Indiana magazine of history最新文献

{"title":"Sweet Greeks: First-Generation Immigrant Confectioners in the Heartland by Ann Flesor Beck (review)","authors":"","doi":"10.2979/imh.2023.a899505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/imh.2023.a899505","url":null,"abstract":"Reviewed by: Sweet Greeks: First-Generation Immigrant Confectioners in the Heartland by Ann Flesor Beck Steven J. Gold Sweet Greeks: First-Generation Immigrant Confectioners in the Heartland By Ann Flesor Beck (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2020. Pp. ix, 303. Notes, bibliography, index. Clothbound, $125.00; paperbound, $27.95.) Sweet Greeks is a study of immigrants who entered the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and supported themselves by creating confectionary shops in small and medium-sized cities in southern Illinois. The book draws on and contributes to the extensive literature exploring the role of ethnic entrepreneurship in facilitating adaptation to the host society. The study is distinguished by its examination of a specific migrant population through a notably broad range of contexts, levels of analysis, and realms of experience. The book's unique contributions can be traced to its author, Ann Flesor Beck, who is both a scholar and a member of the group being studied. Beck worked in and (with her sister) currently runs the Candy Kitchen, a southern Illinois confectionary opened by her immigrant grandfather in 1904. These multiple bases of comprehension underlie the author's ability to assemble a rich and detailed assessment of the contexts that shaped the shop owners' emigration from Greece, arrival in the U.S., and maintenance of community in the American heartland. Beck describes the conditions in the homeland that drove young men to cross the Atlantic in pursuit of a new life, details their arrival on Ellis Island, and traces their settlement in small towns in Illinois. The book documents how recent arrivals labored to earn the money required to start a business. It explains how migrants, who were unaccustomed to candy and ice cream prior to their emigration, needed to learn new culinary skills from established co-ethnics. Drawing on her immersion in the community, the author traces subjects' life histories in considerable detail, illustrating their marital, business, religious, generational, and communal patterns. Broadening her level of analysis from the personal to social-structural, Beck examines migrants' confrontations with the discrimination and hostility commonly encountered by southern and eastern European migrants to the rural Midwest during the early twentieth century. Nativist Americans labelled Greeks as un-American because they maintained Greek schools, sent money back to the homeland, and retained their language and customs. Migrants sought to minimize their differences with locals by anglicizing their names, learning English, joining community organizations, [End Page 197] serving in the military, and emphasizing their Christianity. Despite such strategies, they found themselves subject to racist taunts, and were prevented from purchasing property in prestigious settings. Young men found themselves threatened for interacting with local women. Violent anti-Greek riots supporte","PeriodicalId":81518,"journal":{"name":"Indiana magazine of history","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135142346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"We Kept Our Towns Going: The Gossard Girls of Michigan's Upper Peninsula by Phyllis Michael Wong (review)","authors":"","doi":"10.2979/imh.2023.a899506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/imh.2023.a899506","url":null,"abstract":"Reviewed by: We Kept Our Towns Going: The Gossard Girls of Michigan's Upper Peninsula by Phyllis Michael Wong Patricia Majher We Kept Our Towns Going: The Gossard Girls of Michigan's Upper Peninsula By Phyllis Michael Wong (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2022. Pp. ix, 190. Appendix, sources, index. Paperbound, $19.95.) Author Phyllis Michael Wong successfully bridges the divide between scholarly and popular history with We Kept Our Towns Going, a compelling account of women who defied the social conventions of their time to [End Page 198] help support their families and fuel the local economy. The story starts with Henry Williamson Gossard, a Kempton, Indiana, native who established a women's undergarment business in Chicago in 1900. On a buying trip to Europe, he was introduced to an innovation in corset design: front lacing. He took a chance and had 150 of the new garments made by a local dressmaker, then sent them back to the States, where they quickly sold out at a very high profit. That success prompted him to add the product to his existing line. As the years went on, Gossard retooled his factory to keep up with demand, and also began looking for other places to expand production capacity, eventually building factories in Logansport, Indiana, and Belvidere, Illinois, as well as Drummondville, Quebec, Canada. Then Gossard executives visited the Michigan city of Ishpeming. It wasn't long before a contract was inked to purchase and convert a former department store in this Upper Peninsula iron mining town. And, starting in 1920, hundreds of women were hired to work there, assembling pre-cut pieces of fabric into an array of foundation garments. The employees—who came to be known as \"Gossard Girls\"—were thankful to find good-paying jobs