Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology最新文献

{"title":"Similarities and Differences in the WAIS-IV Performances in Korean and U.S. Populations.","authors":"Dongwook D Lee, Kyoung Hi Ryu, So-Hyun Ahn","doi":"10.1093/arclin/acae086","DOIUrl":"10.1093/arclin/acae086","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This exploratory study examines the cognitive profiles of South Koreans using the WAIS-IV. It compares scores from the original U.S. version (USW) with those from the Korean version (KW) to identify potential cultural influences on performance.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Raw scores corresponding to a scaled score of 10 for each subtest of the KW were used to compare the performances of South Koreans and Americans across subtests and composite indices. The impact of education was assessed through correlations with educational attainment ratios from both countries.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>When combined across all age groups, the scores of the South Korean sample were significantly lower than those of U.S. sample on the Similarities, Comprehension, and Picture Completion subtests, and Verbal Comprehension Index. However, younger South Koreans scored significantly higher on Block Design, Matrix Reasoning, Visual Puzzles, Figure Weights, Digit Span, Arithmetic, Letter-Number Sequencing, Symbol Search, and Coding and all composite scores except Verbal Comprehension. Older South Koreans scored significantly lower on Similarities, Vocabulary, Comprehension, Matrix Reasoning, Visual Puzzles, Picture Completion, and the composite scores of Verbal Comprehension and Perceptual Reasoning, compared to their U.S. counterparts. All subtest and composite scores were highly correlated with education.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The South Korean and U.S. samples demonstrated distinct cognitive profiles on the WAIS-IV when comparing relative performances on subtests and composite measures. Cultural factors including socioeconomic changes, education quality, nuances in language characteristics, and implicit differences in cognitive processing were discussed as possible contributors to the unique cognitive profile of the South Korean sample.</p>","PeriodicalId":8176,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"1332-1341"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142520835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cultural Considerations in Intelligence Test Adaptations: a Critical Review of the WAIS-IV India and Its U.K. and U.S. Counterparts.","authors":"Porrselvi A P, Farzin Irani, Urvashi Shah, Preeti Sunderaraman","doi":"10.1093/arclin/acae090","DOIUrl":"10.1093/arclin/acae090","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study critically examined the adaptation and normative processes of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV)India.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>WAIS-IV U.K. Edition Administration and Scoring Manual, WAIS-IVIndia Administration and Scoring Manual, and WAIS-IV Administration and Scoring Manual and Technical and Interpretive Manuals were used to extract test development and adaptation process data. The analyses were descriptive and qualitative.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A review of the manuals showed that the normative sample were fluent English speakers with high education levels, which is not representative of India's multilingual and educational diversity. The study identified minimal cultural and linguistic adaptations in subtests, which raised concern about potential biases in the test adaptation process across cultures. The lack of clarity in item selection, demographic data, sample selection, and psychometric properties raised questions about the test's reliability and validity. Issues related to education, age, gender, and regional distribution are discussed, emphasizing the test's limitations in capturing the diverse characteristics of the heterogeneous Indian population.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>WAIS-IV India may not adequately represent India's population. More careful consideration of socioecological and psychometric factors when adapting intelligence (IQ) tests and use of advanced data harmonization methods can provide robust cross-national statistical harmonization in the future along with more ecologically valid local test development efforts. This can allow consideration of social determinants of health and other factors that can inform a more nuanced approach to IQ test development in non-western contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":8176,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"1354-1362"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142520829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Japanese Performance Profile on the WAIS-IV and Purported Cultural Influences.","authors":"Daryl E Fujii, Erin T Kaseda, Maiko Sakamoto-Pomeroy","doi":"10.1093/arclin/acae080","DOIUrl":"10.1093/arclin/acae080","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The present exploratory study aimed to examine the potential impact of culture on cognitive skills and intelligence by comparing the Japanese Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV (WAIS-IV) (JW) subtests, IQs, and index scores to those of the U.S. WAIS-IV (USW).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>JW raw scores corresponding to a scaled score of 10 for each subtest were scored with USW norms. Subtest, index, and IQ scores were then calculated for each age range. The impact of education on scores was evaluated through ratio of educational attainment for each cohort of the Japanese and US samples. Japanese and US data were compared using one-sample t-tests. Correlations between subtest, index, and IQ scores and education were calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The USW sample performed higher than the JW sample on verbal comprehension subtests, while the JW sample demonstrated stronger performances in processing speed and perceptual reasoning subtests. However, all scores with the exception of Block Design, Matrix Reasoning, and Figure Weights were significantly associated with differential educational attainment between the two countries. Educational differences were linearly associated with age with the higher educational attainment for younger Japanese age groups and higher attainment for the older US cohorts.