources, flourishing through the centuries. This study reconstructs the diet of 109 adults and subadults from Abdera dating from the Archaic through the Roman times (654 BC–400AD) using stable isotope ratios of carbon (δ¹³C), nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) and sulphur (δ³⁴S) from bone collagen. Bayesian modelling was implemented to quantify the relative consumption of different food sources in Abdera and compare it with other contemporary sites. Weaning duration was estimated to investigate the nutritional and health status of infants that is believed to have affected the fitness of the population in the long run. Our results indicate that the first settlers of Abdera primarily relied mostly on C₃ plants, freshwater fish and less animal protein, while marine fish and C₄ plants (millet) complemented the diet. This pattern persisted over time. Bayesian modelling revealed differences in consumption patterns within the site and among other contemporary populations. The first colonization phase was characterized by prolonged weaning indicating that harsh living conditions forced mothers to rely more on breastmilk as a nutritional buffer. The sulfur analysis revealed different migration and dietary patterns in Abdera females especially during the first colonial phase. Our study highlights the significance of diet as a key factor for studying the trajectory of a settlement, and for understanding the growth, the resilience, and the cultural evolution of the ancient Greek colonies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8214,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","volume":"17 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12167283/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144309476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of spatial and chrono-cultural evolution of earthen sites construction technology in China based on GIS","authors":"Zhiqian Guo,&nbsp;Qiang Qi,&nbsp;Shuai Zhang,&nbsp;Wenwu Chen,&nbsp;Lei Yang,&nbsp;Yining Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s12520-025-02247-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12520-025-02247-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Chinese earthen sites are notable for their abundance, historical depth, and cultural value, with construction techniques diversifying from Prehistory to the Qing Dynasty. However, existing research has yet to provide a comprehensive quantitative analysis of the spatial and chrono-cultural evolution of construction techniques at earthen sites. This study identifies eight key techniques, including cut left, rammed earth, adobe, wattle and daub, cob, stacked earth, grass-wrapped mud, and mixed soil-rock structure. their evolution was delineated into five phases: (I) Embryonic (Before 2070 B.C.), (II) Development (2070 B.C.-221 B.C.), (III) Formation (221 B.C.-618 A.D.), (IV) Application (618 A.D.-1206 A.D.), and (V) Transformation (1206 A.D.-1911 A.D.). Spatial analysis using ArcGIS Pro tools uncovered a \"concentration-diffusion\" pattern: rammed earth techniques radiated from the Central Plains, stacked earth clustered along the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers, and cut left prevailed in early civilization regions. Quantitatively, cut left dominated the Embryonic phase (41.5%), while rammed earth usage escalated from 78.5% to 91.5% across subsequent phases, marginalizing other methods. By the Transformation phase, only four techniques persisted at 47 sites, with masonry and wood displacing earthen structures. The spatiotemporal evolution reflects dual drivers: natural factors (climate, soil, topography) and societal dynamics (productivity advances, demand shifts), epitomizing the dialectical human- environment relationship. This synthesis of technical progression and environmental adaptation not only clarifies historical construction practices but also informs contemporary strategies for heritage preservation. The findings underscore how ecological constraints and human ingenuity jointly shaped architectural innovation, offering vital insights for heritage conservation and historical research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8214,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","volume":"17 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145164462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technology and microwear of worked bone from Letaba, an Early Iron Age site in the Limpopo province, South Africa","authors":"Justin Bradfield,&nbsp;Alexander Antonites,&nbsp;Annie R. Antonites","doi":"10.1007/s12520-025-02258-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12520-025-02258-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Letaba is a large first millennium AD settlement located within the present-day boundaries of the Kruger National Park, South Africa. The site was excavated in three phases starting in the 1970s, with the most recent phase still in progress. The site is of regional significance because of its connections to early Indian Ocean trade networks. A large number of worked bones have been recovered at the site, which could point to either endogenous manufacture, or, as per the more conventional interpretation, exchange with autochthonous hunter-gatherers. In this paper, we present the results of a technological and use-wear study of the ninety-four worked bone artefacts that have been recovered to date. We also consider the use and deposition contexts of the bone artefacts and compare the findings to that of two contemporaneous Early Iron Age settlements in South Africa. Our results show the bone working strategy at Letaba bears closer resemblance to contemporaneous Iron Age sites than it does to Later Stone Age ones, but is also distinct in a number of respects. The results enable a more nuanced understanding of Early Iron Age bone manufacturing practices and the activities in which these objects were used.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":8214,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","volume":"17 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12520-025-02258-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145165600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An integrated archaeological and anthropological approach to investigating human sacrifice among Etruscans","authors":"Valentina Mariotti,&nbsp;Viola Tanganelli,&nbsp;Maria Pia Morigi,&nbsp;Matteo Bettuzzi,&nbsp;Lucia Pappalardo,&nbsp;Alessandra Modi,&nbsp;Valentina Zaro,&nbsp;Ella Reiter,&nbsp;Cosimo Posth,&nbsp;David Caramelli,&nbsp;Martina Lari,&nbsp;Serena Barone,&nbsp;Mariaelena Fedi,&nbsp;Lucia Liccioli,&nbsp;Elisabetta Govi,&nbsp;Maria Giovanna Belcastro","doi":"10.1007/s12520-025-02256-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12520-025-02256-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Human sacrifice in archaeological contexts cannot be assessed without evidence of ritual actions. Its actual existence as part of the Etruscan religious rituals, attested especially by classical written reports, is debated among scholars. It is believed that Greek and Roman writers intended to discredit the Etruscans, their enemies in many occasions, by attributing them “barbarian” customs. The main archaeological findings interpreted as human sacrifice are those of Tarquinia but this hypothesis is challenged because it is based only on the presence of burials in an area interpreted as a sacral space. Here we present an interdisciplinary investigation of a human perinatal burial found associated to a wall delimiting the sacred area of Uni’s temple in Marzabotto (Bologna, Italy), an important city of the <i>Etruria padana</i>. Here, evidence of other ritual actions has been found. The skeleton underwent osteological, tomographic and molecular analyses. Radiocarbon dating was also performed. The results indicate the skeleton belonged to a perinatal male of a local origin, buried between the 6th-4th c. BCE. Some long bones display evidence of perimortem treatment with bladed objects. The anthropological evidence is consistent with the hypothesis of a human foundation sacrifice initially proposed on the basis of the archaeological context.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8214,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","volume":"17 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145164291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}