that offered free lunch, humane working conditions, and, if one stayed long enough, pension benefits. Through the Great Depression and two world wars, the Gossard Company provided steady employment to more than 1,500 women. (The manufacturer, which later opened a second UP factory in Gwinn, closed all of its Michigan facilities in 1977.) Wong uncovered the Gossard Girls' story while serving as a researcher at Northern Michigan University in Marquette. In the university's archival collections, she pored over newspapers and other material published during the company's fifty-seven-year history. From these resources, she was able to document the many steps in the assembly process, the skills required by specialists, the concept of piece work, how much the women were paid—even descriptions of their lunch menus. Equally important—some readers might argue more important—were the firsthand insights she gleaned by conducting interviews with over one hundred former Gossard Girls. The women were generous with their time and open about their opinions. Dozens of their quotes are sprinkled throughout the book, with extended space devoted to twenty of the retirees. When Wong asked these women what initially dr","PeriodicalId":81518,"journal":{"name":"Indiana magazine of history","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135142353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seeing Red: Indigenous Land, American Expansion, and the Political Economy of Plunder in North America by Michael John Witgen (review)","authors":"","doi":"10.2979/imh.2023.a883496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/imh.2023.a883496","url":null,"abstract":"Reviewed by: Seeing Red: Indigenous Land, American Expansion, and the Political Economy of Plunder in North America by Michael John Witgen John P. Bowes Seeing Red: Indigenous Land, American Expansion, and the Political Economy of Plunder in North America By Michael John Witgen (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2022. Pp. vii, 366. Notes, illustrations, appendix, index. $34.95.) In the early pages of Seeing Red, Michael Witgen explains that citizens of the United States have long imagined their nation as a postcolonial state, a new entity born out of an anti-colonial revolution. This conception enabled them to envision their new republic as one untroubled by the trappings of colonialism and empire. As he notes, however, this constructed image of a postcolonial state belies a powerful truth. Indeed, when framed within the Indigenous history of the Old Northwest territories, the framework of Native American policies implemented in the early American republic illustrates the power and reach of a colonial power built on what Witgen dubs the \"political economy of plunder,\" comprised of treaties, land cessions, and annuities (p. 19). In the seven primary chapters that follow, Witgen uses the Anishinaabeg experience in Michigan and Wisconsin as a lens to scrutinize the impact of this plunder, from the early 1800s through the 1850s. The conclusion he reaches is clear: the United States was, and continues to be, a colonial power built on the economic exploitation of Indigenous people. Over the course of the book, Witgen examines an important paradox. Americans viewed the disappearance of Native peoples as inevitable, yet Indigenous imagery became central to the burgeoning American identity fashioned in public spaces. Just as important, the ongoing presence of Native communities in Michigan Territory, and other sites of western expansion, was central to the economy of the colonial society. As Witgen describes it, treaties like those signed in 1817, at the foot of the rapids of the St. Mary's River, or at Saginaw in 1819, created economic relationships that colonized the region and its peoples. Treaties did not just fuel real estate booms through land cessions. These agreements established annuity payments and the promise of goods that sparked regional economies, as merchants profited by selling supplies to Native individuals and communities. When the tides of dispossession and expulsion began to wane, therefore, white settlers still found financial benefit in the Native peoples who remained in the region and in the resources they retained. People and relationships were central to the implementation of these policies, and Seeing Red effectively explores the connections and relative influence of the mixed-descent population that originated from the fur trade that had long permeated the region. More than just interpreters or coureurs de bois, mixed-descent men [End Page 97] and women were economic, diplomatic, and social sinews, whose influence","PeriodicalId":81518,"journal":{"name":"Indiana magazine of history","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135532373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Settler Memory: The Disavowal of Indigeneity and the Politics of Race in the United States by Kevin Bruyneel (review)","authors":"","doi":"10.2979/imh.2023.a883495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/imh.2023.a883495","url":null,"abstract":"Reviewed by: Settler Memory: The Disavowal of Indigeneity and the Politics of Race in the United States by Kevin Bruyneel Kristalyn Shefveland Settler Memory: The Disavowal of Indigeneity and the Politics of Race in the United States By Kevin Bruyneel (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2021. Pp. xi, 227. Notes, index. Clothbound, $95.00; paperbound, $27.95.) Kevin