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The present study demonstrates cognitive differences between Japan and the USA. Performance on the WAIS-IV subtest and composite measures are highly correlated with education. Cultural factors impacting the cognitive profile of the Japanese sample such as differences in worldview, customs, educational systems, and writing system, were proposed. Clinical neuropsychologists should take these aspects into account when administering and interpreting test results.</p>","PeriodicalId":8176,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"1321-1331"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142520832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revealing Cultural Dynamics in WAIS-IV Performance: a Comparative Analysis of Age Cohorts in Taiwanese and U.S. Populations.","authors":"Yu-Ling Chang, Wen-Yu Cheng","doi":"10.1093/arclin/acae089","DOIUrl":"10.1093/arclin/acae089","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study examined the relationship between culture and cognitive abilities by comparing WAIS-IV subtests, index scores, and Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) scores across various age groups in the Taiwanese and U.S. populations.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The Taiwanese and U.S. versions of WAIS-IV are comprehensively compared, examining subtest items, psychometrics, and sample characteristics. Scaled scores are compared by extracting raw scores with a scaled score of 10 from each subtest scale in the Taiwanese version and applying U.S. age norms to acquire U.S. scaled scores.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Despite the mean FSIQ score closely aligning with the U.S. sample, notable discrepancies are evident in the Taiwanese Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI) score, potentially influenced by cultural fairness of the tests. Significant variations are observed among age cohorts in the Taiwanese sample, with younger individuals excelling in Processing Speed Index, Working Memory Index, Perceptual Reasoning Index, and FSIQ, while maintaining comparable VCI scores to their U.S. counterparts. Conversely, older cohorts demonstrate lower performance across various domains, except for visuospatial reasoning and organizational skills, compared to their U.S. counterparts. These subtest variations robustly correlate with educational disparities between the Taiwanese and U.S. samples.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Despite the similarity in factor structures between the Taiwanese and U.S. versions of WAIS-IV, this study reveals cultural bias in both verbal and non-verbal subtests. The study highlights the intricate interplay among cognitive processing styles, cultural influences, and educational factors contributing to performance disparities.</p>","PeriodicalId":8176,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"1342-1353"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142520834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Special Series on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV Performances in Five Asian Countries: Summary of Findings, Clinical Implications, and Future Directions.","authors":"Daryl E Fujii","doi":"10.1093/arclin/acae083","DOIUrl":"10.1093/arclin/acae083","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This special series of exploratory studies compared WAIS-IV performances in five Asian countries: Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, India, and Indonesia with the U.S. The studies examined cognitive profiles across age groups to develop hypotheses on how culture can impact cognition. This summary article integrates the findings from each study to determine similarities and differences across Asian countries and proposes possible underlying cultural factors impacting cognition.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In each study, raw scores corresponding to a subscale score of 10 were scored with U.S. norms across all age groups. Index scores were calculated with the adjusted scale scores. The impact of education on test performances was determined by correlating WAIS-IV scores with a ratio of educational attainment for each country with the U.S. for each age group. Findings from each country were then integrated to develop hypotheses on cultural factors that impacted cognitive profiles.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>East Asian countries (Japan, South Korea, Taiwan) demonstrated weaker Verbal Comprehension Index scores and stronger Processing Speed Index scores than the U.S. sample, although the latter was moderated by age. East Asian countries demonstrated stronger performances on Perceptual Reasoning versus Verbal Comprehension tests. East Asians and the Java subset of the Indonesian sample demonstrated a pattern of stronger performances in younger versus older cohorts which was significantly correlated with educational attainment.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Cultural factors impacting cognition were proposed. Clinical implications of the findings were discussed and directions for future studies to examine the relationship between culture and cognition were recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":8176,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"1373-1380"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142520836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnosed and Nondisclosed Concussions Among Young Athletes With ADHD.","authors":"Ara J Schmitt, Michael Matta, Abigail C Bretzin, Maria Tina Benno, Kirstin Franklin, Erica Beidler","doi":"10.1093/arclin/acae108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acae108","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Within a sample of young athletes with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), to explore the frequency of disclosed and nondisclosed concussions, identify reasons the youth did not report a suspected concussion, and learn the frequency that the youth still practiced or played in a game after a suspected concussion.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Cross-sectional surveys were completed by 448 youth athletes (ages 8-14 years) and a corresponding parent (or caregiver). As part of larger respective surveys, questions regarding ADHD status and concussion history were asked of the youth and parents. Data regarding 40 youth with ADHD were available for analyses. Due to the low frequency of concussive injuries within the total sample, descriptive statistics and qualitative techniques were used to contextualize the data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The youth with ADHD were not more likely to experience at least one diagnosed concussion or nondisclosed concussion as compared to non-ADHD controls. Three of 40 youth athletes with ADHD (8%) had been diagnosed with a concussion, whereas 5 (13%) self-reported a nondisclosed concussion. Not wanting to lose playing time and not wanting to miss a game were the two most endorsed reasons for concussion nondisclosure.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>More research is needed to understand the present results considering other research that puts similarly aged athletes with ADHD at greater risk for concussion. Education for youth with ADHD might help reduce the number of nondisclosed concussions that have a more complex recovery trajectory in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":8176,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142675003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal Patterns and Predictors of Cognitive Impairment Classification Stability.","authors":"Cynthia McDowell, Nicholas Tamburri, Jodie R Gawryluk, Stuart W S MacDonald","doi":"10.1093/arclin/acae107","DOIUrl":"10.1093/arclin/acae107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Classifications such as Cognitive Impairment, No Dementia (CIND) are thought to represent the transitory, pre-clinical phase of dementia. However, increasing research demonstrates that CIND represents a nonlinear, unstable entity that does not always lead to imminent dementia. The present study utilizes a longitudinal repeated measures design to gain a thorough understanding of CIND classification stability patterns and identify predictors of future stability. The objectives were to i) explore patterns of longitudinal stability in cognitive status across multiple assessments and ii) investigate whether select baseline variables could predict 6-year CIND stability patterns.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Participants (N = 259) included older adults (aged 65-90 years) from Project MIND, a six-year longitudinal repeated measures design in which participants were classified as either normal cognition (NC) or CIND at each annual assessment. A latent transition analysis approach was adapted in order to identify and characterize transitions in CIND status across annual assessments. Participants were classified as either Stable NC, Stable CIND, Progressers, Reverters, or Fluctuaters. Multinomial logistic regression was employed to test whether baseline predictors were associated with cognitive status stability patterns.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The sample demonstrated high rates of reversion and fluctuation in CIND status across annual assessments. Additionally, premorbid IQ and CIND severity (i.e., single vs. multi-domain impairment) at baseline were significantly associated with select stability outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>CIND status was unstable for several years following baseline assessment and cognitive reserve may delay or protect against demonstrable cognitive impairment. Further, consideration of cognitive impairment severity at the time of initial classification may improve CIND classifications.</p>","PeriodicalId":8176,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142666950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transdiagnostic Attentional Deficits Are Associated with Depressive and Externalizing Symptoms in Children and Adolescents with Neuropsychiatric Disorders.","authors":"Gian M DePamphilis, Christopher Legere, Megan M Vigne, Eric Tirrell, Karen Holler, Linda L Carpenter, Brian C Kavanaugh","doi":"10.1093/arclin/acae103","DOIUrl":"10.1093/arclin/acae103","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Although inattention, impulsivity, and impairments to vigilance are most associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), transdiagnostic attentional deficits are prevalent across all psychiatric disorders. To further elucidate this relationship, the present study investigated parent-reported neuropsychiatric symptom correlates of attention deficits using the factor structure of the Conners' Continuous Performance Test (CPT-II), a neuropsychological test of attention.