Bruyneel, professor of politics at Babson College and engaged scholar of Indigenous Studies, interweaves historical events through political analysis and the pervasive damage of settler colonialism and settler memory. In a series of case study chapters, Bruyneel juxtaposes modern Native communities, settler memory of Native peoples, and the historical precedent of settler perspectives in the writing and erasure of Native peoples from the record and popular memory. Bruyneel argues that \"simultaneous absence and presence of Indigeneity is inherent to the popular politics, discourse, and debate about race in the United States and in U.S. political life in general\" (p. 2). Bruyneel asks about the role of settler memory in racial politics and discourse, imagining \"what it would look like if Indigeneity and settler colonialism were no longer faint traces but rather active constituents of contemporary politics and discourse in and of the United States\" (p. 9). Bruyneel's framework is provocative, thought-provoking, and an example of how to reexamine the privileging of white settlers in American history. His [End Page 95] chapter on Bacon's Rebellion, however, loses some of its strength by noting the work of only one contemporary historian, James Rice. While generations of historians, anthropologists, and other social scientists wrote narratives that either marginalized or completely ignored the Native perspective, Rice has labored to shift the focus back to the role of Indigenous peoples in Bacon's Rebellion and consider its impact on Indian Country. Over the last several decades, however, other scholars such as C. S. Everett, Christina Snyder, Robbie Ethridge, Maureen Meyers, Edward Dubois Ragan, and Ethan Schmidt have highlighted the Indigenous story. Importantly, and linked to Bruyneel's argument, these authors have demonstrated the importance of settler violence towards Native peoples, including the role of Indigenous enslavement and the goals of land dispossession. By meticulously reexamining Reconstruction, the writings of W.E.B. DuBois, and the legacy of land, Bruyneel showcases the power of settler memory and a persistent disavowal of Indigeneity. As a solution, he offers a \"recomposed memory of Reconstruction\" that can tell the story of \"layers of dispossession experienced by Black and Indigenous peoples\" (p. 65). Bruyneel's chapter on the powerful literary tradition of James Baldwin also highlights the ever-present settler memory of Indigenous peoples, the legacy of white settler masculinity, and its pervasiveness within American society, so intrinsic that it infiltrat","PeriodicalId":81518,"journal":{"name":"Indiana magazine of history","volume":"127 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135532374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detroit's Hidden Channels: The Power of French-Indigenous Families in the Eighteenth Century by Karen L. Marrero (review)","authors":"","doi":"10.2979/imh.2023.a883493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/imh.2023.a883493","url":null,"abstract":"Reviewed by: Detroit's Hidden Channels: The Power of French-Indigenous Families in the Eighteenth Century by Karen L. Marrero Jonathan Quint Detroit's Hidden Channels: The Power of French-Indigenous Families in the Eighteenth Century By Karen L. Marrero (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2020. Pp. vii, 276. Appendix, notes, bibliography, index. $44.95.) Karen L. Marrero's Detroit's Hidden Channels: The Power of French-Indigenous Families in the Eighteenth Century is a sophisticated reinterpretation of the settlement and development of Detroit during its first decades as a fur-trade outpost and imperial enclave. Challenging narratives of ascendant imperial power, Marrero's work instead centers mixed French-Indigenous families, particularly Indigenous women, to show the [End Page 91] myriad ways in which family networks shaped trade, diplomacy, and the basic viability of Detroit as a European commercial and population center. Marrero focuses on Detroit, but her work also looks beyond Detroit's palisades and into Indigenous homelands, like Anishinaabe territories along nearby Lake St. Clair and Myaamia (Miami) lands in present-day Indiana and Illinois. Readers see, literally, how partnerships between Indigenous women like Waapankihkwa (Myaami) and European men such as Pierre Roy formed soon after Antoine de La Mothe Cadillac's 1701 establishment of Detroit. Women facilitated cross-cultural connections through marriage and good parentage, but Marrero makes a broader argument about Indigenous women's agency and power. Indeed, whether controlling and managing trade, using mobility to evade imperial surveillance, involving themselves in war, or acting as diplomats on behalf of communities and broader networks, Indigenous women acted to support their communities and families. Chapters One and Two consider the formation of French-Indigenous families in early eighteenth-century Detroit. Here Marrero skillfully reconstructs the interconnected webs of kinship and commerce that emerged in part because of French demographic imbalance, but also because of Indigenous efforts to navigate the arrival of French newcomers. Working in concert, these chapters set the scene for Chapter Three, where Marrero examines the Fox Wars (1712–1733) and power struggles between the French regime and French-Indigenous families whose loyalties and connections did not always align with French imperial policy. Chapter Four elaborates on the power and capabilities of French-Indigenous families through analysis of two elite families that succeeded in expanding their reach and influence from Detroit into Myaamionki (Myaamia homelands) and the Illinois country. Chapter Five discusses the varied commercial and diplomatic roles of Indigenous women and the durability of French-Indigenous power in mid-eighteenth-century Detroit. Despite the efforts of French and British officials to curb the influence of Indigenous women by restricting mobility and limiting trading opportunities","PeriodicalId":81518,"journal":{"name":"Indiana magazine of history","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135532367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"The Veneer of Civilization Washed Off\": Anti-Black Posse-Lynchings in the Twentieth-Century Rural Midwest","authors":"Brent M. S. Campney, Robert W. White, J. Lantzer, S. Finn, S. Harvey, Jonathan Quint, Nicholas P. Wood, K. Shefveland, J. Bowes, Matthew S. Bowman, A. Crothers, J. Anderson, E. Sarra","doi":"10.2979/indimagahist.119.1.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/indimagahist.119.1.01","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:This study seeks to identify anti-Black posse-lynchings in the Midwest between 1910 and 1930, and to examine the ways in which they were framed by the media for their readers. It posits that these lynchings emerged as the foremost type of anti-Black lynching by the second decade of the twentieth century, casting doubt thereby on the prevailing scholarly assumption that the number of lynchings declined precipitously in these years. Because most of these incidents received little attention at the time and few received significant attention outside of the locality in which they occurred, this essay uses as its primary documentation the local and regional white newspapers that did record them, however imperfectly, and the data drawn from federal decennial censuses. With its singular focus on white-on-Black incidents, this study targets posse-lynchings as just one of several types of racist violence used to enforce white supremacy over Blacks, and, as such, it does not consider any of the white-on-white posse-lynchings that may have occurred in these years, although these, if present, might merit their own study.","PeriodicalId":81518,"journal":{"name":"Indiana magazine of history","volume":"119 1","pages":"1 - 100 - 100 - 101 - 102 - 103 - 103 - 105 - 26 - 27 - 78 - 79 - 82 - 83 - 89 - 90 - 91 - 91 - 93 -"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44266477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"As Long as the Earth Endures: Annotated Miami-Illinois Texts ed. by David J. Costa (review)","authors":"","doi":"10.2979/imh.2023.a883492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/imh.2023.a883492","url":null,"abstract":"Reviewed by: As Long as the Earth Endures: Annotated Miami-Illinois Texts ed. by David J. Costa Sean P. Harvey As Long as the Earth Endures: Annotated Miami-Illinois Texts Edited by David J. Costa (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2022. Pp. ix, 641. Glossary, notes, references, index. $85.00.) This impressive collection is the product of linguist David J. Costa's painstaking examination and translation of \"almost the entire corpus\" of texts recorded in dialects of the Miami-Illinois language, the ancestral tongue of the Miami Tribe, the Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma, and the Miami descendants who, despite removal, remain in northern Indiana (p. xvi). Indicating the primary importance of the Miami-Illinois consultants who shared their knowledge with collectors between circa 1892 and 1916, Costa has organized the collection's forty-six texts by storyteller. It includes eleven stories each from Gabriel Godfroy (Miami) and Sarah Wadsworth (Wea), ten from Elizabeth Valley (Miami), seven from George Washington Finley (Peoria), and seven additional texts from three other consultants. All but three of the texts were recorded by Albert Gatschet, a linguist at the Bureau of American Ethnology, or the avocational linguist Jacob Dunn. The collection includes stories about the culture hero Wiihsakacaakwa and the \"malevolent, anarchic trickster\" Wilakhtwa; several animal stories, including stories of Fox tricking Wolf; several Winter Stories that could be properly told only in that season; and the only story of Miami emergence recorded in the language (p. xxi). One story takes place during a time of fighting against the United States, while another text is the Miami chief Little Turtle's speech at the Treaty of Greenville (1795). Still other stories address Miami interaction with Shawnee False Face doctors and warfare against Kickapoos. Several versions of the Lord's Prayer can be found in the collection as well. Costa's useful introduction provides biographical [End Page 90] details about the consultants and collectors, along with information about the original recording process. The introduction also provides an overview of the stories, indicating some notable features of each, and drawing attention to those stories that have parallels in the oral literature of other Algonquian or neighboring peoples as well as those that have no such parallels. Costa is the director of the Language Research Office at the Myaamia Center at Miami University, and the collection's primary value is linguistic. The format of each text consists