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Two-hundred and eighteen children and adolescents (7-21 years old) completed the CPT-II as part of standard clinical protocol during outpatient pediatric neuropsychology visits. The factor structure of the CPT-II was determined with a principal component analysis (PCA) using Promax rotation. Pearson correlation analyses and regression models examined the relationship between the generated factor structure, parent-reported clinical symptoms, and pre-determined clinical diagnoses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results from the PCA suggested a three-factor model best supported the structure of the CPT-II, and were subsequently defined as inattention, impulsivity, and vigilance. Performance-based inattention was significantly correlated with parent-reported hyperactivity, aggression, conduct problems, and depression. Parent-reported depressive symptoms and conduct problems were the strongest correlates of performance-based inattention, not hyperactivity or aggression. Performance-based inattention was significantly associated with an ADHD diagnosis but not a depression or anxiety diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings suggest attentional deficits are not specific to any one disorder. To enhance the identification, classification, and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, both researchers and clinicians alike must diminish the importance of categorical approaches to child/adolescent psychopathology and continue to consider the dimensionality of transdiagnostic characteristics such as inattention.</p>","PeriodicalId":8176,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142613645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pediatric neuropsychological assessment in Southeast Asia: Current status and future directions with Vietnam as a scoping review case example.","authors":"Ashley L Nguyen-Martinez, Nhi Pham, Caroline Ba, Vigneswaran Veeramuthu, Halle Quang","doi":"10.1093/arclin/acae106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acae106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>There is a concerning lack of systematic understanding regarding the availability and validity of neuropsychological assessment tools for children in Southeast Asia. This issue is further complicated by the unclear landscape for test development, adaptations, and translations in these countries. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we offer insights into the broader practice of pediatric neuropsychology within Southeast Asia communities based on their current medical infrastructural standings. Then, we provide a specific case study by examining the current status of pediatric neuropsychology for Vietnamese children.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A brief overview of the status of pediatric neuropsychology in Southeast Asia groups is provided, followed by a scoping review examining performance-based and objective rating inventories for the Vietnamese pediatric population.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>42 studies were included in the Vietnamese review spanning several cognitive and socioemotional domains. Adaptation and translation protocols were significantly variable. Figures and tables summarizing the identified questionnaires and test measures are included.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Vietnam, with its moderately developed medical infrastructure and shared cultural, economic, and sociopolitical traits with other Southeast Asian countries, provides a compelling case study for the growth, challenges, and gaps in neuropsychology. While the field continues to develop in this country, ongoing opportunities and the need for guidelines on test development and adaptation are critically needed to advance the field further. Implications for more and less developed Southeast Asia countries are provided based on our scoping review.</p>","PeriodicalId":8176,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142613644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Release of Protected Test Information Under Protective Order: Viable Solution or Illusory Safeguard? An Interorganizational† Position Paper.","authors":"Kyle Brauer Boone, Jerry J Sweet, Robert A Beattey, Paul M Kaufmann, Nancy Hebben, Catherine Marreiro, Joette James, Delia Silva, Tara Victor, Anita Hamilton, Tannahill Glen, Thomas F Kinsora, H Allison Bender, Mark Barisa","doi":"10.1093/arclin/acae101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acae101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To critically examine the assumption that protective orders are adequately protective of sensitive psychological/neuropsychological test information. Attorneys at times claim that to adequately cross-examine neuropsychological experts, they require direct access to protected test information, rather than having test data analyzed by retained neuropsychological experts. As a compromise, judges sometimes order that protected test information be released to attorneys under a protective order.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>An appointed writing group of forensic experts developed a position paper addressing the history of protective orders and their presumed effectiveness in protecting psychological and neuropsychological test content. The expert panel consisted of 12 forensic neuropsychologists, a forensic neuropsychologist/attorney, and a forensic psychologist/attorney.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eight reasons are enumerated as to why protective orders do not sufficiently safeguard protected psychological/neuropsychological information and thereby jeopardize future use of the tests. Recommendations are provided to the expert witness practitioner for navigating demands by non-psychologists for direct access to protected test information.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>There is strong agreement within the practicing neuropsychology community that test security is a vital matter, which, if properly enforced, can ensure the validity of present and future psychological and neuropsychological assessments but, if ineffectively managed, will undermine such evaluations. Because the effectiveness of protective orders has not been, and cannot be, guaranteed, protected psychological and neuropsychological test information should not be released under a protective order.</p>","PeriodicalId":8176,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142602868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}