of a series of four lines: the line's original transcription, Costa's phonemicization of the line (its division into units of significant sounds), a gloss on the meaning and grammatical function of each word and clitic, and his \"free translation\" (p. xxiv). The collection includes many of the same stories originally recorded by Gatschet and re-elicited by Dunn because of their differing linguistic content. Endnotes for each stor","PeriodicalId":81518,"journal":{"name":"Indiana magazine of history","volume":"196 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135532368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In the Watershed: A Journey Down the Maumee River by Ryan Schnurr (review)","authors":"","doi":"10.2979/imh.2023.a883500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/imh.2023.a883500","url":null,"abstract":"Reviewed by: In the Watershed: A Journey Down the Maumee River by Ryan Schnurr Edith Sarra In the Watershed: A Journey Down the Maumee River By Ryan Schnurr (Cleveland, Ohio: Belt Publishing, 2017. Pp. 152. Maps. Paperbound, $16.95.) In the Watershed takes the reader on a fascinating tour of the Maumee, one of those nondescript midwestern rivers usually seen—if at all—from the window of a car. The Maumee runs for roughly 137 miles between Fort Wayne and Toledo, where it empties into Lake Erie, having drained some 6.600 square miles of watershed. Author Ryan Schnurr walked most of the river's length in eight days during August 2016 (\"when the stagnant heat of late summer begins to coax the algae into bloom\"), two of those days canoeing, and portaging his canoe on foot. In recounting the trip, Schnurr lays out the major lines comprising \"our uneasy entanglement\" (pp. 18–19) [End Page 103] with the Maumee, penetrating the past of specific sites and linking it to the present: from thumbnail histories of native peoples who once dwelt along its banks; to their conflicts with white interlopers; to the conflicts of white settlers with each other and with the landscape (the now vanished Great Black Swamp the most notable victim of the latter); to chilling sketches of the ecological crises that entered mainstream discourse in 1956 with the great die-off of Lake Erie's mayfly population. The story culminates in our time with the spread of cyanobacteria—poisonous to the livers of mammals who drink or swim in the river. As Schnurr notes in his peroration: \"no one great lesson here, only a thousand small ones: the rocks, the trees, the cities, the fields—and this holy water, coursing through us all\" (p. 116). Schnurr was motivated by unease about algae blooms, and no less by Americans' unconcern \"with ecological interdependence of places\" (p. 59), including especially those places not scenic in the conventional sense. His point: The brown alluvial rivers we glimpse in passing everyday in the Midwest are 'holy,' a word that originates in the idea of 'wholeness,' and can mean \"deserving of deep respect, awe, or reverence\" (p. 86). The problem is not simply that we have failed to see all waterways as integral to the whole of life. We just flat-out fail to see: \"No one seemed to notice the phosphorescent river. They went on picnicking and necking as if it were the most normal thing in the world\" (p. 66). When the author describes falling smack down into the middle of the murky Maumee, \"canoe in one hand and camera in the other\" (p. 84), we recognize where we all are now: ass-deep in waters whose dubious properties spring from our own misuses. In the Watershed is punctuated by conversations with people met in small-town diners and lodgings, a feature that will remind some readers of William Least Heat-Moon's iconic Blue Highways (1982), and his epic River-Horse (2013). Others will recall Wendell Berry's long series of essays evoking agricultural communities in cris","PeriodicalId":81518,"journal":{"name":"Indiana magazine of history","volume":"488 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135532365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Malabar Farm: Louis Bromfield, Friends of the Land, and the Rise of Sustainable Agriculture by Anneliese Abbott (review)","authors":"","doi":"10.2979/imh.2023.a883499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/imh.2023.a883499","url":null,"abstract":"Reviewed by: Malabar Farm: Louis Bromfield, Friends of the Land, and the Rise of Sustainable Agriculture by Anneliese Abbott J. L. Anderson Malabar Farm: Louis Bromfield, Friends of the Land, and the Rise of Sustainable Agriculture By Anneliese Abbott (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2021. Pp. ix, 251. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. Paperbound, $29.95.) Anneliese Abbott's Malabar Farm is a clear and concise treatment of the property known by the same name, currently an Ohio state park located near Lucas. The author, a graduate student in sustainable agriculture at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, makes excellent use of manuscript sources to tell the story of author Louis Bromfield's encounter with the land and his interest in conservation techniques. Abbott explores the organization of Friends of the Land, a group of conservation enthusiasts, as well as the fate of Malabar Farm through years of private and public ownership after Bromfield's death in 1956. Bromfield, a successful writer of fiction, came to north-central Ohio in search of a rural retreat in 1939. He fell in love with the property, purchasing it and naming it Malabar, after the southwest coast of India. Bromfield—more accurately, his farm manager—turned to the latest ideas in soil conservation to restore the productive capacity of the land, using practices such as removing hillside land from cultivation, applying fertilizer, and fencing woodlots to keep cattle out and promote timber growth, all in the name of diverse production and self-sufficiency. In the late 1940s, Bromfield turned away from diverse farm production in favor of monocropping grass to support the farm's dairy operation. Thanks to Bromfield's celebrity and his well-publicized conservation efforts, Malabar Farm became a magnet for soil conservation enthusiasts, many of whom believed that civilization was in danger due to soil loss. With the support of Bromfield and his influential friends and associates, these enthusiasts built a national organization, Friends of the Land, to evangelize soil conservation gospel. Even in Bromfield's lifetime, however, Malabar Farm was not profitable, and Friends of the Land went into a steep decline, ultimately merging with the Izaak Walton League. Malabar Farm supporters struggled to pay the mortgage, turning to philanthropists to bail them out on two occasions before transferring title to the state of Ohio. Abbott reveals the contested nature of the farm under state management, as well as changes in public interpretations of the site's significance. Abbott makes a few errors that detract from an otherwise compelling narrative. She repeats the old story of John Deere's use of steel in plow moldboards, when Deere's contribution was steel in the share and chilled iron in the moldboard. Inexplicably, she blames historians of the Cold War period for marginalizing the issue of soil conservation. She also seems to see the Cold War as strictly a 1950s [End Page 102] ","PeriodicalId":81518,"journal":{"name":"Indiana magazine of history","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135532371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protests and Dangerous Ideas: U.S. College Campuses in the 1960s","authors":"Jason S. Lantzer","doi":"10.2979/imh.2023.a883490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/imh.2023.a883490","url":null,"abstract":"Protests and Dangerous IdeasU.S. College Campuses in the 1960s Jason S. Lantzer (bio) Radicals in the Heartland: The 1960s Student Protest Movement at the University of Illinois By Michael V. Metz (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2019. Pp. ix, 269. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. Clothbound, $110.00; paperbound, $26.95.) Dangerous Ideas on Campus: Sex, Conspiracy, and Academic Freedom in the Age of JFK By Matthew C. Ehrlich (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2021. Pp. vii, 216. Illustrations, notes, index. Clothbound, $110.00; paperbound, $24.95.) Matthew C. Ehrlich's Dangerous Ideas on Campus: Sex, Conspiracy, and Academic Freedom in the Age of JFK presents an account of free speech debates at the University of Illinois in the early 1960s. Ehrlich considers two faculty-inspired cases that defined the Urbana campus for the tumultuous decade and beyond. The first is that of Leo Koch, whose contract to teach was terminated after he wrote a letter to the editor advocating a relaxing of societal norms towards sexual relations, including how they played out on the campus. The second case occurred in the wake of Koch's firing, and involved Classics professor Revilo Oliver, an increasingly radicalized right-wing figure at Illinois, who advanced not just anti-communism and antisemitism, but also conspiracy theories surrounding the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Ehrlich's account of how the university handled these two ideologically different cases reveals how they were ultimately related, beyond taking place on the same campus. Despite their opposite ideological positions, both Koch and Oliver pushed and prodded the existing hierarchy, challenging the university's leadership, headed by President David Henry. Dangerous Ideas on Campus is driven forward narratively by Ehrlich's prose as well as the campus guide he provides the reader in the person of University of Illinois undergraduate Roger Ebert. The eventually famous movie critic and Pulitzer Prize-winning newspaper columnist first burst onto the newsroom scene covering some of the events Ehrlich describes. As a result, readers who might otherwise be unfamiliar with various aspects of law, campus life, politics, or just Illinois outside of Chicago, are given a familiar voice to help them navigate what at times is a disturbing and complex story. The chief strengths of Ehrlich's account are the questions he poses for readers to consider. What is the responsibility of the academic community to professors? What is the difference between free speech and academic freedom? These are important questions that Americans and the nation's universities still wrestle with. Ehrlich also highlights the irony that Koch, the liberal, was fired over exercising opinions about sexual relations between college students and the univerity's stance in loco parentis that eventually became the norm nationally, noting that the blowback over the university's decision to terminate him likely saved Oliver, th","PeriodicalId":81518,"journal":{"name":"Indiana magazine of history","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135532370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}